DRUG INTERACTIONS SECTION.

Drug Interactions. Temporary resistance to prothrombin-depressing anticoagulants may result, especially when larger doses of phytonadione are used. If relatively large doses have been employed, it may be necessary when reinstituting anticoagulant therapy to use somewhat larger doses of the prothrombin-depressing anticoagulant, or to use one which acts on different principle, such as heparin sodium.Laboratory TestsProthrombin time should be checked regularly as clinical conditions indicate.

HOW SUPPLIED SECTION.

HOW SUPPLIED. Vitamin K1 Injection (Phytonadione Injectable Emulsion, USP) is supplied as follows:Unit of SaleConcentrationNDC 0409-9157-01Bundle of clamcells containing single-dose ampuls1 mg/0.5 mLNDC 0409-9158-01Bundle of clamcells containing single-dose ampuls10 mg/mLStore at 20 to 25C (68 to 77F). [See USP Controlled Room Temperature.]Protect from light. Keep ampuls in tray until time of use.Distributed by Hospira, Inc., Lake Forest, IL 60045 USALAB-1141-2.0Revised: 04/2021. Hospira logo.

DESCRIPTION SECTION.

DESCRIPTION. Phytonadione is vitamin, which is clear, yellow to amber, viscous, odorless or nearly odorless liquid. It is insoluble in water, soluble in chloroform and slightly soluble in ethanol. It has molecular weight of 450.70.Phytonadione is 2-methyl-3-phytyl-1, 4-naphthoquinone. Its empirical formula is C31H46O2 and its structural formula is:Vitamin K1 Injection (Phytonadione Injectable Emulsion, USP) is yellow, sterile, nonpyrogenic aqueous dispersion available for injection by the intravenous, intramuscular and subcutaneous routes. Each milliliter contains phytonadione or 10 mg, polyoxyethylated fatty acid derivative 70 mg, dextrose, hydrous 37.5 mg in water for injection; benzyl alcohol mg added as preservative. May contain hydrochloric acid for pH adjustment. pH is 6.3 (5.0 to 7.0). Phytonadione is oxygen sensitive.. structural formula phytonadione.

DOSAGE & ADMINISTRATION SECTION.

DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION. Whenever possible, Vitamin K1 Injection (Phytonadione Injectable Emulsion, USP) should be given by the subcutaneous route (See Box Warning). When intravenous administration is considered unavoidable, the drug should be injected very slowly, not exceeding mg per minute.Protect from light at all times.Parenteral drug products should be inspected visually for particulate matter and discoloration prior to administration, whenever solution and container permit.Directions for DilutionVitamin K1 Injection may be diluted with 0.9% Sodium Chloride Injection, 5% Dextrose Injection, or 5% Dextrose and Sodium Chloride Injection. Benzyl alcohol as preservative has been associated with toxicity in newborns. Therefore, all of the above diluents should be preservative-free (See WARNINGS). Other diluents should not be used. When dilutions are indicated, administration should be started immediately after mixture with the diluent, and unused portions of the dilution should be discarded, as well as unused contents of the ampul.Prophylaxis of Hemorrhagic Disease of the NewbornThe American Academy of Pediatrics recommends that vitamin K1 be given to the newborn. single intramuscular dose of Vitamin K1 Injection 0.5 to mg within one hour of birth is recommended.Treatment of Hemorrhagic Disease of the NewbornEmpiric administration of vitamin K1 should not replace proper laboratory evaluation of the coagulation mechanism. prompt response (shortening of the prothrombin time in to hours) following administration of vitamin K1 is usually diagnostic of hemorrhagic disease of the newborn, and failure to respond indicates another diagnosis or coagulation disorder.Vitamin K1 Injection mg should be given either subcutaneously or intramuscularly. Higher doses may be necessary if the mother has been receiving oral anticoagulants.Whole blood or component therapy may be indicated if bleeding is excessive. This therapy, however, does not correct the underlying disorder and Vitamin K1 Injection should be given concurrently.Anticoagulant-Induced Prothrombin Deficiency in AdultsTo correct excessively prolonged prothrombin time caused by oral anticoagulant therapy--2.5 to 10 mg or up to 25 mg initially is recommended. In rare instances 50 mg may be required. Frequency and amount of subsequent doses should be determined by prothrombin time response or clinical condition (See WARNINGS). If in to hours after parenteral administration the prothrombin time has not been shortened satisfactorily, the dose should be repeated.Vitamin K1 Injection (Phytonadione Injectable Emulsion, USP) Summary of Dosage Guidelines (See circular text for details)NewbornsDosageHemorrhagic Disease of the Newborn Prophylaxis0.5 to mg IM within hour of birth Treatment1 mg SC or IM(Higher doses may be necessary if the mother has been receiving oral anticoagulants)AdultsInitial DosageAnticoagulant-InducedProthrombin Deficiency(caused by coumarin or indanedione derivatives)2.5 mg to 10 mg orup to 25 mg(rarely 50 mg)HypoprothrombinemiaDue to other causes(Antibiotics; Salicylates or other drugs; Factors limiting absorption or synthesis)2.5 mg to 25 mg ormore (rarely up to50 mg)In the event of shock or excessive blood loss, the use of whole blood or component therapy is indicated.Hypoprothrombinemia Due to Other Causes in AdultsA dosage of 2.5 to 25 mg or more (rarely up to 50 mg) is recommended, the amount and route of administration depending upon the severity of the condition and response obtained.If possible, discontinuation or reduction of the dosage of drugs interfering with coagulation mechanisms (such as salicylates; antibiotics) is suggested as an alternative to administering concurrent Vitamin K1 Injection. The severity of the coagulation disorder should determine whether the immediate administration of Vitamin K1 Injection is required in addition to discontinuation or reduction of interfering drugs.

ADVERSE REACTIONS SECTION.

ADVERSE REACTIONS. Deaths have occurred after intravenous and intramuscular administration. (See Box Warning.)Transient flushing sensations and peculiar sensations of taste have been observed, as well as rare instances of dizziness, rapid and weak pulse, profuse sweating, brief hypotension, dyspnea, and cyanosis.Pain, swelling, and tenderness at the injection site may occur.The possibility of allergic sensitivity including an anaphylactoid reaction, should be kept in mind.Infrequently, usually after repeated injection, erythematous, indurated, pruritic plaques have occurred; rarely, these have progressed to scleroderma-like lesions that have persisted for long periods. In other cases, these lesions have resembled erythema perstans.Hyperbilirubinemia has been observed in the newborn following administration of phytonadione. This has occurred rarely and primarily with doses above those recommended (See PRECAUTIONS, Pediatric Use).

BOXED WARNING SECTION.

WARNING -- INTRAVENOUS AND INTRAMUSCULAR USESevere reactions, including fatalities, have occurred during and immediately after INTRAVENOUS injection of phytonadione, even when precautions have been taken to dilute the phytonadione and to avoid rapid infusion. Severe reactions, including fatalities, have also been reported following INTRAMUSCULAR administration. Typically these severe reactions have resembled hypersensitivity or anaphylaxis, including shock and cardiac and/or respiratory arrest. Some patients have exhibited these severe reactions on receiving phytonadione for the first time. Therefore the INTRAVENOUS and INTRAMUSCULAR routes should be restricted to those situations where the subcutaneous route is not feasible and the serious risk involved is considered justified.

CARCINOGENESIS & MUTAGENESIS & IMPAIRMENT OF FERTILITY SECTION.

Carcinogenesis, Mutagenesis, Impairment of Fertility. Studies of carcinogenicity, mutagenesis or impairment of fertility have not been conducted with Vitamin K1 Injection (Phytonadione Injectable Emulsion, USP).

CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY SECTION.

CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY. Vitamin K1 Injection (Phytonadione Injectable Emulsion, USP) aqueous dispersion of vitamin K1 for parenteral injection, possesses the same type and degree of activity as does naturally-occurring vitamin K, which is necessary for the production via the liver of active prothrombin (factor II), proconvertin (factor VII), plasma thromboplastin component (factor IX), and Stuart factor (factor X). The prothrombin test is sensitive to the levels of three of these four factors-II, VII, and X. Vitamin is an essential cofactor for microsomal enzyme that catalyzes the post-translational carboxylation of multiple, specific, peptide-bound glutamic acid residues in inactive hepatic precursors of factors II, VII, IX, and X. The resulting gamma-carboxy-glutamic acid residues convert the precursors into active coagulation factors that are subsequently secreted by liver cells into the blood.Phytonadione is readily absorbed following intramuscular administration. After absorption, phytonadione is initially concentrated in the liver, but the concentration declines rapidly. Very little vitamin accumulates in tissues. Little is known about the metabolic fate of vitamin K. Almost no free unmetabolized vitamin appears in bile or urine.In normal animals and humans, phytonadione is virtually devoid of pharmacodynamic activity. However, in animals and humans deficient in vitamin K, the pharmacological action of vitamin is related to its normal physiological function, that is, to promote the hepatic biosynthesis of vitamin dependent clotting factors.The action of the aqueous dispersion, when administered intravenously, is generally detectable within an hour or two and hemorrhage is usually controlled within to hours. normal prothrombin level may often be obtained in 12 to 14 hours.In the prophylaxis and treatment of hemorrhagic disease of the newborn, phytonadione has demonstrated greater margin of safety than that of the water-soluble vitamin analogues.

CONTRAINDICATIONS SECTION.

CONTRAINDICATION. Hypersensitivity to any component of this medication.

INDICATIONS & USAGE SECTION.

INDICATIONS AND USAGE. Vitamin K1 Injection (Phytonadione Injectable Emulsion, USP) is indicated in the following coagulation disorders which are due to faulty formation of factors II, VII, IX and when caused by vitamin deficiency or interference with vitamin activity.Vitamin K1 Injection is indicated in: anticoagulant-induced prothrombin deficiency caused by coumarin or indanedione derivatives; prophylaxis and therapy of hemorrhagic disease of the newborn; hypoprothrombinemia due to antibacterial therapy; hypoprothrombinemia secondary to factors limiting absorption or synthesis of vitamin K, e.g., obstructive jaundice, biliary fistula, sprue, ulcerative colitis, celiac disease, intestinal resection, cystic fibrosis of the pancreas, and regional enteritis; other drug-induced hypoprothrombinemia where it is definitely shown that the result is due to interference with vitamin metabolism, e.g., salicylates.. anticoagulant-induced prothrombin deficiency caused by coumarin or indanedione derivatives;. prophylaxis and therapy of hemorrhagic disease of the newborn;. hypoprothrombinemia due to antibacterial therapy;. hypoprothrombinemia secondary to factors limiting absorption or synthesis of vitamin K, e.g., obstructive jaundice, biliary fistula, sprue, ulcerative colitis, celiac disease, intestinal resection, cystic fibrosis of the pancreas, and regional enteritis;. other drug-induced hypoprothrombinemia where it is definitely shown that the result is due to interference with vitamin metabolism, e.g., salicylates.

NURSING MOTHERS SECTION.

Nursing Mothers. It is not known whether this drug is excreted in human milk. Because many drugs are excreted in human milk, caution should be exercised when Vitamin K1 Injection is administered to nursing woman.

OVERDOSAGE SECTION.

OVERDOSAGE. The intravenous LD50 of Vitamin K1 Injection (Phytonadione Injectable Emulsion, USP) in the mouse is 41.5 and 52 mL/kg for the 0.2% and 1% concentrations, respectively.

PACKAGE LABEL.PRINCIPAL DISPLAY PANEL.

PRINCIPAL DISPLAY PANEL 0.5 mL Ampul Label RL-7876. NDC 0409-9157-310.5 mL Single-dose AmpulRx onlyVITAMIN K1 Inj.Phytonadione InjectableEmulsion, USP1 mg/0.5 mLNeonatal ConcentrationContains no more than 100 mcg/Lof aluminum. Protect from light.Dist. by Hospira, Inc.,Lake Forest, IL 60045 USAHospiraRL-7876--AADMMMYYYY. PRINCIPAL DISPLAY PANEL 0.5 mL Ampul Label RL-7876.

PEDIATRIC USE SECTION.

Pediatric Use. Hemolysis, jaundice, and hyperbilirubinemia in neonates, particularly those that are premature, may be related to the dose of Vitamin K1 Injection. Therefore, the recommended dose should not be exceeded (See ADVERSE REACTIONS and DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION).

PRECAUTIONS SECTION.

PRECAUTIONS. Drug Interactions. Temporary resistance to prothrombin-depressing anticoagulants may result, especially when larger doses of phytonadione are used. If relatively large doses have been employed, it may be necessary when reinstituting anticoagulant therapy to use somewhat larger doses of the prothrombin-depressing anticoagulant, or to use one which acts on different principle, such as heparin sodium.Laboratory TestsProthrombin time should be checked regularly as clinical conditions indicate.. Carcinogenesis, Mutagenesis, Impairment of Fertility. Studies of carcinogenicity, mutagenesis or impairment of fertility have not been conducted with Vitamin K1 Injection (Phytonadione Injectable Emulsion, USP).. Pregnancy. Animal reproduction studies have not been conducted with Vitamin K1 Injection. It is also not known whether Vitamin K1 Injection can cause fetal harm when administered to pregnant woman or can affect reproduction capacity. Vitamin K1 Injection should be given to pregnant woman only if clearly needed.. Nursing Mothers. It is not known whether this drug is excreted in human milk. Because many drugs are excreted in human milk, caution should be exercised when Vitamin K1 Injection is administered to nursing woman.. Pediatric Use. Hemolysis, jaundice, and hyperbilirubinemia in neonates, particularly those that are premature, may be related to the dose of Vitamin K1 Injection. Therefore, the recommended dose should not be exceeded (See ADVERSE REACTIONS and DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION).

PREGNANCY SECTION.

Pregnancy. Animal reproduction studies have not been conducted with Vitamin K1 Injection. It is also not known whether Vitamin K1 Injection can cause fetal harm when administered to pregnant woman or can affect reproduction capacity. Vitamin K1 Injection should be given to pregnant woman only if clearly needed.

SPL UNCLASSIFIED SECTION.

PhytonadioneInjectable Emulsion, USPAqueous Dispersion of Vitamin K1 AmpulRx onlyProtect from light. Keep ampuls in tray until time of use.

WARNINGS SECTION.

WARNINGS. Benzyl alcohol as preservative in Bacteriostatic Sodium Chloride Injection has been associated with toxicity in newborns. Data are unavailable on the toxicity of other preservatives in this age group. There is no evidence to suggest that the small amount of benzyl alcohol contained in Vitamin K1 Injection (Phytonadione Injectable Emulsion, USP), when used as recommended, is associated with toxicity.An immediate coagulant effect should not be expected after administration of phytonadione. It takes minimum of to hours for measurable improvement in the prothrombin time. Whole blood or component therapy may also be necessary if bleeding is severe.Phytonadione will not counteract the anticoagulant action of heparin.When vitamin K1 is used to correct excessive anticoagulant-induced hypoprothrombinemia, anticoagulant therapy still being indicated, the patient is again faced with the clotting hazards existing prior to starting the anticoagulant therapy. Phytonadione is not clotting agent, but overzealous therapy with vitamin K1 may restore conditions which originally permitted thromboembolic phenomena. Dosage should be kept as low as possible, and prothrombin time should be checked regularly as clinical conditions indicate.Repeated large doses of vitamin are not warranted in liver disease if the response to initial use of the vitamin is unsatisfactory. Failure to respond to vitamin may indicate that the condition being treated is inherently unresponsive to vitamin K.Benzyl alcohol has been reported to be associated with fatal Gasping Syndrome in premature infants.WARNING: This product contains aluminum that may be toxic. Aluminum may reach toxic levels with prolonged parenteral administration if kidney function is impaired. Premature neonates are particularly at risk because their kidneys are immature, and they required large amounts of calcium and phosphate solutions, which contain aluminum.Research indicates that patients with impaired kidney function, including premature neonates, who receive parenteral levels of aluminum at greater than to mcg/kg/day accumulate aluminum at levels associated with central nervous system and bone toxicity. Tissue loading may occur at even lower rates of administration.

CLINICAL TRIALS EXPERIENCE SECTION.

6.1 Clinical Trials Experience Because clinical trials are conducted under widely varying conditions, adverse reaction rates observed in the clinical trials of drug cannot be directly compared to rates in the clinical trials of another drug and may not reflect the rates observed in practice.

DOSAGE FORMS & STRENGTHS SECTION.

3 DOSAGE FORMS AND STRENGTHS Injection: mg/0.5 mL and 10 mg/mL single-dose ampuls.. Injection: mg/0.5 mL and 10 mg/mL single-dose ampuls. (3).

INFORMATION FOR PATIENTS SECTION.

17 PATIENT COUNSELING INFORMATION Inform the patient of the following important risks of Vitamin K1 Injection:Serious Hypersensitivity ReactionsAdvise the patient and caregivers to immediately report signs of hypersensitivity after receiving Vitamin K1 Injection [see Warnings and Precautions (5.1)]. Risk of Gasping Syndrome Due to Benzyl Alcohol Advise the patient and caregivers of the risk of gasping syndrome associated with the use of products that contain benzyl alcohol (including Vitamin K1 Injection) in neonates, infants, and pregnant women [see Warnings and Precautions (5.2)]. Cutaneous ReactionsAdvise the patient and caregivers to report the occurrence of new rashes after receiving Vitamin K1 Injection. These reactions may be delayed for up to year after treatment [see Warnings and Precautions (5.3)]. This products labeling may have been updated. For the most recent prescribing information, please visit www.pfizer.com.Distributed by Hospira, Inc., Lake Forest, IL 60045 USALAB-1141-3.0. Hospira logo.

LACTATION SECTION.

8.2 Lactation Risk SummaryVitamin K1 Injection contains benzyl alcohol. If available, preservative-free phytonadione formulation is recommended when Vitamin K1 Injection is needed during lactation [see Warnings and Precautions (5.2), Use in Specific Populations (8.4) ].Phytonadione is present in breastmilk. There are no data on the effects of Vitamin K1 Injection on the breastfed child or on milk production. The developmental and health benefits of breastfeeding should be considered along with the clinical need for Vitamin K1 Injection and any potential adverse effects on the breastfed child from Vitamin K1 Injection or from the underlying maternal condition.

MECHANISM OF ACTION SECTION.

12.1 Mechanism of Action Vitamin K1 Injection aqueous dispersion of vitamin K1 for parenteral injection, possesses the same type and degree of activity as does naturally-occurring vitamin K, which is necessary for the production via the liver of active prothrombin (factor II), proconvertin (factor VII), plasma thromboplastin component (factor IX), and Stuart factor (factor X). Vitamin is an essential cofactor for microsomal enzyme that catalyzes the post-translational carboxylation of multiple, specific, peptide-bound glutamic acid residues in inactive hepatic precursors of factors II, VII, IX, and X. The resulting gamma-carboxy-glutamic acid residues convert the precursors into active coagulation factors that are subsequently secreted by liver cells into the blood. In normal animals and humans, phytonadione is virtually devoid of activity. However, in animals and humans deficient in vitamin K, the pharmacological action of vitamin is related to its normal physiological function, that is, to promote the hepatic biosynthesis of vitamin dependent clotting factors.

NONCLINICAL TOXICOLOGY SECTION.

13 NONCLINICAL TOXICOLOGY 13.1 Carcinogenesis, Mutagenesis, Impairment of Fertility Studies of carcinogenicity, genotoxicity or impairment of fertility have not been conducted with phytonadione.

PHARMACODYNAMICS SECTION.

12.2 Pharmacodynamics The action of the aqueous dispersion, when administered intravenously, is generally detectable within an hour or two and hemorrhage is usually controlled within to hours. normal INR may often be obtained in 12 to 14 hours.

PHARMACOKINETICS SECTION.

12.3 Pharmacokinetics AbsorptionPhytonadione is readily absorbed following intramuscular administration.DistributionAfter absorption, phytonadione is initially concentrated in the liver, but the concentration declines rapidly. Very little vitamin accumulates in tissues.EliminationLittle is known about the metabolic fate of vitamin K. Almost no free unmetabolized vitamin appears in bile or urine.

POSTMARKETING EXPERIENCE SECTION.

6.2 Postmarketing Experience The following adverse reactions have been identified during post-approval use of Vitamin K1 Injection. Because these reactions were reported voluntarily from population of uncertain size, it is not always possible to reliably estimate their frequency or establish causal relationship to drug exposure.Cardiac Disorders: Tachycardia, hypotension.General Disorders and Administration Site Conditions: Generalized flushing; pain, swelling, and tenderness at injection site.Hepatobiliary Disorders: Hyperbilirubinemia.Immune System Disorders: Fatal hypersensitivity reactions, anaphylactic reactions. Neurologic: Dysgeusia, dizziness.Pulmonary: Dyspnea.Skin and Subcutaneous Tissue Disorders: Erythema, pruritic plaques, scleroderma-like lesions, erythema perstans.Vascular: Cyanosis.

USE IN SPECIFIC POPULATIONS SECTION.

8 USE IN SPECIFIC POPULATIONS oPregnancy: If available, use preservative-free phytonadione formulation in pregnant women. (8.1)oLactation: If available, use preservative-free phytonadione formulation in lactating women. (8.2)oPediatric Use: The safety and effectiveness of Vitamin K1 Injection in pediatric patients from months to 17 years have not been established. (8.4). oPregnancy: If available, use preservative-free phytonadione formulation in pregnant women. (8.1). oLactation: If available, use preservative-free phytonadione formulation in lactating women. (8.2). oPediatric Use: The safety and effectiveness of Vitamin K1 Injection in pediatric patients from months to 17 years have not been established. (8.4). 8.1 Pregnancy Risk SummaryVitamin K1 Injection contains benzyl alcohol, which has been associated with gasping syndrome in neonates. The preservative benzyl alcohol can cause serious adverse events and death when administered intravenously to neonates and infants. If Vitamin K1 Injection is needed during pregnancy, consider using benzyl alcohol-free phytonadione formulation [see Warnings and Precautions (5.2), Use in Specific Populations (8.4)].Published studies with the use of phytonadione during pregnancy have not reported clear association with phytonadione and adverse developmental outcomes [see Data]. There are maternal and fetal risks associated with vitamin deficiency during pregnancy [see Clinical Considerations]. Animal reproduction studies have not been conducted with phytonadione. The estimated background risk for the indicated population is unknown. All pregnancies have background risk of birth defect, loss, or other adverse outcomes. In the U.S. general population, the estimated background risk of major birth defects and miscarriage in clinically recognized pregnancies is 2-4% and 15-20%, respectively.Clinical ConsiderationsDisease-associated Maternal and/or Embryo/Fetal RiskPregnant women with vitamin deficiency hypoprothrombinemia may be at an increased risk for bleeding diatheses during pregnancy and hemorrhagic events at delivery. Subclinical maternal vitamin deficiency during pregnancy has been implicated in rare cases of fetal intracranial hemorrhage.DataHuman DataPhytonadione has been measured in cord blood of infants whose mothers were treated with phytonadione during pregnancy in concentrations lower than seen in maternal plasma. Administration of vitamin K1 to pregnant women shortly before delivery increased both maternal and cord blood concentrations. Published data do not report clear association with phytonadione and adverse maternal or fetal outcomes when used during pregnancy. However, these studies cannot definitively establish the absence of any risk because of methodologic limitations including small sample size and lack of blinding.Animal DataIn pregnant rats receiving vitamin K1 orally, fetal plasma and liver concentrations increased following administration, supporting placental transfer.. 8.2 Lactation Risk SummaryVitamin K1 Injection contains benzyl alcohol. If available, preservative-free phytonadione formulation is recommended when Vitamin K1 Injection is needed during lactation [see Warnings and Precautions (5.2), Use in Specific Populations (8.4) ].Phytonadione is present in breastmilk. There are no data on the effects of Vitamin K1 Injection on the breastfed child or on milk production. The developmental and health benefits of breastfeeding should be considered along with the clinical need for Vitamin K1 Injection and any potential adverse effects on the breastfed child from Vitamin K1 Injection or from the underlying maternal condition.. 8.4 Pediatric Use The safety and effectiveness of Vitamin K1 Injection for prophylaxis and treatment of vitamin deficiency have been established in neonates. Use of phytonadione injection for prophylaxis and treatment of vitamin deficiency is based on published clinical studies.Serious adverse reactions including fatal reactions and the gasping syndrome occurred in premature neonates and infants in the intensive care unit who received drugs containing benzyl alcohol as preservative. In these cases, benzyl alcohol dosages of 99 to 234 mg/kg/day produced high levels of benzyl alcohol and its metabolites in the blood and urine (blood levels of benzyl alcohol were 0.61 to 1.378 mmol/L). Additional adverse reactions included gradual neurological deterioration, seizures, intracranial hemorrhage, hematologic abnormalities, skin breakdown, hepatic and renal failure, hypotension, bradycardia, and cardiovascular collapse. Preterm, low birth weight infants may be more likely to develop these reactions because they may be less able to metabolize benzyl alcohol.When prescribing Vitamin K1 Injection in infants consider the combined daily metabolic load of benzyl alcohol from all sources including Vitamin K1 Injection (Vitamin K1 Injection contains mg of benzyl alcohol per mL) and other drugs containing benzyl alcohol. The minimum amount of benzyl alcohol at which serious adverse reactions may occur is not known [see Warnings and Precautions (5.2)].Whenever possible, use preservative-free phytonadione formulations in neonates. The preservative benzyl alcohol has been associated with serious adverse events and death in pediatric patients. Premature and low birth weight infants may be more likely to develop toxicity.

WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS SECTION.

5 WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS oRisk of Serious Adverse Reactions in Infants due to Benzyl Alcohol Preservative: Use benzyl alcohol-free phytonadione formulations in neonates and infants, if available. (5.2)oCutaneous Reactions: May occur with parenteral use. Discontinue drug and manage medically. (5.3). oRisk of Serious Adverse Reactions in Infants due to Benzyl Alcohol Preservative: Use benzyl alcohol-free phytonadione formulations in neonates and infants, if available. (5.2). oCutaneous Reactions: May occur with parenteral use. Discontinue drug and manage medically. (5.3). 5.1 Hypersensitivity Reactions Fatal and severe hypersensitivity reactions, including anaphylaxis, have occurred with intravenous or intramuscular administration of Vitamin K1 Injection. Reactions have occurred despite dilution to avoid rapid intravenous infusion and upon first dose. These reactions have included shock, cardiorespiratory arrest, flushing, diaphoresis, chest pain, tachycardia, cyanosis, weakness, and dyspnea. Administer Vitamin K1 Injection subcutaneously whenever feasible. Avoid the intravenous and intramuscular routes of administration unless the subcutaneous route is not feasible and the serious risk is justified [see Dosage and Administration (2.1)].. 5.2 Risk of Serious Adverse Reaction in Infants due to Benzyl Alcohol Preservative Use benzyl alcohol-free phytonadione formulations in neonates and infants, if available. Serious and fatal adverse reactions including gasping syndrome can occur in neonates and infants treated with benzyl alcohol-preserved drugs, including Vitamin K1 Injection. The gasping syndrome is characterized by central nervous system depression, metabolic acidosis, and gasping respirations.When prescribing Vitamin K1 Injection in infants, consider the combined daily metabolic load of benzyl alcohol from all sources including Vitamin K1 Injection (contains mg of benzyl alcohol per mL) and other drugs containing benzyl alcohol. The minimum amount of benzyl alcohol at which serious adverse reactions may occur is not known [see Use in Specific Populations (8.1, 8.2 and 8.4)].. 5.3 Cutaneous Reactions Parenteral administration of vitamin replacements (including Vitamin K1 Injection) may cause cutaneous reactions. Reactions have included eczematous reactions, scleroderma-like patches, urticaria, and delayed-type hypersensitivity reactions. Time of onset ranged from day to year after parenteral administration. Discontinue Vitamin K1 Injection for skin reactions and institute medical management.. 5.4 Aluminum Toxicity WARNING: This product contains aluminum that may be toxic. Aluminum may reach toxic levels with prolonged parenteral administration if kidney function is impaired. Premature neonates are particularly at risk because their kidneys are immature, and they require large amounts of calcium and phosphate solutions, which contain aluminum.Research indicates that patients with impaired kidney function, including premature neonates, who receive parenteral levels of aluminum at greater than to mcg/kg/day accumulate aluminum at levels associated with central nervous system and bone toxicity. Tissue loading may occur at even lower rates of administration.