MECHANISM OF ACTION SECTION.

12.1 Mechanism of Action. Ephedrine sulfate is sympathomimetic amine that directly acts as an agonist at and -adrenergic receptors and indirectly causes the release of norepinephrine from sympathetic neurons. Pressor effects by direct alpha- and beta-adrenergic receptor activation are mediated by increases in arterial pressures, cardiac output, and peripheral resistance. Indirect adrenergic stimulation is caused by norepinephrine release from sympathetic nerves.

GERIATRIC USE SECTION.

8.5 Geriatric Use. Clinical studies of ephedrine did not include sufficient numbers of subjects aged 65 and over to determine whether they respond differently from younger subjects. Other reported clinical experience has not identified differences in responses between the elderly and younger patients. In general, dose selection for an elderly patient should be cautious, usually starting at the low end of the dosing range, reflecting the greater frequency of decreased hepatic, renal, or cardiac function, and of concomitant disease or other drug therapy.This drug is known to be substantially excreted by the kidney, and the risk of adverse reactions to this drug may be greater in patients with impaired renal function. Because elderly patients are more likely to have decreased renal function, care should be taken in dose selection, and it may be useful to monitor renal function.

ADVERSE REACTIONS SECTION.

6. ADVERSE REACTIONS. The following adverse reactions associated with the use of ephedrine sulfate were identified in the literature. Because these reactions are reported voluntarily from population of uncertain size, it is not always possible to estimate their frequency reliably or to establish causal relationship to drug exposure.Gastrointestinal disorders: Nausea, vomitingCardiac disorders: Tachycardia, palpitations (thumping heart), reactive hypertension, bradycardia, ventricular ectopics, R-R variabilityNervous system disorders: DizzinessPsychiatric disorders: Restlessness. Most common adverse reactions during treatment: nausea, vomiting, and tachycardia. (6)To report SUSPECTED ADVERSE REACTIONS, contact Nexus Pharmaceuticals at (855) 642-2594 or FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088 or www.fda.gov/medwatch.

CARCINOGENESIS & MUTAGENESIS & IMPAIRMENT OF FERTILITY SECTION.

13.1 Carcinogenesis, Mutagenesis Impairment of Fertility. Carcinogenesis: Two-year feeding studies in rats and mice conducted under the National Toxicology Program (NTP) demonstrated no evidence of carcinogenic potential with ephedrine sulfate at doses up to 10 mg/kg/day and 27 mg/kg/day (approximately times and times the maximum human recommended dose on mg/m2 basis, respectively).. Mutagenesis: Ephedrine sulfate tested negative in the in vitro bacterial reverse mutation assay, the in vitro mouse lymphoma assay, the in vitro sister chromatid exchange, the in vitro chromosomal aberration assay, and the in vivo rat bone marrow micronucleus assay.. Impairment of Fertility: There was no impact on fertility or early embryonic development in study in which male rats were administered intravenous bolus doses of 0, 2, 10, or 60 mg/kg ephedrine sulfate (up to 12 times the maximum recommended human dose of 50 mg based on body surface area) for 28 days prior to mating and through gestation and females were treated for 14 days prior to mating through Gestation Day 7.

HOW SUPPLIED SECTION.

16. HOW SUPPLIED/STORAGE AND HANDLING. EMERPHED (ephedrine sulfate) injection is clear, colorless solution available as single-dose vial that contains 50 mg/10 mL ephedrine sulfate, equivalent to 38 mg/10 mL ephedrine base (5 mg/mL ephedrine sulfate, equivalent to 3.8 mg/mL ephedrine base) and is supplied as follows:NDCPresentation14789-250-0710 mL clear glass, single- dose vial; strength mg/mL14789-250-1010 mL vials packaged in carton of 10EMERPHED (ephedrine sulfate) injection 50 mg/10 mL (5 mg/mL) is not made with natural rubber latex.Store at 25C (77F); excursions permitted to 15C to 30C (59F to 86F) [see USP Controlled Room Temperature].Store in carton until time of use. For single dose only. Discard unused portion.Patent, www.emerphed.com/patentManufactured in the USA by:Nexus Pharmaceuticals, Inc.400 Knightsbridge ParkwayLincolnshire, IL 60069USAEPHPIR003. Nexus Pharmaceuticals Logo.

INDICATIONS & USAGE SECTION.

1. INDICATIONS AND USAGE. EMERPHED is indicated for the treatment of clinically important hypotension occurring in the setting of anesthesia.. EMERPHED is an alpha- and beta- adrenergic agonist and norepinephrine-releasing agent that is indicated for the treatment of clinically important hypotension occurring in the setting of anesthesia. (1).

CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY SECTION.

12. CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY. 12.1 Mechanism of Action. Ephedrine sulfate is sympathomimetic amine that directly acts as an agonist at and -adrenergic receptors and indirectly causes the release of norepinephrine from sympathetic neurons. Pressor effects by direct alpha- and beta-adrenergic receptor activation are mediated by increases in arterial pressures, cardiac output, and peripheral resistance. Indirect adrenergic stimulation is caused by norepinephrine release from sympathetic nerves.. 12.2 Pharmacodynamics. Ephedrine stimulates heart rate and cardiac output and variably increases peripheral resistance; as result, ephedrine usually increases blood pressure. Stimulation of the -adrenergic receptors of smooth muscle cells in the bladder base may increase the resistance to the outflow of urine. Activation of adrenergic receptors in the lungs promotes bronchodilation.The overall cardiovascular effect from ephedrine is the result of balance among -1 adrenoceptor- mediated vasoconstriction, -2 adrenoceptor- mediated vasoconstriction, and -2 adrenoceptor-mediated vasodilatation. Stimulation of the -1 adrenoceptors results in positive inotrope and chronotrope action.Tachyphylaxis to the pressor effects of ephedrine may occur with repeated administration [see Warnings and Precautions 5.2 ].. 12.3 Pharmacokinetics. Publications studying pharmacokinetics of oral administration of (-)-ephedrine support that (-)-ephedrine is metabolized into norephedrine. However, the metabolism pathway is unknown. Both the parent drug and the metabolite are excreted in urine. Limited data after IV administration of ephedrine support similar observations of urinary excretion of drug and metabolite. The plasma elimination half-life of ephedrine following oral administration was about hours.Ephedrine crosses the placental barrier [see Use in Specific Populations 8.1].

CLINICAL STUDIES SECTION.

14. CLINICAL STUDIES. The evidence for the efficacy of EMERPHED (ephedrine sulfate) injection is derived from the published literature. Increases in blood pressure following administration of ephedrine were observed in 14 studies, including where ephedrine was used in pregnant women undergoing neuraxial anesthesia during Cesarean delivery, study in non-obstetric surgery under neuraxial anesthesia, and studies in patients undergoing surgery under general anesthesia. Ephedrine has been shown to raise systolic and mean blood pressure when administered as bolus dose following the development of hypotension during anesthesia.

CONTRAINDICATIONS SECTION.

4. CONTRAINDICATIONS. None. None (4).

DESCRIPTION SECTION.

11. DESCRIPTION. EMERPHED (ephedrine sulfate) injection is clear, colorless, sterile solution for intravenous injection. The chemical name of ephedrine sulfate is benzenemethanol, -[1-(methylamino)ethyl]-, [R-(R,S)]-, sulfate (2:1) (salt), and the molecular weight is 428.5 g/mol. Its structural formula is depicted below:Ephedrine sulfate is freely soluble in water and ethanol, very slightly soluble in chloroform, and practically insoluble in ether. Each mL contains ephedrine sulfate, USP mg (equivalent to 3.8 mg ephedrine base), 0.9% sodium chloride, USP in water for injection. The pH range is 4.5 to 7.0.. Structural Formula.

DOSAGE & ADMINISTRATION SECTION.

2. DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION. This is pre-mixed formulation. Do not dilute before administration. (2)5 mg to 10 mg administered by intravenous bolus. Additional boluses as needed, not to exceed total dose of 50 mg. (2). This is pre-mixed formulation. Do not dilute before administration. (2). mg to 10 mg administered by intravenous bolus. Additional boluses as needed, not to exceed total dose of 50 mg. (2). 2.1 General Dosage and Administration Instructions. This is premixed formulation. Do not dilute prior to use.Discard any unused portion of EMERPHED.Inspect parenteral drug products visually for particulate matter and discoloration prior to administration, whenever solution and container permit.EMERPHED is clear, colorless solution. Do not use if the solution is not clear or if particulate matter is present.. This is premixed formulation. Do not dilute prior to use.. Discard any unused portion of EMERPHED.. Inspect parenteral drug products visually for particulate matter and discoloration prior to administration, whenever solution and container permit.. 2.2 Dosing for the Treatment of Clinically Important Hypotension in the Setting of Anesthesia. The recommended dosages for the treatment of clinically important hypotension in the setting of anesthesia is an initial dose of mg to 10 mg administered by intravenous bolus. Administer additional boluses as needed, not to exceed total dosage of 50 mg.Adjust dosage according to the blood pressure goal (i.e., titrate to effect).. Adjust dosage according to the blood pressure goal (i.e., titrate to effect).

DOSAGE FORMS & STRENGTHS SECTION.

3. DOSAGE FORMS AND STRENGTHS. EMERPHED (ephedrine sulfate) injection is clear, colorless solution available as single-dose vial that contains 50 mg/10 mL ephedrine sulfate, equivalent to 38 mg/10 mL ephedrine base (5 mg/mL ephedrine sulfate, equivalent to 3.8 mg/mL ephedrine base).. Injection: 50 mg/10 mL ephedrine sulfate, equivalent to 38 mg/10 mL ephedrine base in single-dose vial (5 mg/mL ephedrine sulfate, equivalent to 3.8 mg/mL ephedrine base). (3).

DRUG INTERACTIONS SECTION.

7. DRUG INTERACTIONS. Interactions that Augment the Press or EffectOxytocin and oxytocic drugsClinical Impact:Serious postpartum hypertension has been described in patients who received both vasopressor (i.e., methoxamine, phenylephrine, ephedrine) and an oxytocic (i.e., methylergonovine, ergonovine).Some of these patients experienced stroke.Intervention:Carefully monitor the blood pressure of individuals who have received both EMERPHED and an oxytocic.Clonidine, propofol, monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs ), atropineClinical Impact:These drugs augment the pressor effect of ephedrine.Intervention:Carefully monitor the blood pressure of individuals who have received both EMERPHED and any of these drugs.Interactions that Antagonize the Pressor EffectClinical Impact:These drugs antagonize the pressor effect of ephedrine.Intervention:Carefully monitor the blood pressure of individuals who have received both EMERPHED and any of these drugs.Examples:-adrenergic antagonists, -adrenergic receptor antagonists, reserpine, quinidine, mephentermineOther Drug InteractionsGuanethidineClinical Impact:EMERPHED may inhibit the neuron blockage produced by guanethidine, resulting in loss of antihypertensive effectiveness.Intervention:Clinician should monitor patient for blood pressor response and adjust the dosage or choice of pressor accordingly.RocuroniumClinical Impact:EMERPHED may reduce the onset time of neuromuscular blockade when used for intubation with rocuronium if administered simultaneously with anesthetic induction.Intervention:Be aware of this potential interaction. No treatment or other interventions are needed.Epidural anesthesiaClinical Impact:EMERPHED may decrease the efficacy of epidural blockade by hastening the regression of sensory analgesia.Intervention:Monitor and treat the patient according to clinical practice.TheophyllineClinical Impact:Concomitant use of EMERPHED may increase the frequency of nausea, nervousness, and insomnia.Intervention:Monitor patient for worsening symptoms and manage symptoms according to clinical practice.Cardiac glycosidesClinical Impact:Giving EMERPHED with cardiac glycoside, such as digitalis, may increase the possibility of arrhythmias.Intervention:Carefully monitor patients on cardiac glycosides who are also administered ephedrine.. Interactions that Augment Pressor Effect: clonidine, oxytocin and oxytocic drugs, propofol, monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs), and atropine. Monitor blood pressure. (7)Interactions that Antagonize the Pressor Effect: Antagonistic effects with -adrenergic antagonists, -adrenergic antagonists, reserpine, quinidine, mephentermine. Monitor blood pressure. (7)Guanethidine: EMERPHED may inhibit the neuron blockage produced by guanethidine, resulting in loss of antihypertensive effectiveness. Monitor blood pressure and adjust the dosage of pressor accordingly.Rocuronium: EMERPHED may reduce the onset time of neuromuscular blockade when used for intubation with rocuronium if administered simultaneously with anesthetic induction. Be aware of this potential interaction. No treatment or other interventions are needed.Epidural anesthesia: EMERPHED may decrease the efficacy of epidural blockade by hastening the regression of sensory analgesia. Monitor and treat the patient according to clinical practice.Theophylline: Concomitant use of EMERPHED may increase the frequency of nausea, nervousness, and insomnia. Monitor patient for worsening symptoms and manage symptoms according to clinical practice.Cardiac glycosides: Giving EMERPHED with cardiac glycoside, such as digitalis, may increase the possibility of arrhythmias. Carefully monitor patients on cardiac glycosides who are also administered EMERPHED.. Interactions that Augment Pressor Effect: clonidine, oxytocin and oxytocic drugs, propofol, monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs), and atropine. Monitor blood pressure. (7). Interactions that Antagonize the Pressor Effect: Antagonistic effects with -adrenergic antagonists, -adrenergic antagonists, reserpine, quinidine, mephentermine. Monitor blood pressure. (7). Guanethidine: EMERPHED may inhibit the neuron blockage produced by guanethidine, resulting in loss of antihypertensive effectiveness. Monitor blood pressure and adjust the dosage of pressor accordingly.. Rocuronium: EMERPHED may reduce the onset time of neuromuscular blockade when used for intubation with rocuronium if administered simultaneously with anesthetic induction. Be aware of this potential interaction. No treatment or other interventions are needed.. Epidural anesthesia: EMERPHED may decrease the efficacy of epidural blockade by hastening the regression of sensory analgesia. Monitor and treat the patient according to clinical practice.. Theophylline: Concomitant use of EMERPHED may increase the frequency of nausea, nervousness, and insomnia. Monitor patient for worsening symptoms and manage symptoms according to clinical practice.. Cardiac glycosides: Giving EMERPHED with cardiac glycoside, such as digitalis, may increase the possibility of arrhythmias. Carefully monitor patients on cardiac glycosides who are also administered EMERPHED.

LACTATION SECTION.

8.2 Lactation. Risk SummaryA single published case report indicates that ephedrine is present in human milk. However, no information is available on the effects of the drug on the breastfed infant or the effects of the drug on milk production. The developmental and health benefits of breastfeeding should be considered along with the mothers clinical need for EMERPHED and any potential adverse effects on the breastfed child from EMERPHED or from the underlying maternal condition.

NONCLINICAL TOXICOLOGY SECTION.

13. NONCLINICAL TOXICOLOGY. 13.1 Carcinogenesis, Mutagenesis Impairment of Fertility. Carcinogenesis: Two-year feeding studies in rats and mice conducted under the National Toxicology Program (NTP) demonstrated no evidence of carcinogenic potential with ephedrine sulfate at doses up to 10 mg/kg/day and 27 mg/kg/day (approximately times and times the maximum human recommended dose on mg/m2 basis, respectively).. Mutagenesis: Ephedrine sulfate tested negative in the in vitro bacterial reverse mutation assay, the in vitro mouse lymphoma assay, the in vitro sister chromatid exchange, the in vitro chromosomal aberration assay, and the in vivo rat bone marrow micronucleus assay.. Impairment of Fertility: There was no impact on fertility or early embryonic development in study in which male rats were administered intravenous bolus doses of 0, 2, 10, or 60 mg/kg ephedrine sulfate (up to 12 times the maximum recommended human dose of 50 mg based on body surface area) for 28 days prior to mating and through gestation and females were treated for 14 days prior to mating through Gestation Day 7.

OVERDOSAGE SECTION.

10. OVERDOSAGE. Overdose of EMERPHED can cause rapid rise in blood pressure. In the case of an overdose, careful monitoring of blood pressure is recommended. If blood pressure continues to rise to an unacceptable level, parenteral antihypertensive agents can be administered at the discretion of the clinician.

PACKAGE LABEL.PRINCIPAL DISPLAY PANEL.

Principal Display Panel 5 mg/mL Carton LabelNDC 14789-250-10Rx OnlyEMERPHED(R)(ephedrine sulfate) Injection50 mg/10 mL (5 mg/mL)(equivalent to 38 mg/10 mL ephedrine base)Premixed formulation -Do not diluteFor Intravenous Use Only10 10 mL Single Dose VialsNEXUSPHARMACEUTICALS. Principal Display Panel 5 mg/mL Carton Label.

PEDIATRIC USE SECTION.

8.4 Pediatric Use. Safety and effectiveness of EMERPHED in pediatric patients have not been established.. Animal Toxicity DataIn study in which juvenile rats were administered intravenous bolus doses of 2, 10, or 60 mg/kg ephedrine sulfate daily from Postnatal Day 35 to 56, an increased incidence of mortality was noted at the high dose of 60 mg/kg. The no-adverse-effect level was 10 mg/kg (approximately 1.9 times maximum daily dose of 50 mg in 60 kg person based on body surface area).

PHARMACODYNAMICS SECTION.

12.2 Pharmacodynamics. Ephedrine stimulates heart rate and cardiac output and variably increases peripheral resistance; as result, ephedrine usually increases blood pressure. Stimulation of the -adrenergic receptors of smooth muscle cells in the bladder base may increase the resistance to the outflow of urine. Activation of adrenergic receptors in the lungs promotes bronchodilation.The overall cardiovascular effect from ephedrine is the result of balance among -1 adrenoceptor- mediated vasoconstriction, -2 adrenoceptor- mediated vasoconstriction, and -2 adrenoceptor-mediated vasodilatation. Stimulation of the -1 adrenoceptors results in positive inotrope and chronotrope action.Tachyphylaxis to the pressor effects of ephedrine may occur with repeated administration [see Warnings and Precautions 5.2 ].

PHARMACOKINETICS SECTION.

12.3 Pharmacokinetics. Publications studying pharmacokinetics of oral administration of (-)-ephedrine support that (-)-ephedrine is metabolized into norephedrine. However, the metabolism pathway is unknown. Both the parent drug and the metabolite are excreted in urine. Limited data after IV administration of ephedrine support similar observations of urinary excretion of drug and metabolite. The plasma elimination half-life of ephedrine following oral administration was about hours.Ephedrine crosses the placental barrier [see Use in Specific Populations 8.1].

PREGNANCY SECTION.

8.1 Pregnancy. Risk SummaryAvailable data from randomized studies, case series, and reports of ephedrine sulfate use in pregnant women have not identified drug-associated risk of major birth defects, miscarriage, or adverse maternal or fetal outcomes. However, there are clinical considerations [see Clinical Considerations ]. In animal reproduction studies, decreased fetal survival and fetal body weights were observed in the presence of maternal toxicity after normotensive pregnant rats were administered 60 mg/kg intravenous ephedrine sulfate (12 times the maximum recommended human dose (MRHD) of 50 mg/day). No malformations or embryofetal adverse effects were observed when pregnant rats or rabbits were treated with intravenous bolus doses of ephedrine sulfate during organogenesis at doses 1.9 and 7.7 times the MRHD, respectively [See data ].The estimated background risk of major birth defects and miscarriage for the indicated population is unknown. All pregnancies have background risk of birth defect, loss, or other adverse outcomes. In the U.S. general population, the estimated background risk of major birth defects and miscarriage in clinically recognized pregnancies is to 4% and 15 to 20%, respectively.. Clinical Considerations. Fetal/Neonatal Adverse ReactionsCases of potential metabolic acidosis in newborns at delivery with maternal ephedrine exposure have been reported in the literature. These reports describe umbilical artery pH of <=7.2 at the time of delivery [see Clinical Pharmacology 12.3]. Monitoring of the newborn for signs and symptoms of metabolic acidosis may be required. Monitoring of infants acid-base status is warranted to ensure that an episode of acidosis is acute and reversible.. Data. Animal DataDecreased fetal body weights were observed when pregnant rats were administered intravenous bolus doses of 60 mg/kg ephedrine sulfate (12 times the maximum recommended human dose (MRHD) of 50 mg based on body surface area) from Gestation Day 6-17. This dose was associated with evidence of maternal toxicity (decreased body weight of dams and abnormal head movements). No malformations or fetal deaths were noted at this dose. No effects on fetal body weight were noted at 10 mg/kg (1.9 times the MRHD of 50 mg).No evidence of malformations or embryo-fetal toxicity were noted in pregnant rabbits administered intravenous bolus doses up to 20 mg/kg ephedrine sulfate (7.7 times the maximum recommended human dose (MRHD) of 50 mg based on body surface area) from Gestation Day 6-20. This dose was associated with expected pharmacological maternal effects (increased respiration rate, dilated pupils, piloerection).Decreased fetal survival and body weights in the presence of maternal toxicity (increased mortality) were noted when pregnant dams were administered intravenous bolus doses of 60 mg/ kg epinephrine sulfate (approximately 12 times the MRHD based on body surface area) from GD through Lactation Day 20. No adverse effects were noted at 10 mg/kg (1.9 times the MRHD).

RENAL IMPAIRMENT SUBSECTION.

8.6 Renal Impairment. Ephedrine and its metabolite are excreted in urine. In patients with renal impairment, excretion of ephedrine is likely to be affected with corresponding increase in elimination half-life, which will lead to slow elimination of ephedrine and consequently prolonged pharmacological effect and potentially adverse reactions. Monitor patients with renal impairment carefully after the initial bolus dose for adverse events.

SPL UNCLASSIFIED SECTION.

2.1 General Dosage and Administration Instructions. This is premixed formulation. Do not dilute prior to use.Discard any unused portion of EMERPHED.Inspect parenteral drug products visually for particulate matter and discoloration prior to administration, whenever solution and container permit.EMERPHED is clear, colorless solution. Do not use if the solution is not clear or if particulate matter is present.. This is premixed formulation. Do not dilute prior to use.. Discard any unused portion of EMERPHED.. Inspect parenteral drug products visually for particulate matter and discoloration prior to administration, whenever solution and container permit.

USE IN SPECIFIC POPULATIONS SECTION.

8. USE IN SPECIFIC POPULATIONS. 8.1 Pregnancy. Risk SummaryAvailable data from randomized studies, case series, and reports of ephedrine sulfate use in pregnant women have not identified drug-associated risk of major birth defects, miscarriage, or adverse maternal or fetal outcomes. However, there are clinical considerations [see Clinical Considerations ]. In animal reproduction studies, decreased fetal survival and fetal body weights were observed in the presence of maternal toxicity after normotensive pregnant rats were administered 60 mg/kg intravenous ephedrine sulfate (12 times the maximum recommended human dose (MRHD) of 50 mg/day). No malformations or embryofetal adverse effects were observed when pregnant rats or rabbits were treated with intravenous bolus doses of ephedrine sulfate during organogenesis at doses 1.9 and 7.7 times the MRHD, respectively [See data ].The estimated background risk of major birth defects and miscarriage for the indicated population is unknown. All pregnancies have background risk of birth defect, loss, or other adverse outcomes. In the U.S. general population, the estimated background risk of major birth defects and miscarriage in clinically recognized pregnancies is to 4% and 15 to 20%, respectively.. Clinical Considerations. Fetal/Neonatal Adverse ReactionsCases of potential metabolic acidosis in newborns at delivery with maternal ephedrine exposure have been reported in the literature. These reports describe umbilical artery pH of <=7.2 at the time of delivery [see Clinical Pharmacology 12.3]. Monitoring of the newborn for signs and symptoms of metabolic acidosis may be required. Monitoring of infants acid-base status is warranted to ensure that an episode of acidosis is acute and reversible.. Data. Animal DataDecreased fetal body weights were observed when pregnant rats were administered intravenous bolus doses of 60 mg/kg ephedrine sulfate (12 times the maximum recommended human dose (MRHD) of 50 mg based on body surface area) from Gestation Day 6-17. This dose was associated with evidence of maternal toxicity (decreased body weight of dams and abnormal head movements). No malformations or fetal deaths were noted at this dose. No effects on fetal body weight were noted at 10 mg/kg (1.9 times the MRHD of 50 mg).No evidence of malformations or embryo-fetal toxicity were noted in pregnant rabbits administered intravenous bolus doses up to 20 mg/kg ephedrine sulfate (7.7 times the maximum recommended human dose (MRHD) of 50 mg based on body surface area) from Gestation Day 6-20. This dose was associated with expected pharmacological maternal effects (increased respiration rate, dilated pupils, piloerection).Decreased fetal survival and body weights in the presence of maternal toxicity (increased mortality) were noted when pregnant dams were administered intravenous bolus doses of 60 mg/ kg epinephrine sulfate (approximately 12 times the MRHD based on body surface area) from GD through Lactation Day 20. No adverse effects were noted at 10 mg/kg (1.9 times the MRHD).. 8.2 Lactation. Risk SummaryA single published case report indicates that ephedrine is present in human milk. However, no information is available on the effects of the drug on the breastfed infant or the effects of the drug on milk production. The developmental and health benefits of breastfeeding should be considered along with the mothers clinical need for EMERPHED and any potential adverse effects on the breastfed child from EMERPHED or from the underlying maternal condition.. 8.4 Pediatric Use. Safety and effectiveness of EMERPHED in pediatric patients have not been established.. Animal Toxicity DataIn study in which juvenile rats were administered intravenous bolus doses of 2, 10, or 60 mg/kg ephedrine sulfate daily from Postnatal Day 35 to 56, an increased incidence of mortality was noted at the high dose of 60 mg/kg. The no-adverse-effect level was 10 mg/kg (approximately 1.9 times maximum daily dose of 50 mg in 60 kg person based on body surface area). 8.5 Geriatric Use. Clinical studies of ephedrine did not include sufficient numbers of subjects aged 65 and over to determine whether they respond differently from younger subjects. Other reported clinical experience has not identified differences in responses between the elderly and younger patients. In general, dose selection for an elderly patient should be cautious, usually starting at the low end of the dosing range, reflecting the greater frequency of decreased hepatic, renal, or cardiac function, and of concomitant disease or other drug therapy.This drug is known to be substantially excreted by the kidney, and the risk of adverse reactions to this drug may be greater in patients with impaired renal function. Because elderly patients are more likely to have decreased renal function, care should be taken in dose selection, and it may be useful to monitor renal function.. 8.6 Renal Impairment. Ephedrine and its metabolite are excreted in urine. In patients with renal impairment, excretion of ephedrine is likely to be affected with corresponding increase in elimination half-life, which will lead to slow elimination of ephedrine and consequently prolonged pharmacological effect and potentially adverse reactions. Monitor patients with renal impairment carefully after the initial bolus dose for adverse events.

WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS SECTION.

5. WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS. Pressor Effects with Concomitant Use with Oxytocic Drugs: Pressor effect of sympathomimetic pressor amines is potentiated (5.1)Tachyphylaxis and Tolerance: Repeated administration of EMERPHED may cause tachyphylaxis (5.2). Pressor Effects with Concomitant Use with Oxytocic Drugs: Pressor effect of sympathomimetic pressor amines is potentiated (5.1). Tachyphylaxis and Tolerance: Repeated administration of EMERPHED may cause tachyphylaxis (5.2). 5.1 Pressor Effect with Concomitant Oxytocic Drugs. Serious postpartum hypertension has been described in patients who received both vasopressor (i.e., methoxamine, phenylephrine, ephedrine) and an oxytocic (i.e., methylergonovine, ergonovine) [see Drug Interactions (7)]. Some of these patients experienced stroke. Carefully monitor the blood pressure of individuals who have received both EMERPHED and an oxytocic.. 5.2 Tolerance and Tachyphylaxis. Data indicate that repeated administration of ephedrine can result in tachyphylaxis. Be aware of this possibility when treating anesthesia-induced hypotension with EMERPHED and be prepared with an alternative pressor to mitigate unacceptable responsiveness.. 5.3 Risk of Hypertension When Used Prophylactically. When used to prevent hypotension, ephedrine has been associated with an increased incidence of hypertension compared with when ephedrine is used to treat hypotension.