PHARMACODYNAMICS SECTION.

12.2 Pharmacodynamics. The primary pharmacodynamic effects of norepinephrine are cardiac stimulation and vasoconstriction. Cardiac output is generally unaffected, although it can be decreased, and total peripheral resistance is also elevated. The elevation in resistance and pressure result in reflex vagal activity, which slows the heart rate and increases stroke volume. The elevation in vascular tone or resistance reduces blood flow to the major abdominal organs as well as to skeletal muscle. Coronary blood flow is substantially increased secondary to the indirect effects of alpha stimulation. After intravenous administration, pressor response occurs rapidly and reaches steady state within minutes. The pharmacologic actions of norepinephrine are terminated primarily by uptake and metabolism in sympathetic nerve endings. The pressor action stops within 1-2 minutes after the infusion is discontinued.

ADVERSE REACTIONS SECTION.

6 ADVERSE REACTIONS. The following adverse reactions are described in greater detail in other sections:Tissue Ischemia [see Warnings and Precautions (5.1)] Hypotension [see Warnings and Precautions (5.2)] Cardiac Arrhythmias [see Warnings and Precautions (5.3)] The most common adverse reactions are hypertension and bradycardia.The following adverse reactions can occur:Nervous system disorders: Anxiety, headacheRespiratory disorders: Respiratory difficulty, pulmonary edema. Tissue Ischemia [see Warnings and Precautions (5.1)] Hypotension [see Warnings and Precautions (5.2)] Cardiac Arrhythmias [see Warnings and Precautions (5.3)] Most common adverse reactions are ischemic injury, bradycardia, anxiety, transient headache, respiratory difficulty, and extravasation necrosis at injection site. (6)To report SUSPECTED ADVERSE REACTIONS, contact Gland Pharma Limited at 864-879-9994 or FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088 or www.fda.gov/medwatch.

CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY SECTION.

12 CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY. 12.1 Mechanism of Action. Norepinephrine is peripheral vasoconstrictor (alpha-adrenergic action) and an inotropic stimulator of the heart and dilator of coronary arteries (beta-adrenergic action).. 12.2 Pharmacodynamics. The primary pharmacodynamic effects of norepinephrine are cardiac stimulation and vasoconstriction. Cardiac output is generally unaffected, although it can be decreased, and total peripheral resistance is also elevated. The elevation in resistance and pressure result in reflex vagal activity, which slows the heart rate and increases stroke volume. The elevation in vascular tone or resistance reduces blood flow to the major abdominal organs as well as to skeletal muscle. Coronary blood flow is substantially increased secondary to the indirect effects of alpha stimulation. After intravenous administration, pressor response occurs rapidly and reaches steady state within minutes. The pharmacologic actions of norepinephrine are terminated primarily by uptake and metabolism in sympathetic nerve endings. The pressor action stops within 1-2 minutes after the infusion is discontinued.. 12.3 Pharmacokinetics. AbsorptionFollowing initiation of intravenous infusion, the steady state plasma concentration is achieved in min. DistributionPlasma protein binding of norepinephrine is approximately 25%. It is mainly bound to plasma albumin and to smaller extent to prealbumin and alpha 1-acid glycoprotein. The volume of distribution is 8.8 L. Norepinephrine localizes mainly in sympathetic nervous tissue. It crosses the placenta but not the blood-brain barrier.EliminationThe mean half-life of norepinephrine is approximately 2.4 min. The average metabolic clearance is 3.1 L/min.MetabolismNorepinephrine is metabolized in the liver and other tissues by combination of reactions involving the enzymes catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) and MAO. The major metabolites are normetanephrine and 3-methoxyl-4-hydroxy mandelic acid (vanillylmandelic acid, VMA), both of which are inactive. Other inactive metabolites include 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol, 3,4-dihydroxymandelic acid, and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylglycol.ExcretionNoradrenaline metabolites are excreted in urine primarily as sulphate conjugates and, to lesser extent, as glucuronide conjugates. Only small quantities of norepinephrine are excreted unchanged.

DESCRIPTION SECTION.

11 DESCRIPTION. Norepinephrine (sometimes referred to as l-arterenol/Levarterenol or l-norepinephrine) is sympathomimetic amine which differs from epinephrine by the absence of methyl group on the nitrogen atom.Norepinephrine Bitartrate is (-)--(aminomethyl)-3,4-dihydroxybenzyl alcohol tartrate (1:1) (salt) monohydrate (molecular weight 337.3 g/mol) and has the following structural formula:Norepinephrine Bitartrate Injection, USP is supplied in sterile aqueous solution in the form of the bitartrate salt to be administered by intravenous infusion. Norepinephrine is sparingly soluble in water, very slightly soluble in alcohol and ether, and readily soluble in acids. Each mL contains mg of norepinephrine base (equivalent to 1.89 mg of norepinephrine bitartrate, anhydrous basis), sodium chloride for isotonicity, not more than 0.2 mg (vials) of sodium metabisulfite as an antioxidant. It has pH of 3.0 to 4.5. The air in the containers has been displaced by nitrogen gas.. SPL-Structure.

DOSAGE & ADMINISTRATION SECTION.

2 DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION. Initial dose of 0.25 mL to 0.375 mL (from mcg to 12 mcg of base) per minute, adjust the rate of flow to establish and maintain low to normal blood pressure (usually 80 mm Hg to 100 mm Hg systolic) sufficient to maintain the circulation of vital organs. (2.2)The average maintenance dose ranges from 0.0625 mL to 0.125 mL per minute (from mcg to mcg of base). (2.2). Initial dose of 0.25 mL to 0.375 mL (from mcg to 12 mcg of base) per minute, adjust the rate of flow to establish and maintain low to normal blood pressure (usually 80 mm Hg to 100 mm Hg systolic) sufficient to maintain the circulation of vital organs. (2.2). The average maintenance dose ranges from 0.0625 mL to 0.125 mL per minute (from mcg to mcg of base). (2.2). 2.1 Important Dosage and Administration Instructions. Correct HypovolemiaAddress hypovolemia before initiation of norepinephrine bitartrate injection therapy. If the patient does not respond to therapy, suspect occult hypovolemia [see Warnings and Precautions (5.1)]. AdministrationDilute norepinephrine bitartrate injection prior to use [see Dosage and Administration (2.3)].Infuse norepinephrine bitartrate injection into large vein. Avoid infusions into the veins of the leg in the elderly or in patients with occlusive vascular disease of the legs [see Warnings and Precautions (5.1)]. Avoid using catheter-tie-in technique. DiscontinuationWhen discontinuing the infusion, reduce the flow rate gradually. Avoid abrupt withdrawal.. 2.2 Dosage. After an initial dosage of to 12 mcg per minute via intravenous infusion, assess patient response and adjust dosage to maintain desired hemodynamic effect. Monitor blood pressure every two minutes until the desired hemodynamic effect is achieved, and then monitor blood pressure every five minutes for the duration of the infusion. Typical maintenance intravenous dosage is to mcg per minute.. 2.3 Preparation of Diluted Solution. Visually inspect norepinephrine bitartrate injection for particulate matter and discoloration prior to administration (the solution is colorless). Do not use the solution if its color is pinkish or darker than slightly yellow or if it contains precipitate. Add the content of one norepinephrine bitartrate injection vial (4 mg in mL) to 1,000 mL of 5% Dextrose Injection, USP or Sodium Chloride Injection solutions that contain 5% dextrose to produce 4 mcg per mL dilution. Dextrose reduces loss of potency due to oxidation. Administration in saline solution alone is not recommended.Use higher concentration solutions in patients requiring fluid restriction. Prior to use, store the diluted norepinephrine bitartrate injection solution for up to 24 hours at room temperature [20C to 25C (68F to 77F)] and protect from light.. 2.4 Drug Incompatibilities. Avoid contact with iron salts, alkalis, or oxidizing agents.Whole blood or plasma, if indicated to increase blood volume, should be administered separately.

DRUG INTERACTIONS SECTION.

7 DRUG INTERACTIONS. Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOI) or antidepressants of the triptyline or imipramine types may result in hypertension. (7.1)Cyclopropane and halothane anesthetics increase cardiac autonomic irritability. (7.4). Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOI) or antidepressants of the triptyline or imipramine types may result in hypertension. (7.1). Cyclopropane and halothane anesthetics increase cardiac autonomic irritability. (7.4). 7.1 MAO-Inhibiting Drugs. Co-administration of norepinephrine bitartrate with monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors or other drugs with MAO-inhibiting properties (e.g., linezolid) can cause severe, prolonged hypertension.If administration of norepinephrine bitartrate cannot be avoided in patients who recently have received any of these drugs and in whom, after discontinuation, MAO activity has not yet sufficiently recovered, monitor for hypertension.. 7.2 Tricyclic Antidepressants. Co-administration of norepinephrine bitartrate with tricyclic antidepressants (including amitriptyline, nortriptyline, protriptyline, clomipramine, desipramine, imipramine) can cause severe, prolonged hypertension. If administration of norepinephrine bitartrate cannot be avoided in these patients, monitor for hypertension.. 7.3 Antidiabetics. Norepinephrine Bitartrate can decrease insulin sensitivity and raise blood glucose. Monitor glucose and consider dosage adjustment of antidiabetic drugs.. 7.4 Halogenated Anesthetics. Concomitant use of norepinephrine bitartrate with halogenated anesthetics (e.g., cyclopropane, desflurane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane) may lead to ventricular tachycardia or ventricular fibrillation. Monitor cardiac rhythm in patients receiving concomitant halogenated anesthetics.

PHARMACOKINETICS SECTION.

12.3 Pharmacokinetics. AbsorptionFollowing initiation of intravenous infusion, the steady state plasma concentration is achieved in min. DistributionPlasma protein binding of norepinephrine is approximately 25%. It is mainly bound to plasma albumin and to smaller extent to prealbumin and alpha 1-acid glycoprotein. The volume of distribution is 8.8 L. Norepinephrine localizes mainly in sympathetic nervous tissue. It crosses the placenta but not the blood-brain barrier.EliminationThe mean half-life of norepinephrine is approximately 2.4 min. The average metabolic clearance is 3.1 L/min.MetabolismNorepinephrine is metabolized in the liver and other tissues by combination of reactions involving the enzymes catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) and MAO. The major metabolites are normetanephrine and 3-methoxyl-4-hydroxy mandelic acid (vanillylmandelic acid, VMA), both of which are inactive. Other inactive metabolites include 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol, 3,4-dihydroxymandelic acid, and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylglycol.ExcretionNoradrenaline metabolites are excreted in urine primarily as sulphate conjugates and, to lesser extent, as glucuronide conjugates. Only small quantities of norepinephrine are excreted unchanged.

PREGNANCY SECTION.

8.1 Pregnancy. Risk SummaryLimited published data consisting of small number of case reports and multiple small trials involving the use of norepinephrine in pregnant women at the time of delivery have not identified an increased risk of major birth defects, miscarriage or adverse maternal or fetal outcomes. There are risks to the mother and fetus from hypotension associated with septic shock, myocardial infarction and stroke which are medical emergencies in pregnancy and can be fatal if left untreated. (see Clinical Considerations). In animal reproduction studies, using high doses of intravenous norepinephrine resulted in lowered maternal placental blood flow. Clinical relevanceto changes in the human fetus is unknown since the average maintenance dose is ten times lower (see Data). Increased fetal reabsorptions were observed in pregnant hamsters after receiving daily injections at approximately times the maximum recommended dose on mg/m3 basis for four days during organogenesis (see Data). The estimated background risk for major birth defects and miscarriage for the indicated population is unknown. All pregnancies have background risk of birth defect, loss, or other adverse outcomes. In the U.S. general population, the estimated background risk of major birth defects and miscarriage in the clinically recognized pregnancies is 2-4% and 15-20%, respectively.Clinical ConsiderationsDisease-associated maternal and/or embryo/fetal riskHypotension associated with septic shock, myocardial infarction, and stroke are medical emergencies in pregnancy which can be fatal if left untreated. Delaying treatment in pregnant women with hypotension associated with septic shock, myocardial infarction and stroke may increase the risk of maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality. Life-sustaining therapy for the pregnant woman should not be withheld due to potential concerns regarding the effects of norepinephrine on the fetus.DataAnimal DataA study in pregnant sheep receiving high doses of intravenous norepinephrine (40 mcg/min, at approximately 10 times the average maintenance dose of 2-4 mcg/min in human, on mg/kg basis) exhibited significant decrease in maternal placental blood flow. Decreases in fetal oxygenation, urine and lung liquid flow were also observed.Norepinephrine administration to pregnant rats on Gestation Day 16 or 17 resulted in cataract production in rat fetuses.In hamsters, an increased number of resorptions (29.1% in study group vs. 3.4% in control group), fetal microscopic liver abnormalities and delayed skeletal ossification were observed at approximately times the maximum recommended intramuscular or subcutaneous dose (on mg/m2 basis at maternal subcutaneous dose of 0.5 mg/kg/day from Gestation Day 7-10).

USE IN SPECIFIC POPULATIONS SECTION.

8 USE IN SPECIFIC POPULATIONS. Elderly patients may be at greater risk of developing adverse reactions. (8.5). Elderly patients may be at greater risk of developing adverse reactions. (8.5). 8.1 Pregnancy. Risk SummaryLimited published data consisting of small number of case reports and multiple small trials involving the use of norepinephrine in pregnant women at the time of delivery have not identified an increased risk of major birth defects, miscarriage or adverse maternal or fetal outcomes. There are risks to the mother and fetus from hypotension associated with septic shock, myocardial infarction and stroke which are medical emergencies in pregnancy and can be fatal if left untreated. (see Clinical Considerations). In animal reproduction studies, using high doses of intravenous norepinephrine resulted in lowered maternal placental blood flow. Clinical relevanceto changes in the human fetus is unknown since the average maintenance dose is ten times lower (see Data). Increased fetal reabsorptions were observed in pregnant hamsters after receiving daily injections at approximately times the maximum recommended dose on mg/m3 basis for four days during organogenesis (see Data). The estimated background risk for major birth defects and miscarriage for the indicated population is unknown. All pregnancies have background risk of birth defect, loss, or other adverse outcomes. In the U.S. general population, the estimated background risk of major birth defects and miscarriage in the clinically recognized pregnancies is 2-4% and 15-20%, respectively.Clinical ConsiderationsDisease-associated maternal and/or embryo/fetal riskHypotension associated with septic shock, myocardial infarction, and stroke are medical emergencies in pregnancy which can be fatal if left untreated. Delaying treatment in pregnant women with hypotension associated with septic shock, myocardial infarction and stroke may increase the risk of maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality. Life-sustaining therapy for the pregnant woman should not be withheld due to potential concerns regarding the effects of norepinephrine on the fetus.DataAnimal DataA study in pregnant sheep receiving high doses of intravenous norepinephrine (40 mcg/min, at approximately 10 times the average maintenance dose of 2-4 mcg/min in human, on mg/kg basis) exhibited significant decrease in maternal placental blood flow. Decreases in fetal oxygenation, urine and lung liquid flow were also observed.Norepinephrine administration to pregnant rats on Gestation Day 16 or 17 resulted in cataract production in rat fetuses.In hamsters, an increased number of resorptions (29.1% in study group vs. 3.4% in control group), fetal microscopic liver abnormalities and delayed skeletal ossification were observed at approximately times the maximum recommended intramuscular or subcutaneous dose (on mg/m2 basis at maternal subcutaneous dose of 0.5 mg/kg/day from Gestation Day 7-10).. 8.2 Lactation. Risk SummaryThere are no data on the presence of norepinephrine in either human or animal milk, the effects on the breastfed infant, or the effects on milk production. Clinically relevant exposure to the infant is not expected based on the short half-life and poor oral bioavailability of norepinephrine.. 8.4 Pediatric Use. Safety and effectiveness in pediatric patients have not been established.. 8.5 Geriatric Use. Clinical studies of norepinephrine bitartrate did not include sufficient numbers of subjects aged 65 and over to determine whether they respond differently from younger subjects. Other reported clinical experience has not identified differences in responses between the elderly and younger patients. In general, dose selection for an elderly patient should be cautious, usually starting at the low end of the dosing range, reflecting the greater frequency of decreased hepatic, renal, or cardiac function, and of concomitant disease or other drug therapy.Avoid administration of norepinephrine bitartrate into the veins in the leg in elderly patients [see Warnings and Precautions (5.1)].

WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS SECTION.

5 WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS. Tissue Ischemia: Avoid extravasation of norepinephrine bitartrate into the tissues, as local necrosis might ensue due to the vasoconstrictive action of the drug. Infuse norepinephrine bitartrate into large vein. To prevent sloughing and necrosis in areas in which extravasation has taken place, the area should be infiltrated as soon as possible with 10 mL to 15 mL of saline solution containing from mg to 10 mg of an adrenergic blocking agent. (5.1) Hypotension After Abrupt Discontinuation: Sudden cessation of theinfusion rate may result in marked hypotension. Reduce the norepinephrine bitartrate infusion rate gradually. (5.2) Cardiac Arrhythmias: Norepinephrine Bitartrate may cause arrhythmias. Monitor cardiac function in patients with underlying heart disease. (5.3) Allergic Reactions with Sulfite: Norepinephrine Bitartrate contains sodium metabisulfite. Sulfite may cause allergic-type-reactions. (5.4). Tissue Ischemia: Avoid extravasation of norepinephrine bitartrate into the tissues, as local necrosis might ensue due to the vasoconstrictive action of the drug. Infuse norepinephrine bitartrate into large vein. To prevent sloughing and necrosis in areas in which extravasation has taken place, the area should be infiltrated as soon as possible with 10 mL to 15 mL of saline solution containing from mg to 10 mg of an adrenergic blocking agent. (5.1). Hypotension After Abrupt Discontinuation: Sudden cessation of theinfusion rate may result in marked hypotension. Reduce the norepinephrine bitartrate infusion rate gradually. (5.2) Cardiac Arrhythmias: Norepinephrine Bitartrate may cause arrhythmias. Monitor cardiac function in patients with underlying heart disease. (5.3) Allergic Reactions with Sulfite: Norepinephrine Bitartrate contains sodium metabisulfite. Sulfite may cause allergic-type-reactions. (5.4). 5.1 Tissue Ischemia. Administration of norepinephrine bitartrate to patients who are hypotensive from hypovolemia can result in severe peripheral and visceral vasoconstriction, decreased renal perfusion and reduced urine output, tissue hypoxia, lactic acidosis, and reduced systemic blood flow despite normal blood pressure. Address hypovolemia prior to initiating norepinephrine bitartrate [see Dosage and Administration (2.1)]. Avoid norepinephrine bitartrate in patients with mesenteric or peripheral vascular thrombosis, as this may increase ischemia and extend the area of infarction. Gangrene of the extremities has occurred in patients with occlusive or thrombotic vascular disease or who received prolonged or high dose infusions. Monitor for changes to the skin of the extremities in susceptible patients. Extravasation of norepinephrine bitartrate may cause necrosis and sloughing of surrounding tissue. To reduce the risk of extravasation, infuse into large vein, check the infusion site frequently for free flow, and monitor for signs of extravasation [see Dosage and Administration (2.1)]. Emergency Treatment of Extravasation To prevent sloughing and necrosis in areas in which extravasation has occurred, infiltrate the ischemic area as soon as possible, using syringe with fine hypodermic needle with to 10 mg of phentolamine mesylate in 10 to 15 mL of 0.9% Sodium Chloride Injection in adults. Sympathetic blockade with phentolamine causes immediate and conspicuous local hyperemic changes if the area is infiltrated within 12 hours.. 5.2 Hypotension after Abrupt Discontinuation. Sudden cessation of the infusion rate may result in marked hypotension. When discontinuing the infusion, gradually reduce the norepinephrine bitartrate infusion rate while expanding blood volume with intravenous fluids.. 5.3 Cardiac Arrhythmias. Norepinephrine Bitartrate elevates intracellular calcium concentrations and may cause arrhythmias, particularly in the setting of hypoxia or hypercarbia. Perform continuous cardiac monitoring of patients with arrhythmias.. 5.4 Allergic Reactions Associated with Sulfite. Norepinephrine Bitartrate Injection contains sodium metabisulfite, sulfite that may cause allergic-type reactions including anaphylactic symptoms and life-threatening or less severe asthmatic episodes in certain susceptible people. The overall prevalence of sulfite sensitivity in the general population is unknown. Sulfite sensitivity is seen more frequently in asthmatic than in non-asthmatic people.