INFORMATION FOR PATIENTS SECTION.

17 PATIENT COUNSELING INFORMATION. Advise patients and parents/caregivers of pediatric patients taking nitazoxanide tablets of the following information:Dosage and Administration: Nitazoxanide tablets should be taken with food.Drug-drug Interactions: Avoid concurrent warfarin use. Manufactured by: Suven Pharmaceuticals Limited Pashamylaram, Telangana 502307, IndiaManufactured for: Rising Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Saddle Brook, NJ 07663Made in India ALINIA for Oral Suspension is distributed by Lupin Pharmaceuticals, Inc. under license from Romark. ALINIA is registered trademark of Romark. ML No. 24/MD/AP/2009/F/CCRevised: 03/2021 PIR52603-02.

LACTATION SECTION.

8.2 Lactation. Risk Summary No information regarding the presence of nitazoxanide in human milk, the effects on the breastfed infant, or the effects on milk production is available. The development and health benefits of breastfeeding should be considered along with the mothers clinical need for nitazoxanide and any potential adverse effects on the breastfed infant from nitazoxanide or from the underlying maternal condition.

MECHANISM OF ACTION SECTION.

12.1 Mechanism of Action. Nitazoxanide is an antiprotozoal [see Microbiology (12.4)].

NONCLINICAL TOXICOLOGY SECTION.

13 NONCLINICAL TOXICOLOGY. 13.1 Carcinogenesis, Mutagenesis, Impairment Of Fertility. Carcinogenesis Long-term carcinogenicity studies have not been conducted. Mutagenesis Nitazoxanide was not genotoxic in the Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell chromosomal aberration assay or the mouse micronucleus assay. Nitazoxanide was genotoxic in one tester strain (TA 100) in the Ames bacterial mutation assay. Impairment of Fertility Nitazoxanide did not adversely affect male or female fertility in the rat at 2400 mg/kg/day (approximately 20 times the clinical adult dose adjusted for body surface area).

OVERDOSAGE SECTION.

10 OVERDOSAGE. Limited information on nitazoxanide overdosage is available. Single oral doses of up to 4000 mg nitazoxanide have been administered to healthy adult volunteers without significant adverse effects. In the event of overdose, gastric lavage may be appropriate soon after oral administration. Patients should be observed and given symptomatic and supportive treatment. There is no specific antidote for overdose with nitazoxanide. Because tizoxanide is highly protein bound (>99.9%), dialysis is unlikely to significantly reduce plasma concentrations of the drug.

PACKAGE LABEL.PRINCIPAL DISPLAY PANEL.

PACKAGE LABEL.PRINCIPAL DISPLAY PANEL. Rising(R) NDC 64980-526-60 Nitazoxanide Tablets 500 mg Tablets Rx only Rising(R) NDC 64980-526-21 Nitazoxanide Tablets 500 mg 12 Tablets Rx only Rising(R) NDC 64980-526-81Nitazoxanide Tablets 500 mg 18 Tablets Rx only Rising(R) NDC 64980-526-03Nitazoxanide Tablets 500 mg 30 Tablets Rx only nitazoxanide 6ct label. 12ct label.jpg. label 18ct. 30ct label.jpg.

ADVERSE REACTIONS SECTION.

6 ADVERSE REACTIONS. The most common adverse reactions in >=2% of patients were abdominal pain, headache, chromaturia, and nausea (6.1).To report SUSPECTED ADVERSE REACTIONS, contact Rising Pharmaceuticals, Inc at 1-844-874-7464 or FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088 or www.fda.gov/medwatch.. 6.1 Clinical Trials Experience. Because clinical trials are conducted under widely varying conditions, adverse reaction rates observed in the clinical trials of drug cannot be directly compared to rates in the clinical trials of another drug and may not reflect the rates observed in practice. The safety of nitazoxanide was evaluated in 2177 HIV-uninfected subjects 12 months of age and older who received nitazoxanide tablets or nitazoxanide for oral suspension at the recommended dose for at least three days. In pooled controlled clinical trials involving 536 HIV-uninfected subjects treated with nitazoxanide tablets or nitazoxanide for oral suspension, the most common adverse reactions were abdominal pain, headache, chromaturia and nausea (>=2%). Safety data were analyzed separately for 280 HIV-uninfected subjects >=12 years of age receiving nitazoxanide at the recommended dose for at least three days in placebo-controlled clinical trials and for 256 HIV-uninfected subjects through 11 years of age in controlled clinical trials. There were no differences between the adverse reactions reported for nitazoxanide-treated subjects based upon age.. 6.2 Postmarketing Experience. The following adverse reactions have been identified during post approval use of nitazoxanide. Because these reactions are reported voluntarily from population of uncertain size, it is not always possible to reliably estimate their frequency or establish causal relationship to drug exposure. The following is list of adverse reactions spontaneously reported with nitazoxanide tablets which were not included in clinical trial listings: Gastrointestinal disorders: diarrhea, gastroesophageal reflux disease Nervous System disorders: dizziness Respiratory, thoracic and mediastinal disorders: dyspnea Skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders: rash, urticaria.

CARCINOGENESIS & MUTAGENESIS & IMPAIRMENT OF FERTILITY SECTION.

13.1 Carcinogenesis, Mutagenesis, Impairment Of Fertility. Carcinogenesis Long-term carcinogenicity studies have not been conducted. Mutagenesis Nitazoxanide was not genotoxic in the Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell chromosomal aberration assay or the mouse micronucleus assay. Nitazoxanide was genotoxic in one tester strain (TA 100) in the Ames bacterial mutation assay. Impairment of Fertility Nitazoxanide did not adversely affect male or female fertility in the rat at 2400 mg/kg/day (approximately 20 times the clinical adult dose adjusted for body surface area).

CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY SECTION.

12 CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY. 12.1 Mechanism of Action. Nitazoxanide is an antiprotozoal [see Microbiology (12.4)]. 12.3 Pharmacokinetics. AbsorptionSingle Dosing: Following oral administration of nitazoxanide tablets or oral suspension, the parent drug, nitazoxanide, is not detected in plasma. The pharmacokinetic parameters of the metabolites, tizoxanide and tizoxanide glucuronide are shown in Tables and below. Table 2. Mean (+/- SD) plasma pharmacokinetic parameters of tizoxanide and tizoxanide glucuronide following administration of single dose of one 500 mg nitazoxanide tablets with food to subjects >=12 years of age TizoxanideTizoxanide GlucuronideAge Cmax (ug/mL) Tmax (hr) AUC (ugohr/mL) Cmax (ug/mL) Tmax (hr) AUC (ugohr/mL) 12-17 years>=18 years 9.1 (6.1)10.6 (2.0) 4.0 (1-4)3.0 (2-4) 39.5 (24.2)41.9 (6.0) 7.3 (1.9)10.5 (1.4) 4.0 (2-8)4.5 (4-6) 46.5 (18.2) 63.0 (12.3) Tmax is given as Mean (Range) Table 3. Mean (+/- SD) plasma pharmacokinetic of tizoxanide and tizoxanide glucuronide parameter values following administration of single dose of nitazoxanide for oral suspension with food to subjects >=1 year of age TizoxanideTizoxanide GlucuronideAge Dose Cmax (ug/mL) Tmax (hr) AUCinf (ugohr/mL) Cmax (ug/mL) Tmax (hr) AUCinf (ugohr/mL) 1-3 years 100 mg 3.11 (2.0) 3.5 (2-4) 11.7 (4.46) 3.64 (1.16) 4.0 (3-4) 19.0 (5.03) 4-11 years 200 mg 3.00 (0.99) 2.0 (1-4) 13.5 (3.3) 2.84 (0.97) 4.0 (2-4) 16.9 (5.00) >=18 years 500 mg 5.49 (2.06) 2.5 (1-5) 30.2 (12.3) 3.21 (1.05) 4.0 (2.5-6) 22.8 (6.49) Tmax is given as Mean (Range) Multiple dosing: Following oral administration of single nitazoxanide tablet every 12 hours for consecutive days, there was no significant accumulation of nitazoxanide metabolites tizoxanide or tizoxanide glucuronide detected in plasma. Bioavailability: Nitazoxanide for oral suspension is not bioequivalent to nitazoxanide tablets. The relative bioavailability of the suspension compared to the tablet was 70%. When nitazoxanide tablets are administered with food, the AUC of tizoxanide and tizoxanide glucuronide in plasma is increased almost two-fold and the Cmax is increased by almost 50%. When nitazoxanide for oral suspension was administered with food, the AUC of tizoxanide and tizoxanide glucuronide increased by about 45-50% and the Cmax increased by <=10%. Nitazoxanide tablets and nitazoxanide for oral suspension were administered with food in clinical trials and hence they are recommended to be administered with food [see Dosage and Administration (2.1) ].Distribution In plasma, more than 99% of tizoxanide is bound to proteins.EliminationMetabolism Following oral administration in humans, nitazoxanide is rapidly hydrolyzed to an active metabolite, tizoxanide (desacetyl-nitazoxanide). Tizoxanide then undergoes conjugation, primarily by glucuronidation.Excretion Tizoxanide is excreted in the urine, bile and feces, and tizoxanide glucuronide is excreted in urine and bile. Approximately two-thirds of the oral dose of nitazoxanide is excreted in the feces and one-third in the urine.Specific PopulationsPediatric Patients The pharmacokinetics of tizoxanide and tizoxanide glucuronide following administration of nitazoxanide tablets in pediatric patients 12-17 years of age are provided above in Table 2. The pharmacokinetics of tizoxanide and tizoxanide glucuronide following administration of nitazoxanide for oral suspension in pediatric patients 1-11 years of age are provided above in Table 3.Drug Interaction StudiesIn vitro studies demonstrated that tizoxanide has no significant inhibitory effect on cytochrome P450 enzymes.. 12.4 Microbiology. Mechanism of Action The antiprotozoal activity of nitazoxanide is believed to be due to interference with the pyruvate:ferredoxin oxidoreductase (PFOR) enzyme-dependent electron transfer reaction which is essential to anaerobic energy metabolism. Studies have shown that the PFOR enzyme from G. lamblia directly reduces nitazoxanide by transfer of electrons in the absence of ferredoxin. The DNA-derived PFOR protein sequence of C. parvum appears to be similar to that of G. lamblia. Interference with the PFOR enzyme-dependent electron transfer reaction may not be the only pathway by which nitazoxanide exhibits antiprotozoal activity. Resistance potential for development of resistance by C. parvum or G. lamblia to nitazoxanide has not been examined. Antimicrobial Activity Nitazoxanide and its metabolite, tizoxanide, are active in vitro in inhibiting the growth of (i) sporozoites and oocysts of C. parvum and (ii) trophozoites of G. lamblia. Susceptibility Test Methods For protozoa such as C. parvum and G. lamblia, standardized tests for use in clinical microbiology laboratories are not available.

CLINICAL STUDIES SECTION.

14 CLINICAL STUDIES. 14.1 Diarrhea Caused by G. lamblia Diarrhea caused by G. lamblia in adults and adolescents 12 years of age or older: In double-blind, controlled trial (Study 1) conducted in Peru and Egypt in adults and adolescents with diarrhea and with one or more enteric symptoms (e.g., abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, fever, abdominal distention, loss of appetite, flatulence) caused by G. lamblia, three-day course of treatment with nitazoxanide tablets administered 500 mg BID was compared with placebo tablet for days. third group of patients received open-label nitazoxanide for oral suspension administered 500 mg/25 mL of suspension BID for days. second double-blind, controlled trial (Study 2) conducted in Egypt in adults and adolescents with diarrhea and with or without enteric symptoms (e.g., abdominal colic, abdominal tenderness, abdominal cramps, abdominal distention, fever, bloody stool) caused by G. lamblia compared nitazoxanide tablets administered 500 mg BID for days to placebo tablet. For both of these studies, clinical response was evaluated to days following the end of treatment. clinical response of well was defined as no symptoms, no watery stools and no more than soft stools with no hematochezia within the past 24 hours or no symptoms and no unformed stools within the past 48 hours. The following clinical response rates were obtained: Table 4. Adult and Adolescent Patients with Diarrhea Caused by G. lamblia Clinical Response Rates to Days Post-therapy (Number of Successes/Total) Nitazoxanide TabletsNitazoxanide for Oral SuspensionPlacebo TabletsStudy 85% (46/54) 83% (45/54) 44% (12/27) Study 100% (8/8) 30% (3/10) Includes all patients randomized with G. lamblia as the sole pathogen. Patients failing to complete the studies were treated as failures. Clinical response rates statistically significantly higher when compared to placebo. The 95% confidence interval of the difference in response rates for the tablet and suspension is (-14%, 17%). Some patients with well clinical responses had G. lamblia cysts in their stool samples to days following the end of treatment. The relevance of stool examination results in these patients is unknown. Patients should be managed based upon clinical response to treatment. Diarrhea caused by G. lamblia in pediatric patients through 11 years of age: In randomized, controlled trial conducted in Peru in 110 pediatric patients with diarrhea and with or without enteric symptoms (e.g., abdominal distention, right iliac fossa tenderness) caused by G. lamblia, three-day course of treatment with nitazoxanide (100 mg BID in pediatric patients ages 24-47 months, 200 mg BID in pediatric patients ages through 11 years) was compared to five-day course of treatment with metronidazole (125 mg BID in pediatric patients ages through years, 250 mg BID in pediatric patients ages through 11 years). Clinical response was evaluated to 10 days following initiation of treatment with well response defined as no symptoms, no watery stools and no more than soft stools with no hematochezia within the past 24 hours or no symptoms and no unformed stools within the past 48 hours. The following clinical response rates were obtained: Table 5. Clinical Response Rates in Pediatric Patients to 10 Days Following Initiation of Therapy Intent-to-Treat and Per Protocol Analyses (Number of Successes/Total), [95% Confidence Interval] PopulationNitazoxanide (3 days)Metronidazole (5 days)95% CI Diff Intent-to-treat analysis+ 85% (47/55) 80% (44/55) [-9%, 20%] Per protocol analysis 90% (43/48) 83% (39/47) [-8%, 21%] +Intent-to-treat analysis includes all patients randomized with patients not completing the study treated as failures.Per protocol analysis includes only patients who took all of their medication and completed the study. Seven patients in each treatment group missed at least one dose of medication and one in the metronidazole treatment group was lost to follow-up.95% Confidence Interval on the difference in response rates (nitazoxanide-metronidazole). Some patients with well clinical responses had G. lamblia cysts in their stool samples to days following the end of treatment. The relevance of stool examination results in these patients is unknown. Patients should be managed based upon clinical response to treatment.. 14.2 Diarrhea Caused by C. parvum Diarrhea caused by C. parvum in adults and adolescents 12 years of age or older: In double-blind, controlled trial conducted in Egypt in adults and adolescents with diarrhea and with or without enteric symptoms (e.g., abdominal pain/cramps, nausea, vomiting) caused by C. parvum, three-day course of treatment with nitazoxanide tablets administered 500 mg BID was compared with placebo tablet for days. third group of patients received open-label nitazoxanide for oral suspension administered 500 mg/25 mL of suspension BID for days. Clinical response was evaluated to days following the end of treatment. clinical response of well was defined as no symptoms, no watery stools and no more than soft stools within the past 24 hours or no symptoms and no unformed stools within the past 48 hours. The following clinical response rates were obtained: Table 6. Clinical Response Rates in Adult and Adolescent Patients to Days Post-therapy (Number of Successes/Total) Nitazoxanide TabletsNitazoxanide SuspensionPlacebo TabletsIntent-to-treat analysis 96% (27/28) 87% (27/31) 41% (11/27) Includes all patients randomized with C. parvum as the sole pathogen. Patients failing to complete the study were treated as failures. Clinical response rates statistically significantly higher when compared to placebo. The 95% confidence interval of the difference in response rates for the tablet and suspension is -10%, 28%). In second double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of nitazoxanide tablets conducted in Egypt in adults and adolescents with diarrhea and with or without enteric symptoms (e.g., abdominal colic, abdominal cramps, epigastric pain) caused by C. parvum as the sole pathogen, clinical and parasitological response rates showed similar trend to the first study. Clinical response rates, evaluated to days following the end of treatment, were 71% (15/21) in the nitazoxanide group and 42.9% (9/21) in the placebo group. Some patients with well clinical responses had C. parvum oocysts in their stool samples to days following the end of treatment. The relevance of stool examination results in these patients is unknown. Patients should be managed based upon clinical response to treatment. Diarrhea caused by C. parvum in pediatric patients through 11 years of age: In two double-blind, controlled trials in pediatric patients with diarrhea and with or without enteric symptoms (e.g., abdominal distention, colic, left iliac fossa tenderness) caused by C. parvum, three-day course of treatment with nitazoxanide (100 mg BID in pediatric patients ages 12-47 months, 200 mg BID in pediatric patients ages through 11 years) was compared with placebo. One study was conducted in Egypt in outpatients ages through 11 years with diarrhea caused by C. parvum. Another study was conducted in Zambia in malnourished pediatric patients admitted to the hospital with diarrhea caused by C. parvum. Clinical response was evaluated to days post-therapy with well response defined as no symptoms, no watery stools and no more than soft stools within the past 24 hours or no symptoms and no unformed stools within the past 48 hours. The following clinical response rates were obtained: Table 7. Clinical Response Rates in Pediatric Patients to Days Post-therapy Intent-to-Treat Analyses (Number of Successes/Total) Population Nitazoxanide Placebo Outpatient Study, age -11 years 88% (21/24) 38% (9/24) Inpatient Study, Malnourished, age 12-35 months 56% (14/25) 23% (5/22) Clinical response rates statistically significantly higher compared to placebo. 60% considered severely underweight, 19% moderately underweight, 17% mild underweight. Some patients with well clinical responses had C. parvum oocysts in their stool samples to days following the end of treatment. The relevance of stool examination results in these patients is unknown. Patients should be managed based upon clinical response to treatment. Diarrhea caused by C. parvum in Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) patients: double-blind, placebo-controlled trial did not produce clinical cure rates that were significantly different from the placebo control when conducted in hospitalized, severely malnourished pediatric patients with acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) in Zambia. In this study, the pediatric patients received three day course of nitazoxanide suspension (100 mg BID in pediatric patients ages 12-47 months, 200 mg BID in pediatric patients ages through 11 years) and were evaluated for response four days after the end of treatment.

CONTRAINDICATIONS SECTION.

4 CONTRAINDICATIONS. Hypersensitivity (4.1) 4.1 Hypersensitivity. Nitazoxanide tablets are contraindicated in patients with prior hypersensitivity to nitazoxanide or any other ingredient in the formulations.

DESCRIPTION SECTION.

11 DESCRIPTION. Nitazoxanide tablets contain the active ingredient, nitazoxanide, synthetic antiprotozoal for oral administration. Nitazoxanide is pale yellow to yellow crystalline powder. It is poorly soluble in ethanol and practically insoluble in water. Chemically, nitazoxanide is 2-acetyloxy-N-(5-nitro-2-thiazolyl) benzamide. The molecular formula is C12H9N3O5S and the molecular weight is 307.3. The structural formula is: Nitazoxanide tablets contain 500 mg of nitazoxanide and the following inactive ingredients: Maize Starch, Partially Pregelatinized Maize Starch, Sodium Starch Glycolate, Hypromellose, Talc, Magnesium Stearate, Soy Lecithin, Polyvinyl Alcohol, Xanthan Gum, Titanium Dioxide, D&C Yellow No.10 Aluminum Lake, FD&C Yellow No. Aluminum Lake and FD&C Blue No.2 Aluminum Lake.. struct-1.

DOSAGE & ADMINISTRATION SECTION.

2 DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION. Nitazoxanide tablets should not be administered to pediatric patient 11 years of age or younger (2.1). Dosage for treatment of diarrhea caused by G. lamblia or C. parvum (2.1):AgeDosageDuration12 years and older One Nitazoxanide tablet (500 mg nitazoxanide) every 12 hours with food. days 2.1 Recommended Dosage and Important Administration Instructions. Important Administration Instructions for Pediatric Patients 11 years of Age or Younger: Nitazoxanide tablets should not be administered to pediatric patients 11 years of age or younger because single tablet contains greater amount of nitazoxanide than the recommended dosing in this pediatric age group. Table 1. Recommended Dosage AgeDosageDuration12 years and older One Nitazoxanide tablet (500 mg nitazoxanide) taken orally every 12 hours with food. days.

DOSAGE FORMS & STRENGTHS SECTION.

3 DOSAGE FORMS AND STRENGTHS. Nitazoxanide tablets: 500 mg (3.1) 3.1 Nitazoxanide Tablets (500 mg). Round, yellow colored film coated tablet, debossed with SUVEN on one side and 500 on the other side. Each tablet contains 500 mg of nitazoxanide.

DRUG INTERACTIONS SECTION.

7 DRUG INTERACTIONS. Competition for binding sites may occur when administered concurrently with other highly plasma protein-bound drugs with narrow therapeutic indices. Monitor for adverse reactions (7).. 7.1 Highly Protein Bound Drugs with Narrow Therapeutic Indices. Tizoxanide (the active metabolite of nitazoxanide) is highly bound to plasma protein (>99.9%). Therefore, monitor for adverse reactions when administering nitazoxanide concurrently with other highly plasma protein-bound drugs with narrow therapeutic indices, as competition for binding sites may occur (e.g., warfarin).

GERIATRIC USE SECTION.

8.5 Geriatric Use. Clinical studies of nitazoxanide tablets and Alinia for oral suspension did not include sufficient numbers of subjects aged 65 and over to determine whether they respond differently from younger subjects. In general, the greater frequency of decreased hepatic, renal, or cardiac function, and of concomitant disease or other drug therapy in elderly patients should be considered when prescribing nitazoxanide tablets and Alinia for oral suspension.

HOW SUPPLIED SECTION.

16 HOW SUPPLIED/STORAGE AND HANDLING. 16.1 Nitazoxanide Tablets (500 mg). Nitazoxanide tablets are round, yellow colored film coated tablet, debossed with SUVEN on one side and 500 on the other side. Each tablet contains 500 mg of nitazoxanide. The tablets are packaged in HDPE bottles of 6, 12, 18 and 30 tablets.Bottles of tablets NDC 64980-526-60Bottles of 12 tabletsNDC 64980-526-21Bottles of 18 tabletsNDC 64980-526-81Bottles of 30 tablets NDC 64980-526-03 Store the tablets at 25C (77F); excursions permitted to 15C-30C (59F-86F). [See USP Controlled Room Temperature].

INDICATIONS & USAGE SECTION.

1 INDICATIONS AND USAGE. Diarrhea caused by Giardia lamblia or Cryptosporidium parvum: Nitazoxanide tablets (patients 12 years and older) are indicated for the treatment of diarrhea caused by Giardia lamblia or Cryptosporidium parvum. Limitations of Use Nitazoxanide tablets have not been shown to be effective for the treatment of diarrhea caused by Cryptosporidium parvum in HIV-infected or immunodeficient patients [see Clinical Studies (14.2)]. Nitazoxanide tablets are antiprotozoal indicated for the treatment of diarrhea caused by Giardia lamblia or Cryptosporidium parvum (1). Limitations of Use: Nitazoxanide tablets have not been shown to be effective for the treatment of diarrhea caused by C. parvum in HIV-infected or immunodeficient patients (1).

PEDIATRIC USE SECTION.

8.4 Pediatric Use. The safety and efficacy of ALINIA for Oral Suspension for the treatment of diarrhea caused by G. lamblia or C. parvum in pediatric patients to 11 years of age has been established based on three (3) randomized, controlled studies with 104 pediatric subjects treated with ALINIA for Oral Suspension 100 mg/5 mL. Furthermore, the safety and efficacy of ALINIA for Oral Suspension for the treatment of diarrhea caused by G. lamblia or C. parvum in pediatric patients 12 to 17 years of age has been established based on two (2) randomized controlled studies with 44 pediatric subjects treated with ALINIA for Oral Suspension 100 mg/5 mL. [see Clinical Studies (14.1) The safety and efficacy of nitazoxanide tablets for the treatment of diarrhea caused by G. lamblia or C. parvum in pediatric patients 12 to 17 years of age has been established based on three (3) randomized controlled studies with 47 pediatric subjects treated with nitazoxanide tablets 500 mg.A single nitazoxanide tablet contains greater amount of nitazoxanide than is recommended for use in pediatric patients 11 years or younger. [see Dosage and Administration (2.1)]. Safety and efficacy of ALINIA for Oral Suspension in pediatric patients less than one year of age has not been studied.

PHARMACOKINETICS SECTION.

12.3 Pharmacokinetics. AbsorptionSingle Dosing: Following oral administration of nitazoxanide tablets or oral suspension, the parent drug, nitazoxanide, is not detected in plasma. The pharmacokinetic parameters of the metabolites, tizoxanide and tizoxanide glucuronide are shown in Tables and below. Table 2. Mean (+/- SD) plasma pharmacokinetic parameters of tizoxanide and tizoxanide glucuronide following administration of single dose of one 500 mg nitazoxanide tablets with food to subjects >=12 years of age TizoxanideTizoxanide GlucuronideAge Cmax (ug/mL) Tmax (hr) AUC (ugohr/mL) Cmax (ug/mL) Tmax (hr) AUC (ugohr/mL) 12-17 years>=18 years 9.1 (6.1)10.6 (2.0) 4.0 (1-4)3.0 (2-4) 39.5 (24.2)41.9 (6.0) 7.3 (1.9)10.5 (1.4) 4.0 (2-8)4.5 (4-6) 46.5 (18.2) 63.0 (12.3) Tmax is given as Mean (Range) Table 3. Mean (+/- SD) plasma pharmacokinetic of tizoxanide and tizoxanide glucuronide parameter values following administration of single dose of nitazoxanide for oral suspension with food to subjects >=1 year of age TizoxanideTizoxanide GlucuronideAge Dose Cmax (ug/mL) Tmax (hr) AUCinf (ugohr/mL) Cmax (ug/mL) Tmax (hr) AUCinf (ugohr/mL) 1-3 years 100 mg 3.11 (2.0) 3.5 (2-4) 11.7 (4.46) 3.64 (1.16) 4.0 (3-4) 19.0 (5.03) 4-11 years 200 mg 3.00 (0.99) 2.0 (1-4) 13.5 (3.3) 2.84 (0.97) 4.0 (2-4) 16.9 (5.00) >=18 years 500 mg 5.49 (2.06) 2.5 (1-5) 30.2 (12.3) 3.21 (1.05) 4.0 (2.5-6) 22.8 (6.49) Tmax is given as Mean (Range) Multiple dosing: Following oral administration of single nitazoxanide tablet every 12 hours for consecutive days, there was no significant accumulation of nitazoxanide metabolites tizoxanide or tizoxanide glucuronide detected in plasma. Bioavailability: Nitazoxanide for oral suspension is not bioequivalent to nitazoxanide tablets. The relative bioavailability of the suspension compared to the tablet was 70%. When nitazoxanide tablets are administered with food, the AUC of tizoxanide and tizoxanide glucuronide in plasma is increased almost two-fold and the Cmax is increased by almost 50%. When nitazoxanide for oral suspension was administered with food, the AUC of tizoxanide and tizoxanide glucuronide increased by about 45-50% and the Cmax increased by <=10%. Nitazoxanide tablets and nitazoxanide for oral suspension were administered with food in clinical trials and hence they are recommended to be administered with food [see Dosage and Administration (2.1) ].Distribution In plasma, more than 99% of tizoxanide is bound to proteins.EliminationMetabolism Following oral administration in humans, nitazoxanide is rapidly hydrolyzed to an active metabolite, tizoxanide (desacetyl-nitazoxanide). Tizoxanide then undergoes conjugation, primarily by glucuronidation.Excretion Tizoxanide is excreted in the urine, bile and feces, and tizoxanide glucuronide is excreted in urine and bile. Approximately two-thirds of the oral dose of nitazoxanide is excreted in the feces and one-third in the urine.Specific PopulationsPediatric Patients The pharmacokinetics of tizoxanide and tizoxanide glucuronide following administration of nitazoxanide tablets in pediatric patients 12-17 years of age are provided above in Table 2. The pharmacokinetics of tizoxanide and tizoxanide glucuronide following administration of nitazoxanide for oral suspension in pediatric patients 1-11 years of age are provided above in Table 3.Drug Interaction StudiesIn vitro studies demonstrated that tizoxanide has no significant inhibitory effect on cytochrome P450 enzymes.

PREGNANCY SECTION.

8.1 Pregnancy. Risk Summary There are no data with nitazoxanide in pregnant women to inform drug-associated risk. No teratogenicity or fetotoxicity was observed in animal reproduction studies with administration of nitazoxanide to pregnant rats and rabbits during organogenesis at exposures 30 and times, respectively, the exposure at the maximum recommended human dose of 500 mg twice daily based on body surface area (BSA). In the U.S. general population, the estimated background risk of major birth defects and miscarriage in clinically recognized pregnancies is 2% to 4% and 15% to 20%, respectively.Data Animal Data Nitazoxanide was administered orally to pregnant rats at doses of 0, 200, 800 or 3200 mg/kg/day on gestation days to 15. Nitazoxanide produced no evidence of systemic maternal toxicity when administered once daily via oral gavage to pregnant female rats at levels up to 3200 mg/kg/day during the period of organogenesis.In rabbits, nitazoxanide administered at doses of 0, 25, 50, or 100 mg/kg/day on gestation days to 20. Oral treatment of pregnant rabbits with nitazoxanide during organogenesis resulted in minimal maternal toxicity and no external fetal anomalies.

SPL UNCLASSIFIED SECTION.

2.1 Recommended Dosage and Important Administration Instructions. Important Administration Instructions for Pediatric Patients 11 years of Age or Younger: Nitazoxanide tablets should not be administered to pediatric patients 11 years of age or younger because single tablet contains greater amount of nitazoxanide than the recommended dosing in this pediatric age group. Table 1. Recommended Dosage AgeDosageDuration12 years and older One Nitazoxanide tablet (500 mg nitazoxanide) taken orally every 12 hours with food. days.

USE IN SPECIFIC POPULATIONS SECTION.

8 USE IN SPECIFIC POPULATIONS. Pediatric Patients: Safety and efficacy of ALINIA for Oral Suspension in pediatric patients less than one year of age has not been studied (8.4).. 8.1 Pregnancy. Risk Summary There are no data with nitazoxanide in pregnant women to inform drug-associated risk. No teratogenicity or fetotoxicity was observed in animal reproduction studies with administration of nitazoxanide to pregnant rats and rabbits during organogenesis at exposures 30 and times, respectively, the exposure at the maximum recommended human dose of 500 mg twice daily based on body surface area (BSA). In the U.S. general population, the estimated background risk of major birth defects and miscarriage in clinically recognized pregnancies is 2% to 4% and 15% to 20%, respectively.Data Animal Data Nitazoxanide was administered orally to pregnant rats at doses of 0, 200, 800 or 3200 mg/kg/day on gestation days to 15. Nitazoxanide produced no evidence of systemic maternal toxicity when administered once daily via oral gavage to pregnant female rats at levels up to 3200 mg/kg/day during the period of organogenesis.In rabbits, nitazoxanide administered at doses of 0, 25, 50, or 100 mg/kg/day on gestation days to 20. Oral treatment of pregnant rabbits with nitazoxanide during organogenesis resulted in minimal maternal toxicity and no external fetal anomalies.. 8.2 Lactation. Risk Summary No information regarding the presence of nitazoxanide in human milk, the effects on the breastfed infant, or the effects on milk production is available. The development and health benefits of breastfeeding should be considered along with the mothers clinical need for nitazoxanide and any potential adverse effects on the breastfed infant from nitazoxanide or from the underlying maternal condition.. 8.4 Pediatric Use. The safety and efficacy of ALINIA for Oral Suspension for the treatment of diarrhea caused by G. lamblia or C. parvum in pediatric patients to 11 years of age has been established based on three (3) randomized, controlled studies with 104 pediatric subjects treated with ALINIA for Oral Suspension 100 mg/5 mL. Furthermore, the safety and efficacy of ALINIA for Oral Suspension for the treatment of diarrhea caused by G. lamblia or C. parvum in pediatric patients 12 to 17 years of age has been established based on two (2) randomized controlled studies with 44 pediatric subjects treated with ALINIA for Oral Suspension 100 mg/5 mL. [see Clinical Studies (14.1) The safety and efficacy of nitazoxanide tablets for the treatment of diarrhea caused by G. lamblia or C. parvum in pediatric patients 12 to 17 years of age has been established based on three (3) randomized controlled studies with 47 pediatric subjects treated with nitazoxanide tablets 500 mg.A single nitazoxanide tablet contains greater amount of nitazoxanide than is recommended for use in pediatric patients 11 years or younger. [see Dosage and Administration (2.1)]. Safety and efficacy of ALINIA for Oral Suspension in pediatric patients less than one year of age has not been studied.. 8.5 Geriatric Use. Clinical studies of nitazoxanide tablets and Alinia for oral suspension did not include sufficient numbers of subjects aged 65 and over to determine whether they respond differently from younger subjects. In general, the greater frequency of decreased hepatic, renal, or cardiac function, and of concomitant disease or other drug therapy in elderly patients should be considered when prescribing nitazoxanide tablets and Alinia for oral suspension.. 8.6 Renal and Hepatic Impairment. The pharmacokinetics of nitazoxanide in patients with compromised renal or hepatic function has not been studied.. 8.7 HIV-Infected or Immunodeficient Patients. Nitazoxanide tablets and Alinia for oral suspension have not been studied for the treatment of diarrhea caused by G. lamblia in HIV-infected or immunodeficient patients. Nitazoxanide tablets and Alinia for oral suspension have not been shown to be superior to placebo for the treatment of diarrhea caused by C. parvum in HIV-infected or immunodeficient patients [see Clinical Studies (14)].