CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY SECTION.

CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY. Lactulose is poorly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract, and no enzyme capable of hydrolysis of this disaccharide is present in human gastrointestinal tissue. As result, oral doses of lactulose solution reach the colon virtually unchanged. In the colon, lactulose is broken down primarily to lactic acid, and also to small amounts of formic and acetic acids, by the action of colonic bacteria, which results in an increase in osmotic pressure and slight acidification of the colonic contents. This in turn causes an increase in stool water content and softens the stool.Since lactulose does not exert its effect until it reaches the colon, and since transit time through the colon may be slow, 24 to 48 hours may be required to produce the desired bowel movement.Lactulose solution given orally to man and experimental animals resulted in only small amounts reaching the blood.Urinary excretion has been determined to be 3% or less and is essentially complete within 24 hours.

DESCRIPTION SECTION.

DESCRIPTION. Lactulose is synthetic disaccharide in solution form for oral administration. Each 15 mL of Lactulose Solution contains: 10 lactulose (and less than 1.6 galactose, less than 1.2 lactose, and 1.2 or less of other sugars). Also contains FD&C Yellow No. 6, purified water, and flavoring. Sodium hydroxide used to adjust pH The pH range is 2.5 to 6.5.Lactulose is colonic acidifier which promotes laxation.The chemical name for lactulose is 4-O--D-galactopyranosyl-D-fructofuranose. It has the following structural formula:The molecular weight is 342.30. It is freely soluble in water.. image of Lactulose chemical structure.

DOSAGE & ADMINISTRATION SECTION.

DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION. The usual dose is to tablespoonfuls (15 to 30 mL, containing 10 to 20 of lactulose) daily. The dose may be increased to 60 mL daily if necessary. Twenty-four to 48 hours may be required to produce normal bowel movement. Note: Some patients have found that lactulose solution may be more acceptable when mixed with fruit juice, water or milk.

HOW SUPPLIED SECTION.

HOW SUPPLIED. NDC 21695-997-32Bottles of 32 fl oz (946 mL)Lactulose solution contains lactulose 667 mg/mL (10 g/15 mL )Store at controlled room temperature 20o-25oC (68o-77oF). [See USP] Do not freeze. Under recommended storage conditions, normal darkening of color may occur. Such darkening is characteristic of sugar solutions and does not affect therapeutic action. Prolonged exposure to temperatures above 30oC (86oF) or to direct light may cause extreme darkening and turbidity which may be pharmaceutically objectionable. If this condition develops, do not use. Prolonged exposure to freezing temperatures may cause change to semisolid, too viscous to pour. Viscosity will return to normal upon warming to room temperature.Keep tightly closed.Dispense in original container or tight, light-resistant container with child-resistant closure.

OVERDOSAGE SECTION.

OVERDOSAGE. Signs and Symptoms There have been no reports of accidental overdosage. In the event of overdosage, it is expected that diarrhea and abdominal cramps would be the major symptoms. Medication should be terminated.Oral LD50The acute oral LD50 of the drug is 48.8 mL/kg in mice and greater than 30 mL/kg in rats.Dialysis Dialysis data are not available for lactulose. Its molecular similarity to sucrose, however, would suggest that it should be dialyzable.

PRECAUTIONS SECTION.

PRECAUTIONS. GeneralSince lactulose solution contains galactose (less than 1.6 g/15 mL) and lactose (less than 1.2 g/15 mL), it should be used with caution in diabetics.Information for PatientsIn the event that an unusual diarrheal condition occurs, contact your physician.Laboratory TestsElderly, debilitated patients who receive lactulose solution for more than six months should have serum electrolytes (potassium, chloride, carbon dioxide) measured periodically.Drug InteractionsResults of preliminary studies in humans and rats suggest that nonabsorbable antacids given concurrently with lactulose may inhibit the desired lactulose-induced drop in colonic pH. Therefore, possible lack of desired effect of treatment should be taken into consideration before such drugs are given concomitantly with lactulose solution.Carcinogenesis, Mutagenesis, Impairment of FertilityThere are no known human data on long-term potential for carcinogenicity, mutagenicity, or impairment of fertility.There are no known animal data on long-term potential for mutagenicity.Administration of lactulose solution in the diet of mice for 18 months in concentrations of and 10 percent (V/W) did not produce any evidence of carcinogenicity.In studies in mice, rats, and rabbits, doses of lactulose solution up to or 12 mL/kg/day produced no deleterious effects in breeding, conception, or parturition.PregnancyTeratogenic EffectsPregnancy Category B: Reproduction studies have been performed in mice, rats, and rabbits at doses up to or times the usual human oral dose and have revealed no evidence of impaired fertility or harm to the fetus due to lactulose. There are, however, no adequate and well-controlled studies in pregnant women. Because animal reproduction studies are not always predictive of human response, this drug should be used during pregnancy only if clearly needed.Nursing MothersIt is not known whether this drug is excreted in human milk. Because many drugs are excreted in human milk, caution should be exercised when lactulose solution is administered to nursing woman.Pediatric UseSafety and effectiveness in pediatric patients have not been established.

WARNINGS SECTION.

WARNINGS. theoretical hazard may exist for patients being treated with lactulose solution who may be required to undergo electrocautery procedures during proctoscopy or colonoscopy. Accumulation of H2 gas in significant concentration in the presence of an electrical spark may result in an explosive reaction. Although this complication has not been reported with lactulose, patients on lactulose therapy undergoing such procedures should have thorough bowel cleansing with non-fermentable solution. Insufflation of CO2 as an additional safeguard may be pursued but is considered to be redundant measure.