CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY SECTION.

CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY. Zinc is an essential nutritional requirement and serves as cofactor for more than 70 different enzymes including carbonic anhydrase, alkaline phosphatase, lactic dehydrogenase, and both RNA and DNA polymerase. Zinc facilitates wound healing, helps maintain normal growth rates, normal skin hydration, and the senses of taste and smell.Zinc resides in muscle, bone, skin, kidney, liver, pancreas, retina, prostate and particularly in the red and white blood cells. Zinc binds to plasma albumin, 2-macroglobulin, and some plasma amino acids including histidine, cysteine, threonine, glycine, and asparagine. Ingested zinc is excreted mainly in the stool (approximately 90%), and to lesser extent in the urine and in perspiration.Providing zinc helps prevent development of deficiency symptoms such as: Parakeratosis, hypogeusia, anorexia, dysosmia, geophagia, hypogonadism, growth retardation and hepatosplenomegaly.The initial manifestations of hypozincemia in total parenteral nutrition are diarrhea, apathy and depression. At plasma levels below 20 mcg zinc/100 mL dermatitis followed by alopecia has been reported for total parenteral nutrition patients. Normal zinc plasma levels are 100 +- 12 mcg/100 mL.

DESCRIPTION SECTION.

DESCRIPTION. Zinc mg/mL (Zinc Chloride Injection, USP) is sterile, nonpyrogenic solution intended for use as an additive to intravenous solutions for total parenteral nutrition. Each mL of solution contains 2.09 mg zinc chloride and mg sodium chloride. The solution contains no bacteriostat, antimicrobial agent or added buffer. The pH is 2.0 (1.5 to 2.5); product may contain hydrochloric acid and sodium hydroxide for pH adjustment. The osmolarity is 0.354 mOsmoL/mL (calc.). Zinc Chloride, USP is chemically designated ZnCl2, white crystalline compound freely soluble in water.Sodium Chloride, USP is chemically designated NaCl, white crystalline compound freely soluble in water.The semi-rigid vial is fabricated from specially formulated polyolefin. It is copolymer of ethylene and propylene. The safety of the plastic has been confirmed by tests in animals according to USP biological standards for plastic containers. The small amount of water vapor that can pass through the plastic container wall will not significantly alter the drug concentration.

DOSAGE & ADMINISTRATION SECTION.

DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION. Zinc mg/mL (Zinc Chloride Injection, USP) contains mg zinc/mL and is administered intravenously only after dilution. The additive should be diluted prior to administration in volume of fluid not less than 100 mL. For the metabolically stable adult receiving total parenteral nutrition, the suggested intravenous dosage is 2.5 to mg zinc/day (2.5 to mL/day). An additional mg zinc/day (2 mL/day) is suggested for acute catabolic states. For the stable adult with fluid loss from the small bowel, an additional 12.2 mg zinc/liter of small bowel fluid lost (12.2 mL/liter of small bowel fluid lost), or an additional 17.1 mg zinc/kg of stool or ileostomy output (17.1 mL/kg of stool or ileostomy output) is recommended. Frequent monitoring of zinc blood levels is suggested for patients receiving more than the usual maintenance dosage level of zinc.For full term infants and children up to years of age, 100 mcg zinc/kg/day (0.1 mL/kg/day) is recommended. For premature infants (birth weight less than 1500 g) up to kg in body weight, 300 mcg zinc/kg/day (0.3 mL/kg/day) is suggested.Parenteral drug products should be inspected visually for particulate matter and discoloration prior to administration, whenever solution and container permit. (See PRECAUTIONS.).

GENERAL PRECAUTIONS SECTION.

General. Use only if the solution is clear and the seal is intact.Zinc mg/mL (Zinc Chloride Injection, USP) should only be used in conjunction with pharmacy directed admixture program using aseptic technique in laminar flow environment; it should be used promptly and in single operation without any repeated penetrations. Solution contains no preservatives; discard unused portion immediately after admixture procedure is completed.Zinc should not be given undiluted by direct injection into peripheral vein because of the likelihood of infusion phlebitis and the potential for increased excretory loss of zinc from bolus injection. Administration of zinc in the absence of copper may cause decrease in serum copper levels.

GERIATRIC USE SECTION.

Geriatric Use. An evaluation of current literature revealed no clinical experience identifying differences in response between elderly and younger patients. In general, dose selection for an elderly patient should be cautious, usually starting at the low end of the dosing range, reflecting the greater frequency of decreased hepatic, renal, or cardiac function, and of concomitant disease or other drug therapy.

HOW SUPPLIED SECTION.

HOW SUPPLIED. Zinc mg/mL (Zinc Chloride Injection, USP) is supplied in 10 mL single-dose Plastic Vials.Unit of SaleConcentrationEachNDC 0409-4090-0110 mg/10 mLNDC 0409-4090-1125 in carton(1 mg/mL)10 mg single-dose vialStore at 20 to 25C (68 to 77F). [See USP Controlled Room Temperature.]Distributed by Hospira, Inc., Lake Forest, IL 60045 USALAB-1069-2.0Revised: 7/2020. Chemical Structure.

OVERDOSAGE SECTION.

OVERDOSAGE. Single intravenous doses of to mg zinc/kg body weight have been given to adult leukemic patients without toxic manifestations. However, acute toxicity was reported in an adult when 10 mg zinc was infused over period of one hour on each of four consecutive days. Profuse sweating, decreased level of consciousness, blurred vision, tachycardia (140/min), and marked hypothermia (94.2 F) on the fourth day were accompanied by serum zinc concentration of 207 mcg/dl. Symptoms abated within three hours.Hyperamylasemia may be sign of impending zinc overdosage; patients receiving an inadvertent overdose (25 mg zinc/liter of total parenteral nutrition solution, equivalent to 50 to 70 mg zinc/day) developed hyperamylasemia (557 to 1850 Klein units; normal: 130 to 310).Death resulted from an overdosage in which 1683 mg zinc was delivered intravenously over the course of 60 hours to 72-year-old patient.Symptoms of zinc toxicity included hypotension (80/40 mm Hg), pulmonary edema, diarrhea, vomiting, jaundice, and oliguria, with serum zinc level of 4184 mcg/dl. Calcium supplements may confer protective effect against zinc toxicity.

PRECAUTIONS SECTION.

PRECAUTIONS. General. Use only if the solution is clear and the seal is intact.Zinc mg/mL (Zinc Chloride Injection, USP) should only be used in conjunction with pharmacy directed admixture program using aseptic technique in laminar flow environment; it should be used promptly and in single operation without any repeated penetrations. Solution contains no preservatives; discard unused portion immediately after admixture procedure is completed.Zinc should not be given undiluted by direct injection into peripheral vein because of the likelihood of infusion phlebitis and the potential for increased excretory loss of zinc from bolus injection. Administration of zinc in the absence of copper may cause decrease in serum copper levels.. Laboratory Tests. Periodic determinations of serum copper as well as zinc are suggested as guideline for subsequent zinc administration.. Carcinogenesis, Mutagenesis, and Impairment of Fertility. Long-term animal studies to evaluate the carcinogenic potential of Zinc mg/mL (Zinc Chloride Injection, USP) have not been performed, nor have studies been done to assess mutagenesis or impairment of fertility.. Nursing Mothers. It is not known whether this drug is excreted in human milk. Because many drugs are excreted in human milk, caution should be exercised when Zinc mg/mL (Zinc Chloride Injection, USP) is administered to nursing woman.. Pediatric Use. See DOSAGE and ADMINISTRATION section.. Pregnancy. Animal reproduction studies have not been conducted with zinc chloride. It is also not known whether zinc chloride can cause fetal harm when administered to pregnant woman or can affect reproduction capacity. Zinc chloride should be given to pregnant woman only if clearly needed.. Geriatric Use. An evaluation of current literature revealed no clinical experience identifying differences in response between elderly and younger patients. In general, dose selection for an elderly patient should be cautious, usually starting at the low end of the dosing range, reflecting the greater frequency of decreased hepatic, renal, or cardiac function, and of concomitant disease or other drug therapy.

WARNINGS SECTION.

WARNINGS. Direct intramuscular or intravenous injection of Zinc mg/mL (Zinc Chloride Injection, USP) is contraindicated as the acidic pH of the solution (2) may cause considerable tissue irritation.Severe kidney disease may make it necessary to reduce or omit chromium and zinc doses because these elements are primarily eliminated in the urine.WARNING: This product contains aluminum that may be toxic. Aluminum may reach toxic levels with prolonged parenteral administration if kidney function is impaired. Premature neonates are particularly at risk because their kidneys are immature, and they require large amounts of calcium and phosphate solutions, which contain aluminum.Research indicates that patients with impaired kidney function, including premature neonates, who receive parenteral levels of aluminum at greater than to mcg/kg/day accumulate aluminum at levels associated with central nervous system and bone toxicity. Tissue loading may occur at even lower rates of administration.