DOSAGE & ADMINISTRATION SECTION.

2 DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION. Chemotherapy Induced Nausea and Vomiting (2.1)AgeDoseInfusion TimeAdults0.25 mg as single-doseInfuse over 30 seconds beginning approximately 30 minutes before the start of chemotherapyPediatrics (1 month toless than 17 years)20 micrograms perkilogram (maximum 1.5 mg) as single-doseInfuse over 15 minutes beginning approximately30 minutes before the start of chemotherapyNote different dosing units in pediatricsPostoperative Nausea and Vomiting (2.1)oThe recommended adult dosage is 0.075 mg as single intravenous dose administered over 10 seconds immediately before the induction of anesthesia.. oThe recommended adult dosage is 0.075 mg as single intravenous dose administered over 10 seconds immediately before the induction of anesthesia.. 2.1 Recommended Dosage. Prevention of Chemotherapy-Induced Nausea and VomitingThe recommended dosage of palonosetron HCl injection for prevention of nausea and vomiting associated with HEC and MEC in adults and associated with emetogenic chemotherapy, including HEC in pediatric patients month to less than17 years of age is shown in Table 1.Table 1: Recommended Dosage of Palonosetron HCl Injection for the Prevention of Nausea and Vomiting Associated with Chemotherapy in Adults and Pediatric Patients Month to Less than 17 YearsAgeDoseNote different dosing units in pediatrics Infusion TimeAdults0.25 mg as asingle-doseInfuse over 30 seconds beginningapproximately 30 minutes beforethe start of chemotherapyPediatrics (1 month to less than 17 years) 20 micrograms per kilogram (max 1.5 mg)as single-doseInfuse over 15 minutes beginningapproximately 30 minutes beforethe start of chemotherapyPostoperative Nausea and VomitingThe recommended dosage of palonosetron HCl injection in adults for PONV is 0.075 mg administered as single intravenous dose over 10 seconds immediately before the induction of anesthesia.. 2.2 Instructions for Intravenous Administration. oPalonosetron HCl injection is supplied ready for intravenous administration at concentration of 0.05 mg/mL (50 mcg/mL).oDo not mix palonosetron HCl injection with other drugs.oFlush the infusion line with normal saline before and after administration of palonosetron HCl injection.oInspect palonosetron HCl injection visually for particulate matter and discoloration before administration.oDiscard unused portion.. oPalonosetron HCl injection is supplied ready for intravenous administration at concentration of 0.05 mg/mL (50 mcg/mL).. oDo not mix palonosetron HCl injection with other drugs.. oFlush the infusion line with normal saline before and after administration of palonosetron HCl injection.. oInspect palonosetron HCl injection visually for particulate matter and discoloration before administration.. oDiscard unused portion.

ADVERSE REACTIONS SECTION.

6 ADVERSE REACTIONS. Serious or otherwise clinically significant adverse reactions reported in other sections of labeling:oHypersensitivity Reactions [see Warnings and Precautions (5.1)]oSerotonin Syndrome [see Warnings and Precautions (5.2)]. oHypersensitivity Reactions [see Warnings and Precautions (5.1)]. oSerotonin Syndrome [see Warnings and Precautions (5.2)]. Most common adverse reactions inochemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting in adults (>=5%) are: headache and constipation. (6.1)opostoperative nausea and vomiting (>=2%) are: QT prolongation, bradycardia, headache, and constipation. (6.1)To report SUSPECTED ADVERSE REACTIONS, contact Sandoz Inc. at 1-800-525-8747 or FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088 or www.fda.gov/medwatch.. ochemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting in adults (>=5%) are: headache and constipation. (6.1). opostoperative nausea and vomiting (>=2%) are: QT prolongation, bradycardia, headache, and constipation. (6.1). 6.1 Clinical Trials Experience. Because clinical trials are conducted under widely varying conditions, adverse reaction rates observed in the clinical trials of drug cannot be directly compared to rates in the clinical trials of another drug and may not reflect the rates observed in practice.Chemotherapy-Induced Nausea and VomitingAdultsIn double-blind randomized clinical trials for the prevention of nausea and vomiting induced by MEC or HEC, 1374 adult patients received single dose of palonosetron HCl injection, ondansetron (Studies and 3) or dolasetron (Study 2) administered 30 minutes prior to chemotherapy [see Clinical Studies (14.1)]. Adverse reactions were similar in frequency and severity in all treatment groups. Common adverse reactions reported in at least 2% of patients in these trials are shown in Table 2.Table 2: Common Adverse ReactionsReported in at least 2% of patients in any treatment group in Adults with Receiving MEC (Studies and 2) or HEC (Study 3)Adverse ReactionPalonosetron HClinjection 0.25 mgintravenously(N=633)Ondansetron32 mgintravenously(N=410)Dolasetron100 mgintravenously(N=194)Headache9%8%16%Constipation5%2%6%Diarrhea1%2%2%Dizziness1%2%2%Fatigue<1%1%2%Abdominal Pain<1%<1%2%Insomnia<1%1%2%Less common adverse reactions, reported in 1% or less of patients, in Studies 1, and were:oCardiovascular: non-sustained tachycardia, bradycardia, hypotension, hypertension, myocardial ischemia, extrasystoles, sinus tachycardia, sinus arrhythmia, supraventricular extrasystoles and QT prolongation.oDermatological: allergic dermatitis, rashoHearing and Vision: motion sickness, tinnitus, eye irritation and amblyopiaoGastrointestinal System: diarrhea, dyspepsia, abdominal pain, dry mouth, hiccups and flatulenceoGeneral: weakness, fatigue, fever, hot flash, flu-like syndromeoLiver: transient, asymptomatic increases in AST and/or ALT and bilirubin. These changes occurred predominantly in patients receiving highly emetogenic chemotherapyoMetabolic: hyperkalemia, electrolyte fluctuations, hyperglycemia, metabolic acidosis, glycosuria, appetite decrease, anorexiaoMusculoskeletal: arthralgiaoNervous System: dizziness, somnolence, insomnia, hypersomnia, paresthesiaoPsychiatric: anxiety, euphoric moodoUrinary System: urinary retentionoVascular: vein discoloration, vein distentionIn other studies, subjects experienced severe constipation following single palonosetron HCl injection dose of approximately 0.75 mg (three times the recommended dose).Pediatrics Aged Months to 17 YearsIn pediatric clinical trial, 163 pediatric cancer patients with mean age of years received single 20 mcg/kg (maximum 1.5 mg) intravenous infusion of palonosetron HCl injection 30 minutes before beginning the first cycle of emetogenic chemotherapy [see Clinical Studies (14.2)]. Adverse reactions were evaluated in pediatric patients receiving palonosetron HCl injection for up to chemotherapy cycles. The following adverse reactions were reported in less than 1% of patients:oNervous System: headache, dizziness, dyskinesia.oGeneral: infusion site pain.oDermatological: allergic dermatitis, skin disorder.Postoperative Nausea and VomitingThe most common adverse reactions reported in at least 2% of adults receiving palonosetron HCl injection 0.075 mg intravenously immediately before induction of anesthesia in randomized placebo-controlled trials [see Clinical Studies (14.3)] are shown in Table 3. Rates of adverse reactions between palonosetron HCl injection and placebo groups were similar. Some events are known to be associated with, or may be exacerbated by, concomitant perioperative and intraoperative medications administered in this surgical population. thorough QT/QTc study demonstrated palonosetron HCl injection does not prolong the QT interval to any clinically relevant extent [see Clinical Pharmacology (12.2)]. Table 3: Common Adverse Reactions in Trials of Adults with PostoperativeNausea and VomitingAdverse ReactionPalonosetron HClinjection 0.075 mgintravenously(N=336)Placebo(N=369)Electrocardiogram QT prolongation5%3%Bradycardia4%4%Headache3%4%Constipation2%3%Less common adverse reactions, reported in 1% of less of patients, in these PONV clinical trials were:oCardiovascular: QTc prolongation, sinus bradycardia, tachycardia, blood pressure decreased, hypotension, hypertension, arrhythmia, ventricular extrasystoles, generalized edema, ECG wave amplitude decreased, platelet count decreased. The frequency of these adverse effects did not appear to be different from placebo.oDermatological: pruritusoGastrointestinal System: flatulence, dry mouth, upper abdominal pain, salivary hypersecretion, dyspepsia, diarrhea, intestinal hypomotility, anorexiaoGeneral: chillsoLiver: increases in AST and/or ALT, hepatic enzyme increasedoMetabolic: hypokalemia, anorexiaoNervous System: dizzinessoRespiratory: hypoventilation, laryngospasmoUrinary System: urinary retention. oCardiovascular: non-sustained tachycardia, bradycardia, hypotension, hypertension, myocardial ischemia, extrasystoles, sinus tachycardia, sinus arrhythmia, supraventricular extrasystoles and QT prolongation.. oDermatological: allergic dermatitis, rash. oHearing and Vision: motion sickness, tinnitus, eye irritation and amblyopia. oGastrointestinal System: diarrhea, dyspepsia, abdominal pain, dry mouth, hiccups and flatulence. oGeneral: weakness, fatigue, fever, hot flash, flu-like syndrome. oLiver: transient, asymptomatic increases in AST and/or ALT and bilirubin. These changes occurred predominantly in patients receiving highly emetogenic chemotherapy. oMetabolic: hyperkalemia, electrolyte fluctuations, hyperglycemia, metabolic acidosis, glycosuria, appetite decrease, anorexia. oMusculoskeletal: arthralgia. oNervous System: dizziness, somnolence, insomnia, hypersomnia, paresthesia. oPsychiatric: anxiety, euphoric mood. oUrinary System: urinary retention. oVascular: vein discoloration, vein distention. oNervous System: headache, dizziness, dyskinesia.. oGeneral: infusion site pain.. oDermatological: allergic dermatitis, skin disorder.. oCardiovascular: QTc prolongation, sinus bradycardia, tachycardia, blood pressure decreased, hypotension, hypertension, arrhythmia, ventricular extrasystoles, generalized edema, ECG wave amplitude decreased, platelet count decreased. The frequency of these adverse effects did not appear to be different from placebo.. oDermatological: pruritus. oGastrointestinal System: flatulence, dry mouth, upper abdominal pain, salivary hypersecretion, dyspepsia, diarrhea, intestinal hypomotility, anorexia. oGeneral: chills. oLiver: increases in AST and/or ALT, hepatic enzyme increased. oMetabolic: hypokalemia, anorexia. oNervous System: dizziness. oRespiratory: hypoventilation, laryngospasm. oUrinary System: urinary retention. 6.2 Post-Marketing Experience. The following adverse reactions have been identified during post-approval use of palonosetron HCl. Because these reactions are reported voluntarily from population of uncertain size, it is not always possible to reliably estimate their frequency or establish causal relationship to drug exposure.oHypersensitivity reactions: including dyspnea, bronchospasm, swelling/edema, erythema, pruritus, rash, urticaria, anaphylaxis and anaphylactic shock [see Warnings and Precautions (5.1)]oInjection site reactions: including burning, induration, discomfort and pain. oHypersensitivity reactions: including dyspnea, bronchospasm, swelling/edema, erythema, pruritus, rash, urticaria, anaphylaxis and anaphylactic shock [see Warnings and Precautions (5.1)]. oInjection site reactions: including burning, induration, discomfort and pain.

CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY SECTION.

12 CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY. 12.1 Mechanism of Action. Palonosetron is 5-HT3 receptor antagonist with strong binding affinity for this receptor and little or no affinity for other receptors.Cancer chemotherapy may be associated with high incidence of nausea and vomiting, particularly when certain agents, such as cisplatin, are used. 5-HT3 receptors are located on the nerve terminals of the vagus in the periphery and centrally in the chemoreceptor trigger zone of the area postrema. It is thought that chemotherapeutic agents produce nausea and vomiting by releasing serotonin from the enterochromaffin cells of the small intestine and that the released serotonin then activates 5-HT3 receptors located on vagal afferents to initiate the vomiting reflex.Postoperative nausea and vomiting is influenced by multiple patient, surgical and anesthesia related factors and is triggered by release of 5-HT in cascade of neuronal events involving both the central nervous system and the gastrointestinal tract. The 5-HT3 receptor has been demonstrated to selectively participate in the emetic response.. 12.2 Pharmacodynamics. Cardiac ElectrophysiologyThe effect of intravenous palonosetron on blood pressure, heart rate, and ECG parameters including QTc were comparable to intravenous ondansetron and dolasetron in CINV clinical trials. In PONV clinical trials the effect of palonosetron on the QTc interval was no different from placebo. In non-clinical studies palonosetron possesses the ability to block ion channels involved in ventricular de- and re-polarization and to prolong action potential duration.At dose of times the maximum recommended adult dose, palonosetron HCl injection does not prolong the QT interval to any clinically relevant extent.. 12.3 Pharmacokinetics. After intravenous dosing of palonosetron HCl in healthy subjects and cancer patients, an initial decline in palonosetron plasma concentrations is followed by slow elimination from the body. Mean maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) and area under the concentration-time curve (AUC0-) are generally dose-proportional over the dose range of 0.3 to 90 mcg/kg in healthy subjects and in cancer patients. Following single intravenous dose of palonosetron HCl at mcg/kg (or 0.21 mg/70 kg) to six cancer patients, mean (+- SD) maximum plasma concentration was estimated to be 5630 +- 5480 ng/L and mean AUC was 35.8 +- 20.9 homcg/L.Following intravenous administration of palonosetron HCl injection 0.25 mg once every other day for doses in 11 cancer patients, the mean increase in plasma palonosetron concentration from Day to Day was 42 +- 34%. Following intravenous administration of palonosetron HCl injection 0.25 mg once daily for days in 12 healthy subjects, the mean (+- SD) increase in plasma palonosetron concentration from Day to Day was 110 +- 45%.After intravenous dosing of palonosetron HCl injection in patients undergoing surgery (abdominal surgery or vaginal hysterectomy), the pharmacokinetic characteristics of palonosetron were similar to those observed in cancer patients.DistributionPalonosetron has volume of distribution of approximately 8.3 +- 2.5 L/kg. Approximately 62% of palonosetron is bound to plasma proteins.EliminationAfter single intravenous dose of 10 mcg/kg [14C]-palonosetron, approximately 80% of the dose was recovered within 144 hours in the urine with palonosetron representing approximately 40% of the administered dose. In healthy subjects, the total body clearance of palonosetron was 0.160 +- 0.035 L/h/kg and renal clearance was 0.067 +- 0.018 L/h/kg. Mean terminal elimination half-life is approximately 40 hours.MetabolismPalonosetron is eliminated by multiple routes with approximately 50% metabolized to form two primary metabolites: N-oxide-palonosetron and 6-S-hydroxy-palonosetron. These metabolites each have less than 1% of the 5-HT3 receptor antagonist activity of palonosetron. In vitro metabolism studies have suggested that CYP2D6 and to lesser extent, CYP3A4 and CYP1A2 are involved in the metabolism of palonosetron. However, clinical pharmacokinetic parameters are not significantly different between poor and extensive metabolizers of CYP2D6 substrates.Specific PopulationsPediatric PatientsPharmacokinetic data was obtained from subset of pediatric cancer patients that received 10 mcg/kg or 20 mcg/kg as single intravenous dose of palonosetron HCl injection. When the dose was increased from 10 mcg/kg to 20 mcg/kg dose-proportional increase in mean AUC was observed. Peak plasma concentrations (CT) reported at the end of the 15-minute infusion of 20 mcg/kg were highly variable in all age groups and tended to be lower in patients less than years than in older patients as shown in Table 4. The median half-life was 30 hours in overall age groups and ranged from about 20 to 30 hours across age groups after administration of 20 mcg/kg. The total body clearance (L/h/kg) in patients 12 to 17 years old was similar to that in healthy adults. There are no apparent differences in volume of distribution when expressed as L/kg.Table 4: Pharmacokinetics Parameters in Pediatric Cancer Patients following Intravenous Infusion of 20 mcg/kg Palonosetron HCl Injection over 15 minutesPK ParameterGeometric Mean (CV) except for t1/2 which is median valuesPediatric Age GroupLess than years2 years to less than years6 years to less than 12 years12 years to less than 17 yearsN=12N=42N=38N=44CT CT is the plasma palonosetron concentration at the end of the 15-minute infusion, ng/L9025 (197)9414 (252)16275 (203)11831 (176)N=5N=7N=10AUC0-, h.mcg/L103.5 (40.4)98.7 (47.7)124.5 (19.1)N=6N=14N=13N=19ClearanceClearance and Vss calculated from 10 and 20 mcg/kg and are weight adjusted, L/h/kg0.31 (34.7)0.23 (51.3)0.19 (46.8)0.16 (27.8)Vss, L/kg6.08 (36.5)5.29 (57.8)6.26 (40.0)6.20 (29.0)Racial or Ethnic GroupsThe pharmacokinetics of palonosetron were characterized in 24 healthy Japanese subjects over an intravenous dose range of to 90 mcg/kg. Total body clearance was 25% higher in Japanese subjects compared to Whites, however, this increase is not considered to be clinically meaningful.Patients with Renal ImpairmentMild to moderate renal impairment does not significantly affect palonosetron pharmacokinetic parameters. Total systemic exposure increased by approximately 28% in patients with severe renal impairment relative to healthy subjects. This increase is not considered clinically meaningful.Patients with Hepatic ImpairmentHepatic impairment does not significantly affect total body clearance of palonosetron compared to the healthy subjects.Drug Interaction StudiesIn vitro studies indicated that palonosetron is not an inhibitor of CYP1A2, CYP2A6, CYP2B6, CYP2C9, CYP2D6, CYP2E1 and CYP3A4/5 (CYP2C19 was not investigated) nor does it induce the activity of CYP1A2, CYP2D6, or CYP3A4/5. Therefore, the potential for clinically significant drug interactions with palonosetron appears to be low.DexamethasoneCo-administration of 0.25 mg palonosetron HCl injection and 20 mg dexamethasone administered intravenously in healthy subjects revealed no pharmacokinetic drug-interactions between palonosetron and dexamethasone.Oral AprepitantIn an interaction study in healthy subjects where single 0.25 mg intravenous dose of palonosetron HCl injection was administered on day and oral aprepitant for days (125 mg/80 mg/80 mg), the pharmacokinetics of palonosetron were not significantly altered (AUC: no change, Cmax: 15% increase).MetoclopramideA study in healthy subjects involving single 0.75 mg intravenous dose of palonosetron HCl injection and steady state oral metoclopramide (10 mg four times daily) demonstrated no significant pharmacokinetic interaction.Corticosteroids, Analgesics, Antiemetics/Antinauseants, Antispasmodics and Anticholinergic AgentsIn controlled clinical trials, palonosetron HCl injection has been safely administered with corticosteroids, analgesics, antiemetics/antinauseants, antispasmodics and anticholinergic agents.

CLINICAL STUDIES SECTION.

14 CLINICAL STUDIES. 14.1 Prevention of Nausea and Vomiting Associated with MEC and HEC in Adults. Efficacy of single intravenous dose of palonosetron HCl injection in preventing acute and delayed nausea and vomiting associated with MEC or HEC were studied in trials. In these double-blind studies, complete response rates (no emetic episodes and no rescue medication) and other efficacy parameters were assessed through at least 120 hours after administration of chemotherapy. The safety and efficacy of palonosetron HCl injection in repeated courses of chemotherapy was also assessed. Moderately Emetogenic ChemotherapyTwo double-blind trials (Study and Study 2) involving 1132 patients compared single dose of palonosetron HCl injection with either single-dose of ondansetron (Study 1) or dolasetron (Study 2) given 30 minutes prior to MEC, including carboplatin, cisplatin <= 50 mg/m2, cyclophosphamide 1500 mg/m2, doxorubicin 25 mg/m2, epirubicin, irinotecan, and methotrexate 250 mg/m2. Concomitant corticosteroids were not administered prophylactically in Study and were only used by to 6% of patients in Study 2. The majority of patients in these studies were women (77%), White (65%) and naive to previous chemotherapy (54%). The mean age was 55 years.Highly Emetogenic ChemotherapyA double-blind, dose-ranging trial evaluated the efficacy of single intravenous dose of palonosetron HCl injection from 0.3 to 90 mcg/kg (equivalent to 0.1 mg to mg fixed dose) in 161 chemotherapy-naive adult cancer patients receiving HEC, either cisplatin >= 70 mg/m2 or cyclophosphamide 1100 mg/m2. Concomitant corticosteroids were not administered prophylactically. Analysis of data from this trial indicates that 0.25 mg is the lowest effective dose in preventing acute nausea and vomiting associated with HEC.A double-blind trial involving 667 patients compared single intravenous dose of palonosetron HCl injection with single intravenous dose of ondansetron (Study 3) given 30 minutes prior to HEC, including cisplatin >= 60 mg/m2, cyclophosphamide 1500 mg/m2, and dacarbazine. Corticosteroids were co-administered prophylactically before chemotherapy in 67% of patients. Of the 667 patients, 51% were women, 60% White, and 59% naive to previous chemotherapy. The mean age was 52 years.Efficacy ResultsStudies 1, and show that palonosetron HCl injection was effective in the prevention of nausea and vomiting associated with initial and repeat courses of MEC and HEC in the acute phase (0 to 24 hours) [Table 5]. Clinical superiority over other 5-HT3 receptor antagonists has not been adequately demonstrated in the acute phase. In Study 3, efficacy was greater when prophylactic corticosteroids were administered concomitantly.Studies and show that palonosetron HCl injection was effective in the prevention of nausea and vomiting associated with initial and repeat course of MEC in the delayed phase (24 to 120 hours) [Table 6] and overall phase (0 to 120 hours) [Table 7].Table 5: Prevention of Acute Nausea and Vomiting (0 to 24 Hours) in Adults with Nausea and Vomiting Associated with MEC or HEC in Studies 1, and 3: Complete Response RatesChemotherapyStudyTreatmentGroupNIntent-to-treat cohort% withCompleteResponsep-value2-sided Fishers exact test. Significance level at =0.025.97.5% Confidence IntervalPalonosetron HCl InjectionminusComparatorThese studies were designed to show non-inferiority. lower bound greater than -15% demonstrates non-inferiority between palonosetron HCl injection and comparator.ModeratelyEmetogenic1Palonosetron HCl Injection 0.25 mgintravenously189810.009Ondansetron 32 mgintravenously185692Palonosetron HCl Injection 0.25 mgintravenously18963NSDolasetron 100 mgintravenously19153HighlyEmetogenic3Palonosetron HCl Injection 0.25 mgintravenously22359NSOndansetron 32 mgintravenously22157Table 6: Prevention of Delayed Nausea and Vomiting (24 to 120 Hours) Associated with MEC in Adults in Studies and 2: Complete Response RatesChemotherapyStudyTreatmentGroupN% withCompleteResponsep-value+97.5% Confidence IntervalPalonosetron HCl InjectionminusComparator ModeratelyEmetogenic1PalonosetronHCl injection0.25 mgintravenously18974<0.001Ondansetron32 mgintravenously 185552PalonosetronHCl injection0.25 mgintravenously189540.004Dolasetron100 mgintravenously19139Intent-to-treat cohort+2-sided Fishers exact test. Significance level at =0.025.These studies were designed to show non-inferiority. lower bound greater than 15% demonstrates non-inferiority between palonosetron HCl injection and comparator. Ondansetron 32 mg intravenous was used in the clinical trial. Although this dose was used in the trial, it is no longer the currently recommended dose. Refer to the ondansetron prescribing information for the current recommended dose.Table 7: Prevention of Overall Nausea and Vomiting (0 to 120 Hours) Associated with MEC in Adults in Studies and 2: Complete Response RatesChemotherapyStudyTreatmentGroupN% withCompleteResponsep-value+97.5% Confidence IntervalPalonosetron HCl InjectionminusComparator ModeratelyEmetogenic1PalonosetronHCl injection0.25 mgintravenously18969<0.001Ondansetron32 mgintravenously185502PalonosetronHCl injection0.25 mgintravenously189460.021Dolasetron100 mgintravenously19134Intent-to-treat cohort+2-sided Fishers exact test. Significance level at =0.025.These studies were designed to show non-inferiority. lower bound greater than 15% demonstrates non-inferiority between palonosetron and comparator. Ondansetron 32 mg intravenously was used in the clinical trial. Although this dose was used in the trial, it is no longer the currently recommended dose. Refer to the ondansetron prescribing information for the current recommended dose.. figure-1. figure-2. figure-3. 14.2 Prevention of Nausea and Vomiting Associated with Emetogenic Chemotherapy, Including HEC in Pediatric Patients. One double-blind, active-controlled clinical trial was conducted in pediatric cancer patients. The total population (N=327) had mean age of 8.3 years (range months to 16.9 years) and were 53% male; and 96% white. Patients were randomized and received 20 mcg/kg (maximum 1.5 mg) intravenous infusion of palonosetron HCl injection 30 minutes prior to the start of emetogenic chemotherapy (followed by placebo infusions and hours after the dose of palonosetron HCl injection) or 0.15 mg/kg of intravenous ondansetron 30 minutes prior to the start of emetogenic chemotherapy (followed by ondansetron 0.15 mg/kg infusions and hours after the first dose of ondansetron, with maximum total dose of 32 mg). Emetogenic chemotherapies administered included doxorubicin, cyclophosphamide (<1500 mg/m2), ifosfamide, cisplatin, dactinomycin, carboplatin, and daunorubicin. Adjuvant corticosteroids, including dexamethasone, were administered with chemotherapy in 55% of patients.Complete Response in the acute phase of the first cycle of chemotherapy was defined as no vomiting, no retching, and no rescue medication in the first 24 hours after starting chemotherapy. Efficacy was based on demonstrating non-inferiority of intravenous palonosetron HCl injection compared to intravenous ondansetron. Non-inferiority criteria were met if the lower bound of the 97.5% confidence interval for the difference in Complete Response rates of intravenous palonosetron HCl injection minus intravenous ondansetron was larger than -15%. The non-inferiority margin was 15%.Efficacy ResultsAs shown in Table 8, intravenous palonosetron 20 mcg/kg (maximum 1.5 mg) demonstrated non-inferiority to the active comparator during the to 24 hour time interval.Table 8: Prevention of Acute Nausea and Vomiting (0 to 24 hours) Associated with Emetogenic Chemotherapy in Pediatric Patients: Complete Response Rates Palonosetron HCl injection 20 mcg/kg intravenously (N=165) Ondansetron 0.15 mg/kg for intravenous doses (N=162) Difference [97.5% Confidence Interval]: Palonosetron HCl injection minus intravenous Ondansetron Comparator59.4%58.6%0.36% [-11.7%, 12.4%]To adjust for multiplicity of treatment groups, lower-bound of 97.5% confidence interval was used to compare to -15%, the negative value of the non-inferiority margin.In patients that received palonosetron HCl injection at lower dose than the recommended dose of 20 mcg/kg, non-inferiority criteria were not met.. Palonosetron HCl injection 20 mcg/kg intravenously. (N=165). Ondansetron 0.15 mg/kg for intravenous doses (N=162). Difference [97.5% Confidence Interval]: Palonosetron HCl injection minus intravenous Ondansetron Comparator. 14.3 Prevention of Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting in Adults. In multicenter, randomized, stratified, double-blind, parallel-group, clinical trial, palonosetron HCl injection was compared to placebo for PONV in 546 patients undergoing abdominal and gynecological surgery. All patients received general anesthesia. The trial was conducted predominantly in the US in the out-patient setting for patients undergoing elective gynecologic or abdominal laparoscopic surgery and stratified at randomization for the following risk factors: gender, nonsmoking status, history of PONV and/or motion sickness. Patients were randomized to receive single dose of palonosetron HCl injection 0.025 mg, 0.050 mg or 0.075 mg or placebo, each given intravenously immediately prior to induction of anesthesia. Antiemetic activity of was evaluated during the to 72-hour time period after surgery.Of the 138 patients treated with palonosetron HCl injection 0.075 mg and evaluated for efficacy, 96% were women; 66% had history of PONV or motion sickness; 85% were non-smokers. As for race, 63% were White, 20% were Black, 15% were Hispanic, and 1% were Asian. The age of patients ranged from 21 to 74 years, with mean age of 38 years. Three patients were greater than 65 years of age.Co-primary efficacy measures were Complete Response (CR) defined as no emetic episode and no use of rescue medication in to 24 hours and 24 to 72 hours postoperatively. Secondary efficacy endpoints included:oComplete Response (CR) to 48 hours and to 72 hoursoComplete Control (CC) defined as CR and no more than mild nauseaoSeverity of nausea (none, mild, moderate, severe)The primary hypothesis was that at least one of the three palonosetron doses were superior to placebo.Complete Response Rates for palonosetron HCl injection 0.075 mg and placebo in this trial are described in the Table 9.Table 9: Prevention of Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting in Adults: Complete Response RatesTreatmentn/N (%)Palonosetron HCl Injection Vs Placebop-valueCo-primary EndpointsComplete Response Rate (0 to 24 hours)Palonosetron HClinjection 0.075 mgintravenously59/138 (42.8%)16.8%0.004Placebo35/135 (25.9%)Complete Response Rate (24 to 72 hours)Palonosetron HClinjection 0.075 mgintravenously67/138 (48.6%)7.8%0.188Placebo55/135 (40.7%) To reach statistical significance for each co-primary endpoint, the required significance limit for the lowest p-value was p<0.017. Difference (%): palonosetron 0.075 mg minus placebo Palonosetron HCl injection as single dose of 0.075 mg reduced the severity of nausea compared to placebo. Analyses of other secondary endpoints indicate that Palonosetron HCl injection 0.075 mg was numerically better than placebo, however, statistical significance was not formally demonstrated.A randomized, double-blind, multicenter, placebo-controlled, dose ranging study was performed to evaluate palonosetron HCl injection for PONV following abdominal or vaginal hysterectomy. Five intravenous doses (0.1, 0.3, 1.0, 3.0 and 30 mcg/kg) were evaluated in total of 381 intent-to-treat patients. The primary efficacy measure was the proportion of patients with CR in the first 24 hours after recovery from surgery. The lowest effective dose was palonosetron HCl injection mcg/kg (approximately 0.075 mg) which had CR rate of 44% versus 19% for placebo, p=0.004 and significantly reduced the severity of nausea versus placebo, p=0.009.. oComplete Response (CR) to 48 hours and to 72 hours. oComplete Control (CC) defined as CR and no more than mild nausea. oSeverity of nausea (none, mild, moderate, severe). To reach statistical significance for each co-primary endpoint, the required significance limit for the lowest p-value was p<0.017.. Difference (%): palonosetron 0.075 mg minus placebo.

INDICATIONS & USAGE SECTION.

1 INDICATIONS AND USAGE. Palonosetron injection is indicated in adults for prevention of:oacute and delayed nausea and vomiting associated with initial and repeat courses of moderately emetogenic cancer chemotherapy (MEC).oacute nausea and vomiting associated with initial and repeat courses highly emetogenic cancer chemotherapy (HEC).opostoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) for up to 24 hours following surgery. Efficacy beyond 24 hours has not been demonstrated.As with other antiemetics, routine prophylaxis is not recommended in patients in whom there is little expectation that nausea and/or vomiting will occur postoperatively. In patients where nausea and vomiting must be avoided during the postoperative period, palonosetron is recommended even where the incidence of postoperative nausea and/or vomiting is low.Palonosetron HCl injection is indicated in pediatric patients month to less than 17 years of age for prevention of:oacute nausea and vomiting associated with initial and repeat courses of emetogenic cancer chemotherapy, including highly emetogenic cancer chemotherapy.. oacute and delayed nausea and vomiting associated with initial and repeat courses of moderately emetogenic cancer chemotherapy (MEC).. oacute nausea and vomiting associated with initial and repeat courses highly emetogenic cancer chemotherapy (HEC).. opostoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) for up to 24 hours following surgery. Efficacy beyond 24 hours has not been demonstrated.. oacute nausea and vomiting associated with initial and repeat courses of emetogenic cancer chemotherapy, including highly emetogenic cancer chemotherapy.. Palonosetron is serotonin-3 (5-HT3) receptor antagonist indicated in:Adults for prevention of:oacute and delayed nausea and vomiting associated with initial and repeat courses of moderately emetogenic cancer chemotherapy (MEC). (1)oacute nausea and vomiting associated with initial and repeat courses of highly emetogenic cancer chemotherapy (HEC). (1)opostoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) for up to 24 hours following surgery. Efficacy beyond 24 hours has not been demonstrated. (1)Pediatric patients aged month to less than 17 years for prevention of:oacute nausea and vomiting associated with initial and repeat courses of emetogenic cancer chemotherapy, including highly emetogenic cancer chemotherapy (HEC). (1). oacute and delayed nausea and vomiting associated with initial and repeat courses of moderately emetogenic cancer chemotherapy (MEC). (1). oacute nausea and vomiting associated with initial and repeat courses of highly emetogenic cancer chemotherapy (HEC). (1). opostoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) for up to 24 hours following surgery. Efficacy beyond 24 hours has not been demonstrated. (1). oacute nausea and vomiting associated with initial and repeat courses of emetogenic cancer chemotherapy, including highly emetogenic cancer chemotherapy (HEC). (1).

PEDIATRIC USE SECTION.

8.4 Pediatric Use. Chemotherapy-Induced Nausea and VomitingSafety and effectiveness of palonosetron HCl injection have been established in pediatric patients aged month to less than 17 years for the prevention of acute nausea and vomiting associated with initial and repeat courses of emetogenic cancer chemotherapy, including HEC. Use is supported by clinical trial where 165 pediatric patients aged months to less than 17 years were randomized to receive single dose of palonosetron HCl injection 20 mcg/kg (maximum 1.5 mg) administered as an intravenous infusion 30 minutes prior to the start of emetogenic chemotherapy [see Clinical Studies 14.2)]. While this study demonstrated that pediatric patients require higher palonosetron dose than adults to prevent chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting, the safety profile is consistent with the established profile in adults [see Adverse Reactions 6.1)].Safety and effectiveness of palonosetron HCl injection in neonates (less than month of age) have not been established.Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting StudiesSafety and effectiveness have not been established in pediatric patients for prevention of postoperative nausea and vomiting. Two pediatric trials were performed.Pediatric Study 1, dose finding study was conducted to compare two doses of palonosetron, mcg/kg (maximum 0.075 mg) versus mcg/kg (maximum 0.25 mg). total of 150 pediatric surgical patients participated, age range month to less than 17 years. No dose response was observed.Pediatric Study 2, multicenter, double-blind, double-dummy, randomized, parallel group, active control, single-dose non-inferiority study, compared intravenous palonosetron HCl (1 mcg/kg, maximum 0.075 mg) versus intravenous ondansetron. total of 670 pediatric surgical patients participated, age 30 days to less than 17 years. The primary efficacy endpoint, Complete Response (CR: no vomiting, no retching, and no antiemetic rescue medication) during the first 24 hours postoperatively was achieved in 78.2% of patients in the palonosetron group and 82.7% in the ondansetron group. Given the pre-specified non-inferiority margin of -10%, the stratum adjusted Mantel-Haenszel statistical non-inferiority confidence interval for the difference in the primary endpoint, complete response (CR), was [-10.5, 1.7%], therefore non-inferiority was not demonstrated. Adverse reactions to palonosetron were similar to those reported in adults.

PHARMACOKINETICS SECTION.

12.3 Pharmacokinetics. After intravenous dosing of palonosetron HCl in healthy subjects and cancer patients, an initial decline in palonosetron plasma concentrations is followed by slow elimination from the body. Mean maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) and area under the concentration-time curve (AUC0-) are generally dose-proportional over the dose range of 0.3 to 90 mcg/kg in healthy subjects and in cancer patients. Following single intravenous dose of palonosetron HCl at mcg/kg (or 0.21 mg/70 kg) to six cancer patients, mean (+- SD) maximum plasma concentration was estimated to be 5630 +- 5480 ng/L and mean AUC was 35.8 +- 20.9 homcg/L.Following intravenous administration of palonosetron HCl injection 0.25 mg once every other day for doses in 11 cancer patients, the mean increase in plasma palonosetron concentration from Day to Day was 42 +- 34%. Following intravenous administration of palonosetron HCl injection 0.25 mg once daily for days in 12 healthy subjects, the mean (+- SD) increase in plasma palonosetron concentration from Day to Day was 110 +- 45%.After intravenous dosing of palonosetron HCl injection in patients undergoing surgery (abdominal surgery or vaginal hysterectomy), the pharmacokinetic characteristics of palonosetron were similar to those observed in cancer patients.DistributionPalonosetron has volume of distribution of approximately 8.3 +- 2.5 L/kg. Approximately 62% of palonosetron is bound to plasma proteins.EliminationAfter single intravenous dose of 10 mcg/kg [14C]-palonosetron, approximately 80% of the dose was recovered within 144 hours in the urine with palonosetron representing approximately 40% of the administered dose. In healthy subjects, the total body clearance of palonosetron was 0.160 +- 0.035 L/h/kg and renal clearance was 0.067 +- 0.018 L/h/kg. Mean terminal elimination half-life is approximately 40 hours.MetabolismPalonosetron is eliminated by multiple routes with approximately 50% metabolized to form two primary metabolites: N-oxide-palonosetron and 6-S-hydroxy-palonosetron. These metabolites each have less than 1% of the 5-HT3 receptor antagonist activity of palonosetron. In vitro metabolism studies have suggested that CYP2D6 and to lesser extent, CYP3A4 and CYP1A2 are involved in the metabolism of palonosetron. However, clinical pharmacokinetic parameters are not significantly different between poor and extensive metabolizers of CYP2D6 substrates.Specific PopulationsPediatric PatientsPharmacokinetic data was obtained from subset of pediatric cancer patients that received 10 mcg/kg or 20 mcg/kg as single intravenous dose of palonosetron HCl injection. When the dose was increased from 10 mcg/kg to 20 mcg/kg dose-proportional increase in mean AUC was observed. Peak plasma concentrations (CT) reported at the end of the 15-minute infusion of 20 mcg/kg were highly variable in all age groups and tended to be lower in patients less than years than in older patients as shown in Table 4. The median half-life was 30 hours in overall age groups and ranged from about 20 to 30 hours across age groups after administration of 20 mcg/kg. The total body clearance (L/h/kg) in patients 12 to 17 years old was similar to that in healthy adults. There are no apparent differences in volume of distribution when expressed as L/kg.Table 4: Pharmacokinetics Parameters in Pediatric Cancer Patients following Intravenous Infusion of 20 mcg/kg Palonosetron HCl Injection over 15 minutesPK ParameterGeometric Mean (CV) except for t1/2 which is median valuesPediatric Age GroupLess than years2 years to less than years6 years to less than 12 years12 years to less than 17 yearsN=12N=42N=38N=44CT CT is the plasma palonosetron concentration at the end of the 15-minute infusion, ng/L9025 (197)9414 (252)16275 (203)11831 (176)N=5N=7N=10AUC0-, h.mcg/L103.5 (40.4)98.7 (47.7)124.5 (19.1)N=6N=14N=13N=19ClearanceClearance and Vss calculated from 10 and 20 mcg/kg and are weight adjusted, L/h/kg0.31 (34.7)0.23 (51.3)0.19 (46.8)0.16 (27.8)Vss, L/kg6.08 (36.5)5.29 (57.8)6.26 (40.0)6.20 (29.0)Racial or Ethnic GroupsThe pharmacokinetics of palonosetron were characterized in 24 healthy Japanese subjects over an intravenous dose range of to 90 mcg/kg. Total body clearance was 25% higher in Japanese subjects compared to Whites, however, this increase is not considered to be clinically meaningful.Patients with Renal ImpairmentMild to moderate renal impairment does not significantly affect palonosetron pharmacokinetic parameters. Total systemic exposure increased by approximately 28% in patients with severe renal impairment relative to healthy subjects. This increase is not considered clinically meaningful.Patients with Hepatic ImpairmentHepatic impairment does not significantly affect total body clearance of palonosetron compared to the healthy subjects.Drug Interaction StudiesIn vitro studies indicated that palonosetron is not an inhibitor of CYP1A2, CYP2A6, CYP2B6, CYP2C9, CYP2D6, CYP2E1 and CYP3A4/5 (CYP2C19 was not investigated) nor does it induce the activity of CYP1A2, CYP2D6, or CYP3A4/5. Therefore, the potential for clinically significant drug interactions with palonosetron appears to be low.DexamethasoneCo-administration of 0.25 mg palonosetron HCl injection and 20 mg dexamethasone administered intravenously in healthy subjects revealed no pharmacokinetic drug-interactions between palonosetron and dexamethasone.Oral AprepitantIn an interaction study in healthy subjects where single 0.25 mg intravenous dose of palonosetron HCl injection was administered on day and oral aprepitant for days (125 mg/80 mg/80 mg), the pharmacokinetics of palonosetron were not significantly altered (AUC: no change, Cmax: 15% increase).MetoclopramideA study in healthy subjects involving single 0.75 mg intravenous dose of palonosetron HCl injection and steady state oral metoclopramide (10 mg four times daily) demonstrated no significant pharmacokinetic interaction.Corticosteroids, Analgesics, Antiemetics/Antinauseants, Antispasmodics and Anticholinergic AgentsIn controlled clinical trials, palonosetron HCl injection has been safely administered with corticosteroids, analgesics, antiemetics/antinauseants, antispasmodics and anticholinergic agents.

SPL PATIENT PACKAGE INSERT SECTION.

PATIENT INFORMATION. Palonosetron HCl Injection for Intravenous Use(pal oh noe se tron)Read this Patient Information before you receive palonosetron HCl injection and each time you receive palonosetron HCl injection. There may be new information. This information does not take the place of talking with your doctor about your medical condition or your treatment.What is palonosetron HCl injectionPalonosetron HCl injection is prescription medicine called an antiemetic. Palonosetron HCl injection is used in adults to help prevent the nausea and vomiting that happens:oright away or later with certain anti-cancer medicines (chemotherapy)oup to 24 hours while recovering from anesthesia after surgery Palonosetron HCl injection is used in children month old to less than 17 years of age to help prevent the nausea and vomiting that happens right away with certain anti-cancer medicines (chemotherapy).oIt is not known if palonosetron HCl injection is safe and effective in children less than month old to help prevent nausea and vomiting after chemotherapy.oIt is not known if palonosetron HCl injection is safe and effective in children for the prevention of nausea and vomiting while recovering from anesthesia after surgery.Who should not receive palonosetron HCl injectionDo not receive palonosetron HCl injection if you are allergic to palonosetron hydrochloride or any of the ingredients in palonosetron HCl injection. See the end of this leaflet for complete list of ingredients in palonosetron HCl injection.What should tell my doctor before receiving palonosetron HCl injectionBefore receiving palonosetron HCl injection, tell your doctor about all of your medical conditions, including if you:ohave had an allergic reaction to another medicine for nausea or vomiting.oare pregnant or plan to become pregnant. It is not known if palonosetron HCl injection will harm your unborn baby.oare breastfeeding or plan to breastfeed. It is not known if palonosetron HCl injection passes into your breast milk or if it will affect your baby or your breast milk. Talk to your doctor about the best way to feed your baby if you will receive palonosetron HCl injection. Tell your doctor about all of the medicines you take, including prescription and over-the-counter medicines, vitamins and herbal supplements. Palonosetron HCl injection and certain other medicines can affect each other, causing serious side effects.How will receive palonosetron HCl injectionoPalonosetron HCl injection will be given to you in your vein by intravenous (I.V.) injection. oPalonosetron HCl injection is usually given about 30 minutes before you receive your anti-cancer medicine (chemotherapy) or right before anesthesia for surgery.What are the possible side effects of palonosetron HCl injectionPalonosetron HCl injection may cause serious side effects, including:oSerious allergic reactions, such as anaphylaxis. Get emergency medical help right away if you get any of the following symptoms.oHivesoswollen faceobreathing troubleochest painoSerotonin Syndrome possible life threatening problem called serotonin syndrome can happen with medicines called 5-HT3 receptor antagonists, including palonosetron HCl injection, especially when used with medicines used to treat depression and migraine headaches called serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs), monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) and certain other medicines. Tell your doctor or nurse right away if you have any of the following symptoms of serotonin syndrome:oagitation, seeing things that are not there (hallucinations), confusion, or comaofast heartbeat or unusual and frequent changes in your blood pressureodizziness, sweating, flushing, or fever otremors, stiff muscles, muscle twitching, overactive reflexes, or loss of coordinationoseizuresonausea, vomiting, or diarrheaThe most common side effects in adults who receive palonosetron HCl injection to help prevent nausea and vomiting that happens with certain anti-cancer medicine (chemotherapy) include: headache and constipation.The most common side effects in adults who receive palonosetron HCl injection to help prevent nausea and vomiting that happens while recovering from anesthesia after surgery include: serious or life-threatening heart rhythm changes (QT prolongation), slow heartbeat, headache, and constipation.These are not all the possible side effects from palonosetron HCl injection. Call your doctor for medical advice about side effects. You may report side effects to FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088.General information about the safe and effective use of palonosetron HCl injectionMedicines are sometimes prescribed for purposes other than those listed in Patient Information leaflet.You can ask your doctor or pharmacist for information about palonosetron HCl injection that is written for health professionals.What are the ingredients in palonosetron HCl injectionActive ingredient: palonosetron hydrochlorideInactive ingredients: mannitol, disodium edetate, and citrate buffer in water. Hydrochloric acid or sodium hydroxide may have been added to adjust pH.This Patient Information has been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration.Revised: April 202046238565Novaplus is registered trademark of Vizient, Inc.Distributed bySandoz Inc., Princeton, NJ 08540. oright away or later with certain anti-cancer medicines (chemotherapy). oup to 24 hours while recovering from anesthesia after surgery. Palonosetron HCl injection is used in children month old to less than 17 years of age to help prevent the nausea and vomiting that happens right away with certain anti-cancer medicines (chemotherapy).. oIt is not known if palonosetron HCl injection is safe and effective in children less than month old to help prevent nausea and vomiting after chemotherapy.. oIt is not known if palonosetron HCl injection is safe and effective in children for the prevention of nausea and vomiting while recovering from anesthesia after surgery.. ohave had an allergic reaction to another medicine for nausea or vomiting.. oare pregnant or plan to become pregnant. It is not known if palonosetron HCl injection will harm your unborn baby.. oare breastfeeding or plan to breastfeed. It is not known if palonosetron HCl injection passes into your breast milk or if it will affect your baby or your breast milk. Talk to your doctor about the best way to feed your baby if you will receive palonosetron HCl injection.. Tell your doctor about all of the medicines you take, including prescription and over-the-counter medicines, vitamins and herbal supplements.. Palonosetron HCl injection and certain other medicines can affect each other, causing serious side effects.. oPalonosetron HCl injection will be given to you in your vein by intravenous (I.V.) injection. oPalonosetron HCl injection is usually given about 30 minutes before you receive your anti-cancer medicine (chemotherapy) or right before anesthesia for surgery.. oSerious allergic reactions, such as anaphylaxis. Get emergency medical help right away if you get any of the following symptoms.. oHives. oswollen face. obreathing trouble. ochest pain. oSerotonin Syndrome possible life threatening problem called serotonin syndrome can happen with medicines called 5-HT3 receptor antagonists, including palonosetron HCl injection, especially when used with medicines used to treat depression and migraine headaches called serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs), monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) and certain other medicines. Tell your doctor or nurse right away if you have any of the following symptoms of serotonin syndrome:. oagitation, seeing things that are not there (hallucinations), confusion, or coma. ofast heartbeat or unusual and frequent changes in your blood pressure. odizziness, sweating, flushing, or fever otremors, stiff muscles, muscle twitching, overactive reflexes, or loss of coordination. oseizures. onausea, vomiting, or diarrhea.

USE IN SPECIFIC POPULATIONS SECTION.

8 USE IN SPECIFIC POPULATIONS. 8.1 Pregnancy. Risk SummaryThere are no available data on palonosetron HCl use in pregnant women to inform drug-associated risk. In animal reproduction studies, no effects on embryo-fetal development were observed with the administration of oral palonosetron HCl during the period of organogenesis at doses up to 1,894 and 3,789 times the recommended human intravenous dose in rats and rabbits, respectively (see Data). The estimated background risk of major birth defects and miscarriage for the indicated population is unknown. All pregnancies have background risk of birth defect, loss, or other adverse outcomes. In the U.S. general population, the estimated background risk of major birth defects and miscarriage in clinically recognized pregnancies is to 4% and 15 to 20%, respectively.DataAnimal DataIn animal reproduction studies, no effects on embryo-fetal development were observed in pregnant rats given oral palonosetron HCl at doses up to 60 mg/kg/day (1,894 times the recommended human intravenous dose based on body surface area) or pregnant rabbits given oral doses up to 60 mg/kg/day (3,789 times the recommended human intravenous dose based on body surface area) during the period of organogenesis.. 8.2 Lactation Risk SummaryThere are no data on the presence of palonosetron in human milk, the effects of palonosetron on the breastfed infant, or the effects of palonosetron on milk production. The developmental and health benefits of breastfeeding should be considered along with the mothers clinical need for palonosetron and any potential adverse effect on the breastfed infant from palonosetron or from the underlying maternal condition.. 8.4 Pediatric Use. Chemotherapy-Induced Nausea and VomitingSafety and effectiveness of palonosetron HCl injection have been established in pediatric patients aged month to less than 17 years for the prevention of acute nausea and vomiting associated with initial and repeat courses of emetogenic cancer chemotherapy, including HEC. Use is supported by clinical trial where 165 pediatric patients aged months to less than 17 years were randomized to receive single dose of palonosetron HCl injection 20 mcg/kg (maximum 1.5 mg) administered as an intravenous infusion 30 minutes prior to the start of emetogenic chemotherapy [see Clinical Studies 14.2)]. While this study demonstrated that pediatric patients require higher palonosetron dose than adults to prevent chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting, the safety profile is consistent with the established profile in adults [see Adverse Reactions 6.1)].Safety and effectiveness of palonosetron HCl injection in neonates (less than month of age) have not been established.Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting StudiesSafety and effectiveness have not been established in pediatric patients for prevention of postoperative nausea and vomiting. Two pediatric trials were performed.Pediatric Study 1, dose finding study was conducted to compare two doses of palonosetron, mcg/kg (maximum 0.075 mg) versus mcg/kg (maximum 0.25 mg). total of 150 pediatric surgical patients participated, age range month to less than 17 years. No dose response was observed.Pediatric Study 2, multicenter, double-blind, double-dummy, randomized, parallel group, active control, single-dose non-inferiority study, compared intravenous palonosetron HCl (1 mcg/kg, maximum 0.075 mg) versus intravenous ondansetron. total of 670 pediatric surgical patients participated, age 30 days to less than 17 years. The primary efficacy endpoint, Complete Response (CR: no vomiting, no retching, and no antiemetic rescue medication) during the first 24 hours postoperatively was achieved in 78.2% of patients in the palonosetron group and 82.7% in the ondansetron group. Given the pre-specified non-inferiority margin of -10%, the stratum adjusted Mantel-Haenszel statistical non-inferiority confidence interval for the difference in the primary endpoint, complete response (CR), was [-10.5, 1.7%], therefore non-inferiority was not demonstrated. Adverse reactions to palonosetron were similar to those reported in adults.. 8.5 Geriatric Use. Of the 1374 adult cancer patients in clinical studies of intravenously administered palonosetron HCl, 316 (23%) were 65 years and over, while 71 (5%) were at least 75 years and over. Of the 1520 adult patients in clinical studies of intravenously administered palonosetron HCl, 73 (5%) were at least 65 years old [see Clinical Studies (14.1, 14.3)]. No overall differences in safety or effectiveness were observed between these subjects and younger subjects, but greater sensitivity in some older individuals cannot be ruled out. Population pharmacokinetics analysis did not reveal any differences in palonosetron pharmacokinetics between cancer patients 65 years of age and older compared to younger patients [see Clinical Pharmacology (12.3)]. No dose adjustment is required for geriatric patients.

WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS SECTION.

5 WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS. oHypersensitivity reactions, including anaphylaxis and anaphylactic shock: reported in patients with or without known hypersensitivity to other selective 5-HT3 receptor antagonists. If symptoms occur, discontinue palonosetron and initiate appropriate medical treatment. (5.1)oSerotonin syndrome: reported with 5-HT3 receptor antagonists alone, but particularly with concomitant use of serotonergic drugs. (5.2, 7.1). oHypersensitivity reactions, including anaphylaxis and anaphylactic shock: reported in patients with or without known hypersensitivity to other selective 5-HT3 receptor antagonists. If symptoms occur, discontinue palonosetron and initiate appropriate medical treatment. (5.1). oSerotonin syndrome: reported with 5-HT3 receptor antagonists alone, but particularly with concomitant use of serotonergic drugs. (5.2, 7.1). 5.1 Hypersensitivity Reactions. Hypersensitivity reactions, including anaphylaxis and anaphylactic shock, have been reported with administration of palonosetron HCl injection [see Adverse Reactions (6.2)]. These reactions occurred in patients with or without known hypersensitivity to other 5-HT3 receptor antagonists. If hypersensitivity reactions occur, discontinue palonosetron HCl injection and initiate appropriate medical treatment. Do not reinitiate palonosetron HCl injection in patients who have previously experienced symptoms of hypersensitivity [see Contraindications (4)]. 5.2 Serotonin Syndrome. The development of serotonin syndrome has been reported with 5-HT3 receptor antagonists. Most reports have been associated with concomitant use of serotonergic drugs (e.g., selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs), monoamine oxidase inhibitors, mirtazapine, fentanyl, lithium, tramadol, and intravenous methylene blue). Some of the reported cases were fatal. Serotonin syndrome occurring with overdose of another 5-HT3 receptor antagonist alone has also been reported. The majority of reports of serotonin syndrome related to 5-HT3 receptor antagonist use occurred in post-anesthesia care unit or an infusion center.Symptoms associated with serotonin syndrome may include the following combination of signs and symptoms: mental status changes (e.g., agitation, hallucinations, delirium, and coma), autonomic instability (e.g., tachycardia, labile blood pressure, dizziness, diaphoresis, flushing, hyperthermia), neuromuscular symptoms (e.g., tremor, rigidity, myoclonus, hyperreflexia, incoordination), seizures, with or without gastrointestinal symptoms (e.g., nausea, vomiting, diarrhea). Patients should be monitored for the emergence of serotonin syndrome, especially with concomitant use of palonosetron HCl injection and other serotonergic drugs. If symptoms of serotonin syndrome occur, discontinue palonosetron HCl injection and initiate supportive treatment. Patients should be informed of the increased risk of serotonin syndrome, especially if palonosetron HCl injection is used concomitantly with other serotonergic drugs [see Drug Interactions (7.1)].