ADVERSE REACTIONS SECTION.

ADVERSE REACTIONS. The adverse reactions for indomethacin capsules listed in the following table have been arranged into two groups: 1) incidence greater than 1% and (2) incidence less than 1%. The incidence for group (1) was obtained from 33 doubleblind controlled clinical trails reported in the literature (1,092 patients). The incidence for group (2) was based on reports in clinical trials, in the literature, and on voluntary reports since marketing. The probability of causal relationship exists between indomethacin and these adverse reactions, some of which have been reported only rarely.In controlled clinical trials, the incidence of adverse reactions to Indomethacin Extended-Release Capsules and equal 24-hour doses of indomethacin capsules were similar. Incidence greater than 1% Incident less than 1% Reactions occurring in 3% to 9% of patients treated with Indomethacin. (Those reactions occurring in less than 3% of the patients are unmarked.) GASTROINTESTINALnausea with or without anorexiaGastrointestinal bleeding withoutvomitingbloating (including distention)obvious ulcer formation and Dyspepsia (including flatulencePerforation of preexisting sigmoidindigestion, heartburn and peptic ulcerlesions (diverticulum, carcinoma,epigastric pain)gastroenteritisetc.) development of ulcerativediarrhea rectal bleedingand regional ileitisabdominal distress or painprocitisulcerative stomatitisColitis constipationsingle or multiple ulcerations.toxic hepatitis and jaundice (someincluding perforation andfatal cases have been reported)hemorrhage of the esophagus,stomach, duodenum or smalland large intestinesCENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEMheadache (11.7%)anxiety (includes nervousness)light-headednessdizzinessmuscle weaknesssyncopevertigoinvoluntary muscle movementsparathesiasomnolenceinsomniaaggravation of epilepsy anddepression and fatiguemuzzinessparkinsonism(including malaise and psychic disturbances includingdepersonalizationlistlessness)psychotic episodescomamental confusionperipheral neuropathydrowsinessconvulsionsdysarthriaSPECIAL SENSEStinnitusocular-corneal deposits andblurred visionretinal disturbances, includingdiplopiathose of macula, have beenHearing disturbances, deafnessreported in some patients onprolonged therapy withIndomethacinCARDIOVASCULARnonehypertensioncongestive heart failurehypotensionarrhythmia; palpitationstachycardiachest painMETABOLICnoneedemahyperglycemiaweight gainglycosuriafluid retentionhyperkalemiaflushing or sweatingINTEGUMENTARYnonepruritusexfoliate dermatitisrash; urticariaerythema nodosumpetechiae or ecchymosisloss of hairStevens-Johnson syndromeerythema multiformetoxic epidermal necrolysisHEMATOLOGICnoneleukopemiaaplastic anemiabone marrow depressiondemolytic anemiaanemia secondary to obvious oragranulocytosisoccult gastrointestinal bleedingthrombocytopenic purpuradisseminated intravascularcoagulationHYPERSENSITIVITYnoneacute anaphylaxisdyspneaacute respiratory distressasthmarapid fall in blood pressurepurpuraresembling shock-like stateangilitisangioedemapulmonary edemaGENITOUINARYnonehematuriaBUN elevationvaginal bleedingrenal insufficiency includingproteinuriarenal failurenephrotic syndromeinterstitial nephritisMISCELLANEOUSnoneepistasisbreast changes, includingenlargement or tenderness, orgynomastiaCausal Relationship Unknown: Other reactions have been reported but occurred under circumstances where causal relationship could not be established. However, in these rarely reported events, the possibility cannot be excluded. Therefore, these observations are being listed to serve as alerting information to physicians: rare occurrence of fulminant necrotizing lasciitis, particularly in association with Group -hemolytic streptococcus, has been described in persons treated with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents, including indomethacin, sometimes with fatal outcome (see also PRECAUTIONS, General). Cardiovascular: Thrombophlebitis.Hematologic: Although there have been several reports of leukemia, the supporting information is weak.Genitourinary: Urinary frequency.

CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY SECTION.

CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY. Indomethacin is non-steroidal drug with anti-inflammatory, antipyretic and analgesic properties. Its mode of action, like that of other anti-inflammatory drugs, is not known. However, its therapeutic action is not due to pituitary-adrenal stimulation.Indomethacin is potent inhibitor of prostaglandin synthesis in vitro. Concentrations are reached during therapy which have been demonstrated to have an effect in vivo as well. Prostaglandins sensitize afferent nerves and potentiate the action of bradykinin in inducing pain in animal models. Moreover, prostaglandins are known to be among the mediators of inflammation. Since indomethacin is an inhibitor of prostaglandin synthesis, its mode of action may be due to decrease of prostaglandins in peripheral tissues. Indomethacin has been shown to be an effective anti-inflammatory agent, appropriate for long-term use in rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, and osteoarthritis.Indomethacin affords relief of symptoms; it does not alter the progressive course of the underlying disease.Indomethacin suppresses inflammation in rheumatoid arthritis as demonstrated by relief of pain, and reduction of fever, swelling and tenderness. Improvement in patients treated with indomethacin for rheumatoid arthritis has been demonstrated by reduction in joint swelling, average number of joints involved, and morning stiffness; by increased mobility as demonstrated by decrease in walking time; and by improved functional capability as demonstrated by an increase in grip strength.Indomethacin has been reported to diminish basal and CO stimulated cerebral blood flow in healthy volunteers following acute oral and intravenous administration. In one study after one week of treatment with orally administered indomethacin, this effect on basal cerebral blood flow had disappeared. The clinical significance of this effect has not been established. Indomethacin Extended-Release Capsules (75 mg) are designed to release 25 mg of drug initially and the remaining 50 mg over approximately 12 hours (90% of dose absorbed by 12 hours). Plasma concentrations of Indomethacin fluctuates less and are more sustained following administration of Indomethacin Extended-Release Capsules than following administration of 25 mg indomethacin capsules given at to hours Intervals. In multiple dose comparisons, the mean daily steady plasma levels of Indomethacin attained with daily administration of Indomethacin Extended-Release Capsules 75 mg was indistinguishable from that following Indomethacin 25 mg Capsules given at 0, 6, and 12 hours daily. However, there was significant difference in Indomethacin plasma levels between the two dosage regimens especially after 12 hours.Controlled clinical studies of safety and efficacy in patients with osteoarthritis have shown that one capsule of Indomethacin Extended-Release was clinically comparable to one 25 mg indomethacin capsule t.i.d.; and in controlled clinical studies in patients with rheumatoid arthritis, one capsule of Indomethacin Extended-Release taken in the morning and one in the evening were clinically indistinguishable from one 50 mg capsule of indomethacin t.i.d.Indomethacin is eliminated via renal excretion, metabolism, and biliary excretion. Indomethacn undergoes appreciable enterohepatic circulation. The mean half-life of indomethacin is estimated to be about 4.5 hours. With typical therapeutic regimen of 25 or 50 mg t.i.d., the steady state plasma concentrations of indomethacin are an average 1.4 times those following the first dose.Indomethacin exists in the plasma as the parent drug and its desmethyl, desbenzoyl, and desmethyl-desbenzoyl metabolites, all in the unconjugated form. About 60 percent of an oral dosage is recovered in urine as drug and metabolites (26 percent as indomethacin and its glucuronide), and 33 percent is recovered in feces (1.5 percent as indomethacin).About 99% of indomethacin is bound to protein in plasma over the expected range of therapeutic plasma concentrations. Indomethacin has been found to cross the blood-brain barrier and the placenta.

DOSAGE & ADMINISTRATION SECTION.

DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION. Carefully consider the potential benefits and risks of Indomethacin Extended-Release Capsules and other treatment options before deciding to use Indomethacin Extended-Release Capsules. Use the lowest effective dose for the shortest duration consistent with individual patient treatment goals (see WARNINGS). Indomethacin Extended-Release Capsules 75 mg are available for oral use. Indomethacin Extended-Release Capsules can be administered once day and can be substituted for indomethacin 25 mg capsules t.i.d. However, there will be significant difference between the two dosage regimens in indomethacin blood levels, especially after 12 hours (see CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY). In addition, Indomethacin Extended-Release Capsules 75 mg b.i.d. can be substituted for indomethacin 50 mg capsules t.i.d. Indomethacin Extended-Release Capsules may be substituted for all the indications of indomethacin capsules except acute gouty arthritis. Adverse reactions appear to correlate with the size of the dose of indomethacin in most patients, but not all. Therefore, every effort should be made to determine the smallest effective dosage for the individual patient.Always give Indomethacin Extended-Release Capsules 75 mg with food, immediately after meals, or with antacids to reduce gastric irritation.Pediatric Use: Indomethacin ordinarily should not be prescribed for children 14 years of age and under (see WARNINGS). Adult Use: Dosage Recommendations for Active Stages of the Following: 1. Moderate to severe rheumatoid arthritis, including acute flares of chronic disease; moderate to sever ankylosing spondylitis; and moderate to sever osteoarthritis.The following information is provided as background only and refers to immediate-released Indomethacin capsules (25 mg or 50 mg) Suggested Dosage: The following recommendations on dosing pertain to immediate-release indomethacin capsules USP, and provide important information regarding the dosage and administration of indomethacin. The prescriber should be aware of this information when considering and prescribing extended-release indomethacin. Indomethacin capsules 25 mg b.i.d. or t.i.d. If this is well tolerated, increase the daily dosage by 25 or 50 mg, if required by continuing symptoms at weekly intervals until satisfactory response is obtained or until total daily dose of 150-200 mg is reached. DOSES ABOVE THIS AMOUNT GENERALLY DO NOT INCREAS THE EFFECTIVENESS OF THE DRUG. In patients who have persistent night pain and/or morning stiffness, the giving of large portion, up to maximum of 100 mg, of the total daily dose at bedtime, either orally or by rectal suppositories, may be helpful in affording relief. The total daily dose should not exceed 200 mg. In acute flares of chronic rheumatoid arthritis, it may be necessary to increase the dosage by 25 mg or, if required, by 50 mg daily.The following information refers to Extended-release Indomethacin Capsules (75 mg): If Indomethacin Extended-Release Capsules are used for initiating indomethacin treatment, one capsule daily should be the usual starting dose in order to observe patient tolerance since 75 mg per day is the maximum recommended starting dose for indomethacin (see above). If indomethacin Extended-Release Capsules are used to increase the daily dose, patients should be observed for possible signs and symptoms of intolerance since the daily increment will exceed the daily increment recommended for other dosage forms. For patients who require 150 mg of indomethacin per day and have demonstrated acceptable tolerance. Indomethacin Extended-release Capsules 75 mg may be prescribed as one capsule twice daily. If minor adverse effects develops as the dosage is increased, reduce the dosage rapidly to tolerated dose and OBSERVE THE PATIENT CLOSELY. If severe adverse reactions occur, STOP THE DRUG. After the acute phrase of the disease is under control, an attempt to reduce the daily dose should be made repeatedly until the patient is receiving the smallest effective dose or the drug is discontinued. Careful instructions to, and observations of, the individual patient are essential to the prevention of serious, irreversible, including fatal, adverse reactions. As advancing years appear to increase the possibility of adverse reactions, Indomethacin Extended-Release Capsules should be used with greater care in the aged. 2. Acute painful shoulder (bursitis and/or tendonitis). Initial dose: 75 mg to 150 mg daily. When 150 mg is prescribed, give as one capsule twice daily. The drug should be discontinued after the signs and symptoms of inflammation have been controlled for several days. The usual course of therapy is to 14 days.. Suggested Dosage:. The following recommendations on dosing pertain to immediate-release indomethacin capsules USP, and provide important information regarding the dosage and administration of indomethacin. The prescriber should be aware of this information when considering and prescribing extended-release indomethacin.. Indomethacin capsules 25 mg b.i.d. or t.i.d. If this is well tolerated, increase the daily dosage by 25 or 50 mg, if required by continuing symptoms at weekly intervals until satisfactory response is obtained or until total daily dose of 150-200 mg is reached. DOSES ABOVE THIS AMOUNT GENERALLY DO NOT INCREAS THE EFFECTIVENESS OF THE DRUG.. In patients who have persistent night pain and/or morning stiffness, the giving of large portion, up to maximum of 100 mg, of the total daily dose at bedtime, either orally or by rectal suppositories, may be helpful in affording relief. The total daily dose should not exceed 200 mg. In acute flares of chronic rheumatoid arthritis, it may be necessary to increase the dosage by 25 mg or, if required, by 50 mg daily.. If Indomethacin Extended-Release Capsules are used for initiating indomethacin treatment, one capsule daily should be the usual starting dose in order to observe patient tolerance since 75 mg per day is the maximum recommended starting dose for indomethacin (see above). If indomethacin Extended-Release Capsules are used to increase the daily dose, patients should be observed for possible signs and symptoms of intolerance since the daily increment will exceed the daily increment recommended for other dosage forms. For patients who require 150 mg of indomethacin per day and have demonstrated acceptable tolerance. Indomethacin Extended-release Capsules 75 mg may be prescribed as one capsule twice daily.. If minor adverse effects develops as the dosage is increased, reduce the dosage rapidly to tolerated dose and OBSERVE THE PATIENT CLOSELY.. If severe adverse reactions occur, STOP THE DRUG. After the acute phrase of the disease is under control, an attempt to reduce the daily dose should be made repeatedly until the patient is receiving the smallest effective dose or the drug is discontinued.. Careful instructions to, and observations of, the individual patient are essential to the prevention of serious, irreversible, including fatal, adverse reactions.. As advancing years appear to increase the possibility of adverse reactions, Indomethacin Extended-Release Capsules should be used with greater care in the aged.. 2. Acute painful shoulder (bursitis and/or tendonitis). Initial dose: 75 mg to 150 mg daily. When 150 mg is prescribed, give as one capsule twice daily.. The drug should be discontinued after the signs and symptoms of inflammation have been controlled for several days. The usual course of therapy is to 14 days.

PRECAUTIONS SECTION.

PRECAUTIONS. GeneralIndomethacin Extended-Release Capsules cannot be expected to substitute for corticosteroids or to treat corticosteroid insufficiency. Abrupt discontinuation of corticosteroids may lead to disease exacerbation. Patients on prolonged corticosteroid therapy should have their therapy tapered slowly if decision is made to discontinue corticosteroids.The pharmacological activity of Indomethacin Extended-Release Capsules in reducing (fever and) inflammation may diminish the utility of these diagnostic signs in detecting complications of presumed noninfectious, painful conditions.This product contains FD&C Yellow No. (tartrazine) which may cause allergic-type reactions (including bronchial asthma) in certain susceptible persons. Although the overall incidence of FD&C Yellow No. (tartrazine) sensitivity in the general population is low, it is frequently seen in patients who also have aspirin sensitivity.Hepatic EffectsBorderline elevations of one of more liver tests may occur in up to 15% of patients taking NSAIDs including Indomethacin Extended-Release Capsules. These laboratory abnormalities may progress, may remain unchanged, or may be transient with continuing therapy. Notable elevations of ALT or AST (approximately three or more times the upper limit of normal) have been reported in approximately 1% of patients in clinical trials with NSAIDs. In addition, rare cases of severe hepatic reactions, including jaundice and fatal fulminant hepatitis, liver necrosis and hepatic failure, some of them with fatal outcomes have been reported.A patient with symptoms and/or signs suggesting liver dysfunction, or in whom an abnormal liver test has occurred, should be evaluated for evidence of the development of more sever hepatic reaction while on therapy with Indomethacin Extended-Release Capsules. If clinical signs and symptoms consistent with liver disease develop, or if systemic manifestations occur (e.g., eosinophilia, rash, etc.), Indomethacin Extended-Release Capsules should be discontinued.Hematological EffectsAnemia is sometimes seen in patients receiving NSAIDs, including Indomethacin Extended-Release Capsules. This may be due to fluid retention, occult or gross GI blood loss, or an incompletely described effect upon erythropoiesis. Patients on long-term treatment with NSAIDs, including Indomethacin Extended-Release Capsules, should have their hemoglobin or hematocrit checked if they exhibit any signs or symptoms of anemia.NSAIDs inhibit platelet aggregation and have been shown to prolong bleeding time in some patients. Unlike aspirin, their effect on platelet function is quantitatively less of shorter duration, and reversible. Patients receiving Indomethacin Extended-Release Capsules who may be adversely affected by alterations in platelet function, such as those with coagulation disorders or patients receiving anticoagulants, should be carefully monitored.Preexisting AsthmaPatients with asthma may have aspirin-sensitive asthma. The use of aspirin in patients with aspirin-sensitive asthma has been associated with severe bronchospasm which can be fatal. Since cross-reactivity, including bronchospasm, between aspirin and other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs has been reported in such aspirin-sensitive patients. Indomethacin Extended-Release Capsules should not be administered to patients with this form of aspirin sensitivity and should be used with caution in patients with preexisting asthma.INFORMATION FOR PATIENTSPatients should be informed of the following information before initiating therapy with an NSAID and periodically during the course of ongoing therapy. Patients should also be encouraged to read the NSAID Medication Guide that accompanies each prescription dispensed.1. Indomethacin Extended-Release Capsules, like other NSAIDs, may cause serious CV side effects, such as MI or stroke, which may result in hospitalization and even death. Although serious CV events can occur without warning symptoms, patients should be alert for the signs and symptoms of chest pain, shortness of breath, weakness, slurring of speech, and should ask for medical advice when observing any indicative sign or symptoms. Patients should be apprised of the importance of this follow-up (see WARNINGS, Cardiovascular Effects). 2. Indomethacin Extended-Release Capsules, like other NSAIDs, can cause GI discomfort and, rarely, serious GI side effects, such as ulcers and bleeding, which may result in hospitalization and even death. Although serious GI tract ulcerations and bleeding can occur without warning symptoms, patients should be alert for the signs and symptoms of ulcerations and bleeding, and should ask for medical advice when observing any indicative sign or symptoms including epigastric pain, dyspepsia, melena, and hematemesis. Patients should be apprised of the importance of this follow-up (see WARNINGS, Gastrointestinal Effects: Risk of Ulceration, Bleeding and Perforation). 3. Indomethacin Extended-Release Capsules, like other NSAIDs, can cause serious skin side effects such as exfoliative dermatitis, SJS, and TEN, which may result in hospitalizations and even death. Although serious skin reactions may occur without warning, patients should be alert for the signs and symptoms of skin rash and blisters, fever, or other signs of hypersensitivity such as itching, and should ask for medical advice when observing any indicative signs or symptoms. Patients should be advised to stop the drug immediately if they develop any type of rash and contact their physicians as soon as possible.4. Patients should promptly report signs or symptoms of unexplained weight gain or edema to their physicians.5. Patients should be informed of the warning signs and symptoms of hepatotoxicity (e.g., nausea, fatigue, lethargy, pruritus, jaundice, right upper quadrant tenderness, and flu-like symptoms). If these occur, patients should be instructed to stop therapy and seek immediate medical therapy.6. Patients should be informed of the signs of an anaphylactoid (e.g., difficulty breathing, swelling of the face of throat). If these occur, patients should be instructed to seek immediate emergency help (see WARNINGS). 7. In late pregnancy, as with other NSAIDs, Indomethacin Extended-Release Capsules should be avoided because it will cause premature closure of the ductus arteriosus.Laboratory TestsBecause serious GI tract ulcerations and bleeding can occur without warning symptoms, physicians should monitor for signs or symptoms of GI bleeding. Patients on long-term treatment with NSAIDs, should have their CBC and chemistry profile checked periodically. If clinical signs and symptoms consistent with liver or renal disease develop, systemic manifestations occur (e.g., eosinophilia, rash, etc.) or if abnormal liver tests persist or worsen, Indomethacin Extended-release Capsules should be discontinued. Ace-inhibitorsReports suggest that NSAIDs may diminish the antihypertensive effect of ACE-inhibitors. This interaction should be given consideration in patients taking NSAIDs concomitantly with ACE-inhibitors.Aspirin[When Indomethacin Extended-Release Capsules are administered with aspirin, its protein binding is reduced, although the clearance of fee Indomethacin Extended-Release Capsules is not altered. The clinical significance of this interaction is not known; however,] as with other NSAIDs, concomitant administration of Indomethacin and aspirin is not generally recommended because of the potential of increased adverse effects.FurosemideClinical studies, as well as post marketing observations, have shown that Indomethacin Extended-Release Capsules can reduce the natriuretic effect-of furosemide and thiazides in some patients. This response has been attributed to inhibition of renal prostaglandin synthesis. During concomitant therapy with NSAIDs, the patient should be observed closely for signs of renal failure (see PRECAUTIONS, Renal Effect), as well as to assure diuretic efficacy. LithiumNSAIDs have produced an elevation of plasma lithium levels and reduction in renal lithium clearance. The mean minimum lithium concentration increased 15% and the renal clearance was decreased by approximately 20%.These effects have been attributed to inhibition of renal prostaglandin synthesis by the NSAID. Thus, when NSAIDs and lithium are administered concurrently, subjects should be observed carefully for signs of lithium toxicity.MethotrexateNSAIDs have been reported to competitively inhibit methotrexate accumulation in rabbit kidney slices. This may indicate that they could enhance the toxicity of methotrexate. Caution should be used when NSAIDs are administered concomitantly with methotrexate.WarfarinThe effects of warfarin and NSAIDs on GI bleeding are synergistic, such that users of both drugs together have risk of serious GI bleeding higher than users of either drug alone.Drug/Laboratory Test InteractionsOnly if positive interactions have been observed. (see 201.57 (f)(4)(N))Carcinogenesis, Mutagenesis, Impairment of FertilityUsually only if significant findings have been observed. (see 201.57 (f)(5))PregnancyTeratogenic Effects. Pregnancy Category C.Reproductive studies conducted in rats and rabbits have not demonstrated evidence of developmental abnormalities. However, animal reproduction studies are not always predictive of human response. There are no adequate and well-controlled studies in pregnant women.Nonteratogenic EffectsBecause of the known effects of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs on the fetal cardiovascular system (closure of the ductus arteriosus), use during pregnancy (particularly late pregnancy) should be avoided.Labor and DeliveryIn rat studies with NSAIDs, as with other drugs known to inhibit prostaglandin synthesis, an increased incidence of dystocia, delayed parturition, and decreased pup survival occurred. The effects of Indomethacin Extended-Release Capsules on labor and delivery in pregnant women are unknown.Nursing MothersIt is not known whether this drug is excreted in human milk. Because many drugs are excreted in human milk and because of the potential for serious adverse reactions in nursing infants from Indomethacin Extended-Release Capsules, decision should be made whether to discontinue nursing or to discontinue the drug, taking into account the importance of the drug to the mother.Pediatric UseSafety and effectiveness in pediatric patients below the age of 14 years old, have not been established.Geriatric UseAs with any NSAIDs, caution should be exercised in treating the elderly (65 years and older).

WARNINGS SECTION.

WARNINGS. CARDIOVASCULAR EFFECTSCardiovascular Thrombotic EventsClinical trails of several COX-2 selective and nonselective NSAIDS of up to three years duration have shown an increased risk of serious cardiovascular (CV) thrombotic events, myocardial infarction, and stroke, which can be fatal. All NSAIDs, both COX-2 selective and nonselective, may have similar risk. Patients with known CV disease or risk factors for CV disease may be at greater risk. To minimize the potential risk for an adverse CV event in patients treated with NSAID, the lowest effective dose should be used for the shortest duration possible. Physicians and patients should remain alert for the development of such events, even in the absence of previous CV symptoms. Patients should be informed about the signs and/or symptoms of serious CV events and the steps to take if they occur.There is no consistent evidence that concurrent use of aspirin mitigates the increased risk of serious CV thrombotic events associated with NSAID use. The concurrent use of aspirin and NSAID does increase the risk of serious GI events (see GI WARNINGS). Two large, controlled, clinical trials of COX-2 selective NSAID for the treatment of pain in the first 10-14 days following CABG surgery found an increased incidence of myocardial infarction and stroke (see CONTRAINDICATIONS). HypertensionNSAIDs, including Indomethacin Extended Release Capsules, can lead to onset of new hypertension or worsening of preexisting hypertension, either of which may contribute to the increased incidence of CV events. Patients taking thiazides or loop diuretics may have impaired response to these therapies when taking NSAIDs. NSAIDs, including Indomethacin Extended-Release Capsules, should be used with caution in patients with hypertension. Blood pressure (BP) should be monitored closely during the initiation of NSAID treatment and throughout the course of therapy.Congestive Heart Failure and EdemaFluid retention edema have been observed in some patients taking NSAIDs. Indomethacin Extended-Release Capsules should be used with caution in patients with fluid retention or heart failure.Gastrointestinal Effects Risk of Ulceration, Bleeding, and PerforationNSAIDs, including Indomethacin Extended-Release Capsules, can cause serious gastrointestinal (GI) adverse events including inflammation, bleeding, ulceration, and perforation of the stomach, small intestine, or large intestines, which can be fatal. These serious adverse events can occur at any time, with or without warning symptoms, in patients treated with NSAIDs. Only one in five patients, who development serious upper GI adverse event on NSAID therapy, is symptomatic. Upper GI ulcers, gross bleeding, or perforation caused by NSAIDs occur in approximately 1% of patients treated for 3-6 months, and in about 2-4% of patients treated for one year. These trends continue with longer duration of use, increasing the likelihood of developing serious GI event at some time during the course of therapy. However, even short-term therapy is not without risk.NSAIDs should be prescribed with extreme caution in those with prior history of ulcer disease or gastrointestinal bleeding. Patients with prior history of peptic ulcer disease and/or gastrointestinal bleeding who use NSAIDs have greater than 10-fold increased risk for developing GI bleed compared to patients with neither of these risk factors. Other factors that increase the risk of GI bleeding in patients treated with NSAIDS include concomitant use of oral corticosteroids or anticoagulants, longer duration of NSAID therapy, smoking, use of alcohol, older age, and poor general health status. Most spontaneous reports of fatal GI events are in elderly or debilitated patients and therefore, special care should be taken in treating this population. To minimize the potential risk of an adverse GI event in patients treated with NSAID, the lowest effective dose should be used for the shortest possible duration. Patients and physicians should remain alert for signs and symptoms of GI ulceration and bleeding during NSAID therapy and promptly initiate additional evaluation and treatment if serious GI adverse event is suspected. This should include discontinuation of the NSAID until serious GI adverse event is ruled out. For high risk patients, alternate therapies that do not involve NSAIDs should be considered.Renal EffectsLong-term administration of NSAIDs has resulted in renal papillary necrosis and other renal injury. Renal toxicity has also been seen in patients in whom renal prostaglandins have compensatory role in the maintenance of renal perfusion. In these patients, administration of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug may cause dose-dependent reduction in prostaglandin formation and, secondarily, in renal blood flow, which may precipitate overt renal decompensation. Patients at greatest risk of this reaction are those with impaired renal function, heart failure, liver dysfunction, those taking diuretics and ACE inhibitors, and the elderly. Discontinuation of NSAID therapy is usually followed by recovery to the pretreatment state.Advanced Renal DiseaseNo information is available from controlled clinical studies regarding the use of Indomethacin Extended-Release Capsules in patients with advanced renal disease. Therefore, treatment with Indomethacin Extended-release Capsules is not recommended in these patients with advanced renal disease. If Indomethacin Extended-Release Capsules therapy must be initiated, close monitoring of the patients renal function is advisable.Anaphylactoid ReactionsAs with other NSAIDs, anaphylactoid reactions may occur in patients without known prior exposure to Indomethacin Extended-Release Capsules. Indomethacin Extended-Release Capsules should not be given to patients with the aspirin triad. This symptom complex typically occurs in asthmatic patients who experience rhinitis with or without nasal polyps, or who exhibit severe, potentially fatal bronchospasm after taking aspirin or other NSAIDs (see CONTRAINDICATIONS and PRECAUTIONS Preexisting Asthma). Emergency help should be sought in cases where an anaphylactoid reaction occurs. Skin ReactionsNSAIDs, including Indomethacin Extended-Release Capsules, can cause serious skin adverse events such as exfoliative dermatitis, Stevens-Johnson Syndrome (SJS), and toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN), which can be fatal. These serious events may occur without warning. Patients should be informed about the signs and symptoms of serious skin manifestations and use of the drug should be discontinued at the first appearance of skin rash or any sign of hypersensitivity.PregnancyIn late pregnancy, as with other NSAIDs, Indomethacin Extended-Release Capsules should be avoided because it may cause premature closure of the ductus arteriosus.