ADVERSE REACTIONS SECTION.

ADVERSE REACTIONS Gastrointestinal Heartburn, epigastric distress, anorexia, nausea, vomiting, jaundice, flatulence, cramps, and diarrhea have been noted in some patients. Although Clostridium difficile has been shown in vitro to be sensitive to rifampin, pseudomembranous colitis has been reported with the use of rifampin (and other broad spectrum antibiotics). Therefore, it is important to consider this diagnosis in patients who develop diarrhea in association with antibiotic use. Tooth discoloration (which may be permanent) may occur.. Hepatic Hepatotoxicity including transient abnormalities in liver function tests (e.g., elevations in serum bilirubin, alkaline phosphatase, serum transaminases, gamma-glutamyl transferase), hepatitis, shock-like syndrome with hepatic involvement and abnormal liver function tests, and cholestasis have been reported (see WARNINGS).. Hematologic Thrombocytopenia has occurred primarily with high dose intermittent therapy, but has also been noted after resumption of interrupted treatment. It rarely occurs during well-supervised daily therapy. This effect is reversible if the drug is discontinued as soon as purpura occurs. Cerebral hemorrhage and fatalities have been reported when rifampin administration has been continued or resumed after the appearance of purpura.Rare reports of disseminated intravascular coagulation have been observed.Leukopenia, hemolytic anemia, decreased hemoglobin, bleeding, and vitamin K-dependent coagulation disorders (abnormal prolongation of prothrombin time or low vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors) have been observed.Agranulocytosis has been reported very rarely.. Central Nervous System Headache, fever, drowsiness, fatigue, ataxia, dizziness, inability to concentrate, mental confusion, behavioral changes, muscular weakness, pains in extremities, and generalized numbness have been observed.Psychoses have been rarely reported.Rare reports of myopathy have also been observed.. Ocular Visual disturbances have been observed.. Endocrine Menstrual disturbances have been observed.Rare reports of adrenal insufficiency in patients with compromised adrenal function have been observed.. Renal Elevations in BUN and serum uric acid have been reported. Rarely, hemolysis, hemoglobinuria, hematuria, interstitial nephritis, acute tubular necrosis, renal insufficiency, and acute renal failure have been noted. These are generally considered to be hypersensitivity reactions. They usually occur during intermittent therapy or when treatment is resumed following intentional or accidental interruption of daily dosage regimen, and are reversible when rifampin is discontinued and appropriate therapy instituted.. Dermatologic Cutaneous reactions are mild and self-limiting and do not appear to be hypersensitivity reactions.Typically, they consist of flushing and itching with or without rash. More serious cutaneous reactions which may be due to hypersensitivity occur but are uncommon.. Hypersensitivity Reactions Occasionally, pruritus, urticaria, rash, pemphigoid reaction, erythema multiforme, acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, toxic epidermal necrolysis, Drug Reaction with Eosinophilia and Systemic Symptoms syndrome (see WARNINGS), vasculitis, eosinophilia, sore mouth, sore tongue, and conjunctivitis have been observed.Anaphylaxis has been reported rarely.. Miscellaneous Edema of the face and extremities has been reported. Other reactions which have occurred with intermittent dosage regimens include flu syndrome (such as episodes of fever, chills, headache, dizziness, and bone pain), shortness of breath, wheezing, decrease in blood pressure and shock. The flu syndrome may also appear if rifampin is taken irregularly by the patient or if daily administration is resumed after drug-free interval.To report SUSPECTED ADVERSE REACTIONS, contact Epic Pharma, LLC at 1-888-374-2791 or FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088 or www.fda.gov/medwatch.

CARCINOGENESIS & MUTAGENESIS & IMPAIRMENT OF FERTILITY SECTION.

Carcinogenesis, Mutagenesis, Impairment of Fertility A few cases of accelerated growth of lung carcinoma have been reported in man, but causal relationship with the drug has not been established. Hepatomas were increased in female (C3Hf/DP) mice dosed for 60 weeks with rifampin followed by an observation period of 46 weeks, at 20 to 120 mg/kg (equivalent to 0.1 to 0.5 times the maximum dosage used clinically, based on body surface area comparisons). There was no evidence of tumorigenicity in male C3Hf/DP mice or in similar studies in BALB/c mice, or in two year studies in Wistar rats.There was no evidence of mutagenicity in both prokaryotic (Salmonella typhi, Escherichia coli and eukaryotic (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) bacteria, Drosophila melanogaster, or ICR/Ha Swiss mice. An increase in chromatid breaks was noted when whole blood cell cultures were treated with rifampin. Increased frequency of chromosomal aberrations was observed in vitro in lymphocytes obtained from patients treated with combinations of rifampin, isoniazid, and pyrazinamide and combinations of streptomycin, rifampin, isoniazid, and pyrazinamide.

CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY SECTION.

CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY Oral Administration Rifampin is readily absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract. Peak serum concentrations in healthy adults and pediatric populations vary widely from individual to individual. Following single 600 mg oral dose of rifampin in healthy adults, the peak serum concentration averages mcg/mL but may vary from to 32 mcg/mL. Absorption of rifampin is reduced by about 30% when the drug is ingested with food.Rifampin is widely distributed throughout the body. It is present in effective concentrations in many organs and body fluids, including cerebrospinal fluid. Rifampin is about 80% protein bound. Most of the unbound fraction is not ionized and, therefore, diffuses freely into tissues.In healthy adults, the mean biological half-life of rifampin in serum averages 3.35+-0.66 hours after 600 mg oral dose, with increases up to 5.08+-2.45 hours reported after 900 mg dose. With repeated administration, the half-life decreases and reaches average values of approximately to hours. The half-life does not differ in patients with renal failure at doses not exceeding 600 mg daily, and, consequently, no dosage adjustment is required. The half-life of rifampin at dose of 720 mg daily has not been established in patients with renal failure. Following single 900 mg oral dose of rifampin in patients with varying degrees of renal insufficiency, the mean half-life increased from 3.6 hours in healthy adults to 5.0, 7.3, and 11.0 hours in patients with glomerular filtration rates of 30 to 50 mL/min, less than 30 mL/min, and in anuric patients, respectively. Refer to the WARNINGS section for information regarding patients with hepatic insufficiency.After absorption, rifampin is rapidly eliminated in the bile, and an enterohepatic circulation ensues. During this process, rifampin undergoes progressive deacetylation so that nearly all the drug in the bile is in this form in about hours. This metabolite has antibacterial activity. Intestinal reabsorption is reduced by deacetylation, and elimination is facilitated. Up to 30% of dose is excreted in the urine, with about half of this being unchanged drug.. Pediatrics Oral AdministrationIn one study, pediatric patients to 58 months old were given rifampin suspended in simple syrup or as dry powder mixed with applesauce at dose of 10 mg/kg body weight. Peak serum concentrations of 10.7+-3.7 and 11.5+-5.1 mcg/mL were obtained hour after preprandial ingestion of the drug suspension and the applesauce mixture, respectively. After the administration of either preparation, the t1/2 of rifampin averaged 2.9 hours. It should be noted that in other studies in pediatric populations, at doses of 10 mg/kg body weight, mean peak serum concentrations of 3.5 mcg/mL to 15 mcg/mL have been reported.. Microbiology Mechanism of ActionRifampin inhibits DNA-dependent RNA polymerase activity in susceptible Mycobacterium tuberculosis organisms. Specifically, it interacts with bacterial RNA polymerase but does not inhibit the mammalian enzyme.ResistanceOrganisms resistant to rifampin are likely to be resistant to other rifamycins.In the treatment of both tuberculosis and the meningococcal carrier state (see INDICATIONS AND USAGE), the small number of resistant cells present within large populations of susceptible cells can rapidly become predominant. In addition, resistance to rifampin has been determined to occur as single-step mutations of the DNA-dependent RNA polymerase. Since resistance can emerge rapidly, appropriate susceptibility tests should be performed in the event of persistent positive cultures.Activity In Vitro and In VivoRifampin has bactericidal activity in vitro against slow and intermittently growing M. tuberculosis organisms.Rifampin has been shown to be active against most isolates of the following microorganisms, both in vitro and in clinical infections (see INDICATIONS AND USAGE): Aerobic Gram-Negative Microorganisms: Neisseria meningitidis Other Microorganisms: Mycobacterium tuberculosisThe following in vitro data are available, but their clinical significance is unknown.At least 90% of the following bacteria exhibit an in vitro minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) less than or equal to the susceptible breakpoint for rifampin against isolates of similar genus or organism group. However, the efficacy of rifampin in treating clinical infections caused by these bacteria has not been established in adequate and well controlled clinical trials. Aerobic Gram-Positive Microorganisms: Staphylococcus aureus (including Methicillin-Resistant S. aureus/MRSA) Staphylococcus epidermidis Aerobic Gram-Negative Microorganisms: Haemophilus influenzae Other Microorganisms: Mycobacterium leprae-lactamase production should have no effect on rifampin activity.. Aerobic Gram-Negative Microorganisms:. Neisseria meningitidis. Other Microorganisms:. Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Aerobic Gram-Positive Microorganisms:. Staphylococcus aureus (including Methicillin-Resistant S. aureus/MRSA). Staphylococcus epidermidis. Aerobic Gram-Negative Microorganisms:. Haemophilus influenzae. Other Microorganisms:. Mycobacterium leprae. Susceptibility Testing For specific information regarding susceptibility test criteria and associated test methods and quality control standards recognized by FDA for this drug, please see: www.fda.gov/STIC.

CONTRAINDICATIONS SECTION.

CONTRAINDICATIONS Rifampin is contraindicated in patients with history of hypersensitivity to rifampin or any of the components, or to any of the rifamycins. (See WARNINGS.)Rifampin is contraindicated in patients who are also receiving ritonavir-boosted saquinavir due to an increased risk of severe hepatocellular toxicity. (See PRECAUTIONS, Drug Interactions.)Rifampin is contraindicated in patients who are also receiving atazanavir, darunavir, fosamprenavir, saquinavir, or tipranavir due to the potential of rifampin to substantially decrease plasma concentrations of these antiviral drugs, which may result in loss of antiviral efficacy and/or development of viral resistance.Rifampin is contraindicated in patients receiving praziquantel since therapeutically effective blood levels of praziquantel may not be achieved. In patients receiving rifampin who need immediate treatment with praziquantel alternative agents should be considered. However, if treatment with praziquantel is necessary, rifampin should be discontinued weeks before administration of praziquantel. Treatment with rifampin can then be restarted one day after completion of praziquantel treatment.

DESCRIPTION SECTION.

DESCRIPTION Rifampin is semisynthetic antibiotic derivative of rifamycin SV. Rifampin is red-brown crystalline powder very slightly soluble in water at neutral pH, freely soluble in chloroform, soluble in ethyl acetate and in methanol. Its molecular weight is 822.95 and its chemical formula is C43H58N4O12. The chemical name for rifampin is either: 3-[[(4-methyl-1-piperazinyl) imino]methyl]rifamycin or 5,6,9,17,19,21-hexahydroxy-23-methoxy-2,4,12,16,18,20,22-heptamethyl-8-[N-(4-methyl-1-piperazinyl)formimidoyl]-2,7-(epoxypentadeca[1,11,13] trienimino)naphtho[2,1-b]furan-1,11(2H)-dione 21-acetate.Its structural formula is:Rifampin capsules, USP for oral administration, contain 150 mg or 300 mg rifampin per capsule. The 150 mg and 300 mg capsules also contain the following inactive ingredients: colloidal silicon dioxide, corn starch, D&C Yellow 10 aluminum lake, docusate sodium, FD&C blue 1, FD&C blue aluminum lake, FD&C blue aluminum lake, FD&C red 40, FD&C red 40 aluminum lake, gelatin, magnesium stearate, microcrystalline cellulose, propylene glycol, shellac glaze, sodium benzoate, black iron oxide, talc, and titanium dioxide. The 150 mg capsules also contain D&C yellow 10, and D&C Red 28.. structure-formual.jpg.

DOSAGE & ADMINISTRATION SECTION.

DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION Rifampin can be administered by the oral route (see INDICATIONS AND USAGE).See CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY for dosing information in patients with renal failure.. Tuberculosis Adults10 mg/kg, in single daily administration, not to exceed 600 mg/day, orally. Pediatric Patients10 to 20 mg/kg, not to exceed 600 mg/day, orally.It is recommended that oral rifampin be administered once daily, either hour before or hours after meal with full glass of water.Rifampin is indicated in the treatment of all forms of tuberculosis. three-drug regimen consisting of rifampin, isoniazid, and pyrazinamide (e.g., RIFATER(R) (Sanofi-aventis U.S. LLC)) is recommended in the initial phase of short-course therapy which is usually continued for months. The Advisory Council for the Elimination of Tuberculosis, the American Thoracic Society, and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommend that either streptomycin or ethambutol be added as fourth drug in regimen containing isoniazid (INH), rifampin, and pyrazinamide for initial treatment of tuberculosis unless the likelihood of INH resistance is very low. The need for fourth drug should be reassessed when the results of susceptibility testing are known. If community rates of INH resistance are currently less than 4%, an initial treatment regimen with less than four drugs may be considered.Following the initial phase, treatment should be continued with rifampin and isoniazid for at least months. Treatment should be continued for longer if the patient is still sputum or culture positive, if resistant organisms are present, or if the patient is HIV positive.. Meningococcal Carriers AdultsFor adults, it is recommended that 600 mg rifampin be administered twice daily for two days.Pediatric PatientsPediatric patients month of age or older: 10 mg/kg (not to exceed 600 mg per dose) every 12 hours for two days.Pediatric Patients Under Month of Age5 mg/kg every 12 hours for two days.. Preparation of Extemporaneous Oral Suspension For pediatric and adult patients in whom capsule swallowing is difficult or where lower doses are needed, liquid suspension may be prepared as follows:Rifampin 1% w/v suspension (10 mg/mL) can be compounded using one of four syrups-Simple Syrup (Syrup NF), Simple Syrup (Humco Laboratories), SyrPalta(R) Syrup (Emerson Laboratories), or Raspberry Syrup (Humco Laboratories).1.Empty the contents of four Rifampin 300 mg capsules or eight Rifampin 150 mg capsules onto piece of weighing paper.2.If necessary, gently crush the capsule contents with spatula to product fine powder.3.Transfer the rifampin powder blend to 4-ounce amber glass or plastic (high density polyethylene [HDPE], polypropylene, or polycarbonate) prescription bottle.4.Rinse the paper and spatula with 20 mL of one of the above mentioned syrups, and add the rinse to the bottle. Shake vigorously.5.Add 100 mL of syrup to the bottle and shake vigorously.This compounding procedure results in 1% w/v suspension containing 10 mg rifampin/mL. Stability studies indicate that the suspension is stable when stored at room temperature (25+-3 C) or in refrigerator (2 to C) for four weeks. This extemporaneously prepared suspension must be shaken well prior to administration.. 1.Empty the contents of four Rifampin 300 mg capsules or eight Rifampin 150 mg capsules onto piece of weighing paper.. 2.If necessary, gently crush the capsule contents with spatula to product fine powder.. 3.Transfer the rifampin powder blend to 4-ounce amber glass or plastic (high density polyethylene [HDPE], polypropylene, or polycarbonate) prescription bottle.. 4.Rinse the paper and spatula with 20 mL of one of the above mentioned syrups, and add the rinse to the bottle. Shake vigorously.. 5.Add 100 mL of syrup to the bottle and shake vigorously.

DRUG & OR LABORATORY TEST INTERACTIONS SECTION.

Drug/Laboratory Interactions Cross-reactivity and false-positive urine screening tests for opiates have been reported in patients receiving rifampin when using the KIMS (Kinetic Interaction of Microparticles in Solution) method (e.g., Abuscreen OnLine opiates assay; Roche Diagnostic Systems). Confirmatory tests, such as gas chromatography/mass spectrometry, will distinguish rifampin from opiates.Therapeutic levels of rifampin have been shown to inhibit standard microbiological assays for serum folate and vitamin B12. Thus, alternate assay methods should be considered. Transient abnormalities in liver function tests (e.g., elevation in serum bilirubin, alkaline phosphatase, and serum transaminases) and reduced biliary excretion of contrast media used for visualization of the gallbladder have also been observed. Therefore, these tests should be performed before the morning dose of rifampin.

DRUG INTERACTIONS SECTION.

Drug Interactions Pharmacodynamic Interactions. Healthy subjects who received rifampin 600 mg once daily concomitantly with saquinavir 1000 mg/ritonavir 100 mg twice daily (ritonavir-boosted saquinavir) developed severe hepatocellular toxicity. Therefore, concomitant use of these medications is contraindicated. (See CONTRAINDICATIONS.)When rifampin is given concomitantly with other hepatotoxic medications such as halothane or isoniazid, the potential for hepatotoxicity is increased. The concomitant use of rifampin and halothane should be avoided. Patients receiving both rifampin and isoniazid should be monitored closely for hepatotoxicity.. Effect of Rifampin on Other Drugs. Induction of Drug Metabolizing Enzymes and TransportersDrug metabolizing enzymes and transporters affected by rifampin include cytochromes P450 (CYP) 1A2, 2B6, 2C8, 2C9, 2C19, and 3A4, UDP-glucuronyltransferases (UGT), sulfotransferases, carboxylesterases, and transporters including P-glycoprotein (P-gp) and multidrug resistance-associated protein (MRP2). Most drugs are substrates for one or more of these enzyme or transporter pathways and these pathways may be induced by rifampin simultaneously. Therefore, rifampin may increase the metabolism and decrease the activity of certain coadministered drugs or increase the activity of coadministered pro-drug (where metabolic activation is required) and has the potential to perpetuate clinically important drug-drug interactions against many drugs and across many drug classes (Table 1).Table summarizes the effect of rifampin on other drugs or drug classes. Adjust dosages of concomitant drugs based on approved drug labeling and if applicable, therapeutic drug monitoring, unless otherwise specified.Table 1. Drug Interactions With Rifampin That Affect Concomitant Drug ConcentrationsDrug or Drug Class and Prevention orManagementClinical EffectAntiretroviralsPrevention or ManagementConcomitant use is contraindicated (See CONTRAINDICATIONS)AtazanavirDecrease AUC by 72%Darunavir+ Substantial decrease in exposure, which may result in loss of therapeutic effect and development of resistance.TipranavirFosamprenavir Decrease AUC by 82%SaquinavirDecrease AUC by 70% Coadministration may result in severe hepatocellular toxicityAntiretroviralsPrevention or ManagementAvoid concomitant useZidovudineDecrease AUC by 47%IndinavirDecrease AUC by 92%EfavirenzDecrease AUC by 26%Hepatitis AntiviralPrevention or ManagementAvoid concomitant useDaclatasvirDecrease AUC by 79%SimeprevirDecrease AUC by 48%Sofosbuvir+ Decrease AUC by 72% Coadministration of sofosbuvir with rifampin, may decrease sofosbuvir plasma concentrations, leading to reduced therapeutic effect of sofosbuvir.TelaprevirDecrease AUC by 92%Systemic Hormonal ContraceptivesPrevention or ManagementAdvise patients to change to non-hormonal methods of birth control during rifampin therapy EstrogensDecrease exposureProgestinsAnticonvulsantsPhenytoin Decrease exposure AntiarrhythmicsDisopyramideDecrease exposureMexiletineDecrease exposureQuinidineDecrease exposurePropafenoneDecrease AUC by 50% to 67%TocainideDecrease exposureAntiestrogensTamoxifenDecrease AUC by 86%ToremifeneDecrease steady state concentrations of toremifene in serumAntithrombotic AgentsClopidogrelPrevention or ManagementConcomitant use of clopidogrel andrifampin should be discouragedIncrease active metabolite exposureand risk of bleedingTicagrelorPrevention or ManagementAvoid useDecrease exposureAntipsychoticsHaloperidolDecrease plasma concentrations by 70%Oral AnticoagulantsPrevention or ManagementPerform prothrombin time daily or as frequently as necessary to establish and maintain the required dose of anticoagulantWarfarinDecrease exposureAntifungalsFluconazoleDecrease AUC by 23%ItraconazolePrevention or ManagementNot recommended weeks before andduring itraconazole treatmentDecrease exposureKetoconazoleDecrease exposureBeta-blockersMetoprololDecrease exposurePropranololDecrease exposureBenzodiazepinesDiazepam, Decrease exposureBenzodiazepine-Related DrugsZopicloneDecrease AUC by 82%ZolpidemDecrease AUC by 73%Calcium Channel Blockers DiltiazemDecrease exposureNifedipine Decrease exposureVerapamilDecrease exposureCorticosteroidsTH PrednisoloneDecrease exposureCardiac GlycosidesDigoxinPrevention or ManagementMeasure serum digoxin concentrations before initiating rifampin. Continue monitoring and increase digoxin dose by approximately 20% to 40% as necessary.Decrease exposureDigitoxinDecrease exposureFluoroquinolonesPefloxacinss Decrease exposureMoxifloxacin, Decrease exposureOral Hypoglycemic Agents (e.g. sulfonylureas)GlyburideDecrease exposure Rifampin may worsen glucose control of glyburideGlipizideDecrease exposureImmunosuppressive AgentsCyclosporineDecrease exposureTacrolimusPrevention or Management Monitoring of whole blood concentrations and appropriate dosage adjustments of tacrolimus are recommended when rifampin and tacrolimus are used concomitantly.Decrease AUC by 56%Narcotic AnalgesicsOxycodoneDecrease AUC by 86%MorphineDecrease exposureSelective 5-HT3 Receptor AntagonistsOndansetronDecrease exposureStatins Metabolized by CYP3A4SimvastatinDecrease exposureThiazolidinedionesRosiglitazoneDecrease AUC by 66%Tricyclic AntidepressantsNortriptylinea Decrease exposureOther DrugsEnalaprilDecrease active metabolite exposureChloramphenicole Decrease exposureClarithromycinDecrease exposureDapsoneDecrease exposureDoxycyclineo Decrease exposureIrinotecanO Prevention or ManagementAvoid the use of rifampin, strong CYP3A4 inducer, if possible. Substitute non-enzyme inducing therapies at least weeks prior to initiation of irinotecan therapyDecrease irinotecan and active metabolite exposureLevothyroxineDecrease exposureLosartanParentDecrease AUC by 30%Activemetabolite(E3174)Decrease AUC by 40%MethadoneIn patients well-stabilized on methadone, concomitant administration of rifampin resulted in marked reduction in serum methadone levels and concurrent appearance of withdrawal symptoms.PraziquantelPrevention or ManagementConcomitant use is contraindicated (See CONTRAINDICATIONS)Decrease plasma praziquantel concentrations to undetectable levels.QuininePrevention or ManagementAvoid concomitant useDecrease AUC by 75% to 85%TelithromycinDecrease AUC by 86%TheophyllineDecrease exposure by 20% to 40%Administered with rifampin 600 mg daily, unless otherwise specified+Rifampin dosage used concomitantly with the drug(s) is not specified in the proposed package insert.Administered with rifampin 300 mg dailyAdministered with rifampin 450 mg dailyAdministered with rifampin 1200 mg daily Rifampin 1200 mg administered as single oral dose hours before administering single oral dose of nifedipine 10 mg THNumerous cases in the literature describe decrease in glucocorticoid effect when used concomitantly with rifampin. The literature contains reports of acute adrenal crisis or adrenal insufficiency induced by the combination of rifampin-isoniazid-ethambutol or rifampin-isoniazid in patients with Addisons diseasessAdministered with rifampin 900 mg daily aA tuberculosis treatment regimen including rifampin (600 mg/day) isoniazid (300 mg/day), pyrazinamide (500 mg x per day), and the pyridoxine (25 mg) was associated with higher than expected doses of nortriptyline were required to obtain therapeutic drug level. Following the discontinuation of rifampin, the patient became drowsy and the serum nortriptyline levels rose precipitously (3-fold) into the toxic range.eConcomitant use with rifampin in childrenoAdministered with rifampin (10 mg/kg daily) OAdministered with an antibiotic regimen including rifampin (450 mg/day), isoniazid (300 mg/day), and streptomycin (0.5 g/day) IMAUC area under the time-concentration curve. Rifampin 1200 mg administered as single oral dose hours before administering single oral dose of nifedipine 10 mg. THNumerous cases in the literature describe decrease in glucocorticoid effect when used concomitantly with rifampin. The literature contains reports of acute adrenal crisis or adrenal insufficiency induced by the combination of rifampin-isoniazid-ethambutol or rifampin-isoniazid in patients with Addisons disease. aA tuberculosis treatment regimen including rifampin (600 mg/day) isoniazid (300 mg/day), pyrazinamide (500 mg x per day), and the pyridoxine (25 mg) was associated with higher than expected doses of nortriptyline were required to obtain therapeutic drug level. Following the discontinuation of rifampin, the patient became drowsy and the serum nortriptyline levels rose precipitously (3-fold) into the toxic range.. OAdministered with an antibiotic regimen including rifampin (450 mg/day), isoniazid (300 mg/day), and streptomycin (0.5 g/day) IM. Effect of Other Drugs on Rifampin. Concomitant antacid administration may reduce the absorption of rifampin. Daily doses of rifampin should be given at least hour before the ingestion of antacids.Concomitant use with probenecid and cotrimoxazole increases the concentration of rifampin which may increase the risk of rifampin toxicities. Monitor for adverse reactions associated with rifampin during coadministration.. Other Interactions. AtovaquoneConcomitant use of rifampin with atovaquone decrease concentrations of atovaquone and increase concentrations of rifampin which may increase the risk of rifampin toxicities. Coadministration of rifampin with atovaquone is not recommended.

GENERAL PRECAUTIONS SECTION.

General Rifampin should be used with caution in patients with history of diabetes mellitus, as diabetes management may be more difficult.Prescribing rifampin in the absence of proven or strongly suspected bacterial infection or prophylactic indication is unlikely to provide benefit to the patient and increases the risk of the development of drug-resistant bacteria.For the treatment of tuberculosis, rifampin is usually administered on daily basis. Doses of rifampin greater than 600 mg given once or twice weekly have resulted in higher incidence of adverse reactions, including the flu syndrome (fever, chills, and malaise), hematopoietic reactions (leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, or acute hemolytic anemia), cutaneous, gastrointestinal, and hepatic reactions, shortness of breath, shock, anaphylaxis, and renal failure. Recent studies indicate that regimens using twice-weekly doses of rifampin 600 mg plus isoniazid 15 mg/kg are much better tolerated.Rifampin is not recommended for intermittent therapy; the patient should be cautioned against intentional or accidental interruption of the daily dosage regimen since rare renal hypersensitivity reactions have been reported when therapy was resumed in such cases.Rifampin has enzyme induction properties that can enhance the metabolism of endogenous substrates including adrenal hormones, thyroid hormones, and vitamin D. Rifampin and isoniazid have been reported to alter vitamin metabolism. In some cases, reduced levels of circulating 25-hydroxy vitamin and 1,25-dihydroxy vitamin have been accompanied by reduced serum calcium and phosphate, and elevated parathyroid hormone.

GERIATRIC USE SECTION.

Geriatric Use Clinical studies of rifampin did not include sufficient numbers of subjects aged 65 and over to determine whether they respond differently from younger subjects. Other reported clinical experience has not identified differences in responses between the elderly and younger patients. Caution should therefore be observed in using rifampin in elderly patients. (See WARNINGS).

HOW SUPPLIED SECTION.

HOW SUPPLIED Rifampin capsules USP, 150 mg are orange capsules, imprinted 801 in black ink on both cap and body. They are available as follows:NDC 42806-801-30, bottles of 30 capsulesNDC 42806-801-01, bottles of 100 capsulesRifampin capsules USP, 300 mg are red capsules, imprinted 799 in black ink on both cap and body. They are available as follows:NDC 42806-799-30, bottles of 30 capsulesNDC 42806-799-60, bottles of 60 capsulesNDC 42806-799-01, bottles of 100 capsulesNDC 42806-799-05, bottles of 500 capsulesStorageStore at 20o to 25o (68o to 77o F) [See USP Controlled Room Temperature]Dispense contents in tight light-resistant container as defined in the USP with child resistant closure, as required.Store in dry place. KEEP TIGHTLY CLOSED. Avoid excessive heat.KEEP OUT OF THE REACH OF CHILDREN.Rx onlyThe brands listed are the registered trademarks of their respective owners and are not trademarks of Epic Pharma, LLC.Distributed by:Epic Pharma, LLCLaurelton, NY 11413Rev. 07-2021-00MF801REV07/21OS0004.

INDICATIONS & USAGE SECTION.

INDICATIONS AND USAGE In the treatment of both tuberculosis and the meningococcal carrier state, the small number of resistant cells present within large populations of susceptible cells can rapidly become the predominant type. Bacteriologic cultures should be obtained before the start of therapy to confirm the susceptibility of the organism to rifampin and they should be repeated throughout therapy to monitor the response to treatment. Since resistance can emerge rapidly, susceptibility tests should be performed in the event of persistent positive cultures during the course of treatment. If test results show resistance to rifampin and the patient is not responding to therapy, the drug regimen should be modified.. Tuberculosis Rifampin is indicated in the treatment of all forms of tuberculosis.A three-drug regimen consisting of rifampin, isoniazid, and pyrazinamide (e.g., RIFATER(R) (Sanofi-aventis U.S. LLC)) is recommended in the initial phase of short-course therapy which is usually continued for months. The Advisory Council for the Elimination of Tuberculosis, the American Thoracic Society, and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommend that either streptomycin or ethambutol be added as fourth drug in regimen containing isoniazid (INH), rifampin, and pyrazinamide for initial treatment of tuberculosis unless the likelihood of INH resistance is very low. The need for fourth drug should be reassessed when the results of susceptibility testing are known. If community rates of INH resistance are currently less than 4%, an initial treatment regimen with less than four drugs may be considered.Following the initial phase, treatment should be continued with rifampin and isoniazid for at least months. Treatment should be continued for longer if the patient is still sputum or culture positive, if resistant organisms are present, or if the patient is HIV positive.Rifampin IV is indicated for the initial treatment and retreatment of tuberculosis when the drug cannot be taken by mouth.. Meningococcal Carriers Rifampin is indicated for the treatment of asymptomatic carriers of Neisseria meningitidis to eliminate meningococci from the nasopharynx. Rifampin is not indicated for the treatment of meningococcal infection because of the possibility of the rapid emergence of resistant organisms. (See WARNINGS.)Rifampin should not be used indiscriminately, and, therefore, diagnostic laboratory procedures, including serotyping and susceptibility testing, should be performed for establishment of the carrier state and the correct treatment. So that the usefulness of rifampin in the treatment of asymptomatic meningococcal carriers is preserved, the drug should be used only when the risk of meningococcal disease is high.To reduce the development of drug-resistant bacteria and maintain the effectiveness of rifampin and other antibacterial drugs, rifampin should be used only to treat or prevent infections that are proven or strongly suspected to be caused by susceptible bacteria. When culture and susceptibility information are available, they should be considered in selecting or modifying antibacterial therapy. In the absence of such data, local epidemiology and susceptibility patterns may contribute to the empiric selection of therapy.

INFORMATION FOR PATIENTS SECTION.

Information for Patients Patients should be counseled that antibacterial drugs including rifampin should only be used to treat bacterial infections. They do not treat viral infections (e.g., the common cold). When rifampin is prescribed to treat bacterial infection, patients should be told that although it is common to feel better early in the course of therapy, the medication should be taken exactly as directed. Skipping doses or not completing the full course of therapy may (1) decrease the effectiveness of the immediate treatment and (2) increase the likelihood that bacteria will develop resistance and will not be treatable by rifampin or other antibacterial drugs in the future.The patient should be told that rifampin may produce discoloration (yellow, orange, red, brown) of the teeth, urine, sweat, sputum, and tears, and the patient should be forewarned of this. Soft contact lenses may be permanently stained.Rifampin is well characterized and potent inducer of drug metabolizing enzymes and transporters and might therefore decrease or increase concomitant drug exposure and impact safety and efficacy (see DRUG INTERACTIONS). Therefore, patients should be advised not to take any other medication without medical advice.The patient should be advised that the reliability of oral or other systemic hormonal contraceptives may be affected; consideration should be given to using alternative contraceptive measures.Patients should be instructed to take rifampin either hour before or hours after meal with full glass of water.Patients should be instructed to notify their physician immediately if they experience any of the following: rash with fever or blisters, with or without peeling skin, itching, or swollen lymph nodes, loss of appetite, malaise, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, darkened urine, yellowish discoloration of the skin and eyes, light-colored bowel movements, cough, shortness of breath, wheezing, and pain or swelling of the joints.Advise patients to abstain from alcohol, hepatotoxic medications or herbal products while taking rifampin.Compliance with the full course of therapy must be emphasized, and the importance of not missing any doses must be stressed.

LABORATORY TESTS SECTION.

Laboratory Tests Adults treated for tuberculosis with rifampin should have baseline measurements of hepatic enzymes, bilirubin, serum creatinine, complete blood count, and platelet count (or estimate). Baseline tests are unnecessary in pediatric patients unless complicating condition is known or clinically suspected.Patients should be seen at least monthly during therapy and should be specifically questioned concerning symptoms associated with adverse reactions. All patients with abnormalities should have follow-up, including laboratory testing, if necessary. Routine laboratory monitoring for toxicity in people with normal baseline measurements is generally not necessary.

NURSING MOTHERS SECTION.

Nursing Mothers. Because of the potential for tumorigenicity shown for rifampin in animal studies, decision should be made whether to discontinue nursing or discontinue the drug, taking into account the importance of the drug to the mother.

OVERDOSAGE SECTION.

OVERDOSAGE Signs and Symptoms Nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, pruritus, headache, and increasing lethargy will probably occur within short time after ingestion; unconsciousness may occur when there is severe hepatic disease. Transient increases in liver enzymes and/or bilirubin may occur. Brownishred or orange discoloration of the skin, urine, sweat, saliva, tears, and feces will occur, and its intensity is proportional to the amount ingested.Liver enlargement, possibly with tenderness, can develop within few hours after severe overdosage; bilirubin levels may increase and jaundice may develop rapidly. Hepatic involvement may be more marked in patients with prior impairment of hepatic function. Other physical findings remain essentially normal. direct effect upon the hematopoietic system, electrolyte levels, or acid-base balance is unlikely.Facial or periorbital edema has also been reported in pediatric patients. Hypotension, sinus tachycardia, ventricular arrhythmias, seizures, and cardiac arrest were reported in some fatal cases.. Acute Toxicity The minimum acute lethal or toxic dose is not well established. However, nonfatal acute overdoses in adults have been reported with doses ranging from to 12 gm rifampin. Fatal acute overdoses in adults have been reported with doses ranging from 14 to 60 gm. Alcohol or history of alcohol abuse was involved in some of the fatal and nonfatal reports. Nonfatal overdoses in pediatric patients ages to years old of 100 mg/kg for one to two doses has been reported.. Treatment Intensive support measures should be instituted and individual symptoms treated as they arise. The airway should be secured and adequate respiratory exchange established. Since nausea and vomiting are likely to be present, gastric lavage within the first to hours after ingestion is probably preferable to induction of emesis. Following evacuation of the gastric contents, the instillation of activated charcoal slurry into the stomach may help absorb any remaining drug from the gastrointestinal tract. Antiemetic medication may be required to control severe nausea and vomiting.Active diuresis (with measured intake and output) will help promote excretion of the drug.For severe cases, extracorporeal hemodialysis may be required. If this is not available, peritoneal dialysis can be used along with forced diuresis.

PACKAGE LABEL.PRINCIPAL DISPLAY PANEL.

PACKAGE/LABEL PRINCIPAL DISPLAY PANEL 150 mg . 150mg-100ct.jpg.

PEDIATRIC USE SECTION.

Pediatric Use See CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY-Pediatrics; see also DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION.

PRECAUTIONS SECTION.

PRECAUTIONS General Rifampin should be used with caution in patients with history of diabetes mellitus, as diabetes management may be more difficult.Prescribing rifampin in the absence of proven or strongly suspected bacterial infection or prophylactic indication is unlikely to provide benefit to the patient and increases the risk of the development of drug-resistant bacteria.For the treatment of tuberculosis, rifampin is usually administered on daily basis. Doses of rifampin greater than 600 mg given once or twice weekly have resulted in higher incidence of adverse reactions, including the flu syndrome (fever, chills, and malaise), hematopoietic reactions (leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, or acute hemolytic anemia), cutaneous, gastrointestinal, and hepatic reactions, shortness of breath, shock, anaphylaxis, and renal failure. Recent studies indicate that regimens using twice-weekly doses of rifampin 600 mg plus isoniazid 15 mg/kg are much better tolerated.Rifampin is not recommended for intermittent therapy; the patient should be cautioned against intentional or accidental interruption of the daily dosage regimen since rare renal hypersensitivity reactions have been reported when therapy was resumed in such cases.Rifampin has enzyme induction properties that can enhance the metabolism of endogenous substrates including adrenal hormones, thyroid hormones, and vitamin D. Rifampin and isoniazid have been reported to alter vitamin metabolism. In some cases, reduced levels of circulating 25-hydroxy vitamin and 1,25-dihydroxy vitamin have been accompanied by reduced serum calcium and phosphate, and elevated parathyroid hormone.. Information for Patients Patients should be counseled that antibacterial drugs including rifampin should only be used to treat bacterial infections. They do not treat viral infections (e.g., the common cold). When rifampin is prescribed to treat bacterial infection, patients should be told that although it is common to feel better early in the course of therapy, the medication should be taken exactly as directed. Skipping doses or not completing the full course of therapy may (1) decrease the effectiveness of the immediate treatment and (2) increase the likelihood that bacteria will develop resistance and will not be treatable by rifampin or other antibacterial drugs in the future.The patient should be told that rifampin may produce discoloration (yellow, orange, red, brown) of the teeth, urine, sweat, sputum, and tears, and the patient should be forewarned of this. Soft contact lenses may be permanently stained.Rifampin is well characterized and potent inducer of drug metabolizing enzymes and transporters and might therefore decrease or increase concomitant drug exposure and impact safety and efficacy (see DRUG INTERACTIONS). Therefore, patients should be advised not to take any other medication without medical advice.The patient should be advised that the reliability of oral or other systemic hormonal contraceptives may be affected; consideration should be given to using alternative contraceptive measures.Patients should be instructed to take rifampin either hour before or hours after meal with full glass of water.Patients should be instructed to notify their physician immediately if they experience any of the following: rash with fever or blisters, with or without peeling skin, itching, or swollen lymph nodes, loss of appetite, malaise, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, darkened urine, yellowish discoloration of the skin and eyes, light-colored bowel movements, cough, shortness of breath, wheezing, and pain or swelling of the joints.Advise patients to abstain from alcohol, hepatotoxic medications or herbal products while taking rifampin.Compliance with the full course of therapy must be emphasized, and the importance of not missing any doses must be stressed.. Laboratory Tests Adults treated for tuberculosis with rifampin should have baseline measurements of hepatic enzymes, bilirubin, serum creatinine, complete blood count, and platelet count (or estimate). Baseline tests are unnecessary in pediatric patients unless complicating condition is known or clinically suspected.Patients should be seen at least monthly during therapy and should be specifically questioned concerning symptoms associated with adverse reactions. All patients with abnormalities should have follow-up, including laboratory testing, if necessary. Routine laboratory monitoring for toxicity in people with normal baseline measurements is generally not necessary.. Drug Interactions Pharmacodynamic Interactions. Healthy subjects who received rifampin 600 mg once daily concomitantly with saquinavir 1000 mg/ritonavir 100 mg twice daily (ritonavir-boosted saquinavir) developed severe hepatocellular toxicity. Therefore, concomitant use of these medications is contraindicated. (See CONTRAINDICATIONS.)When rifampin is given concomitantly with other hepatotoxic medications such as halothane or isoniazid, the potential for hepatotoxicity is increased. The concomitant use of rifampin and halothane should be avoided. Patients receiving both rifampin and isoniazid should be monitored closely for hepatotoxicity.. Effect of Rifampin on Other Drugs. Induction of Drug Metabolizing Enzymes and TransportersDrug metabolizing enzymes and transporters affected by rifampin include cytochromes P450 (CYP) 1A2, 2B6, 2C8, 2C9, 2C19, and 3A4, UDP-glucuronyltransferases (UGT), sulfotransferases, carboxylesterases, and transporters including P-glycoprotein (P-gp) and multidrug resistance-associated protein (MRP2). Most drugs are substrates for one or more of these enzyme or transporter pathways and these pathways may be induced by rifampin simultaneously. Therefore, rifampin may increase the metabolism and decrease the activity of certain coadministered drugs or increase the activity of coadministered pro-drug (where metabolic activation is required) and has the potential to perpetuate clinically important drug-drug interactions against many drugs and across many drug classes (Table 1).Table summarizes the effect of rifampin on other drugs or drug classes. Adjust dosages of concomitant drugs based on approved drug labeling and if applicable, therapeutic drug monitoring, unless otherwise specified.Table 1. Drug Interactions With Rifampin That Affect Concomitant Drug ConcentrationsDrug or Drug Class and Prevention orManagementClinical EffectAntiretroviralsPrevention or ManagementConcomitant use is contraindicated (See CONTRAINDICATIONS)AtazanavirDecrease AUC by 72%Darunavir+ Substantial decrease in exposure, which may result in loss of therapeutic effect and development of resistance.TipranavirFosamprenavir Decrease AUC by 82%SaquinavirDecrease AUC by 70% Coadministration may result in severe hepatocellular toxicityAntiretroviralsPrevention or ManagementAvoid concomitant useZidovudineDecrease AUC by 47%IndinavirDecrease AUC by 92%EfavirenzDecrease AUC by 26%Hepatitis AntiviralPrevention or ManagementAvoid concomitant useDaclatasvirDecrease AUC by 79%SimeprevirDecrease AUC by 48%Sofosbuvir+ Decrease AUC by 72% Coadministration of sofosbuvir with rifampin, may decrease sofosbuvir plasma concentrations, leading to reduced therapeutic effect of sofosbuvir.TelaprevirDecrease AUC by 92%Systemic Hormonal ContraceptivesPrevention or ManagementAdvise patients to change to non-hormonal methods of birth control during rifampin therapy EstrogensDecrease exposureProgestinsAnticonvulsantsPhenytoin Decrease exposure AntiarrhythmicsDisopyramideDecrease exposureMexiletineDecrease exposureQuinidineDecrease exposurePropafenoneDecrease AUC by 50% to 67%TocainideDecrease exposureAntiestrogensTamoxifenDecrease AUC by 86%ToremifeneDecrease steady state concentrations of toremifene in serumAntithrombotic AgentsClopidogrelPrevention or ManagementConcomitant use of clopidogrel andrifampin should be discouragedIncrease active metabolite exposureand risk of bleedingTicagrelorPrevention or ManagementAvoid useDecrease exposureAntipsychoticsHaloperidolDecrease plasma concentrations by 70%Oral AnticoagulantsPrevention or ManagementPerform prothrombin time daily or as frequently as necessary to establish and maintain the required dose of anticoagulantWarfarinDecrease exposureAntifungalsFluconazoleDecrease AUC by 23%ItraconazolePrevention or ManagementNot recommended weeks before andduring itraconazole treatmentDecrease exposureKetoconazoleDecrease exposureBeta-blockersMetoprololDecrease exposurePropranololDecrease exposureBenzodiazepinesDiazepam, Decrease exposureBenzodiazepine-Related DrugsZopicloneDecrease AUC by 82%ZolpidemDecrease AUC by 73%Calcium Channel Blockers DiltiazemDecrease exposureNifedipine Decrease exposureVerapamilDecrease exposureCorticosteroidsTH PrednisoloneDecrease exposureCardiac GlycosidesDigoxinPrevention or ManagementMeasure serum digoxin concentrations before initiating rifampin. Continue monitoring and increase digoxin dose by approximately 20% to 40% as necessary.Decrease exposureDigitoxinDecrease exposureFluoroquinolonesPefloxacinss Decrease exposureMoxifloxacin, Decrease exposureOral Hypoglycemic Agents (e.g. sulfonylureas)GlyburideDecrease exposure Rifampin may worsen glucose control of glyburideGlipizideDecrease exposureImmunosuppressive AgentsCyclosporineDecrease exposureTacrolimusPrevention or Management Monitoring of whole blood concentrations and appropriate dosage adjustments of tacrolimus are recommended when rifampin and tacrolimus are used concomitantly.Decrease AUC by 56%Narcotic AnalgesicsOxycodoneDecrease AUC by 86%MorphineDecrease exposureSelective 5-HT3 Receptor AntagonistsOndansetronDecrease exposureStatins Metabolized by CYP3A4SimvastatinDecrease exposureThiazolidinedionesRosiglitazoneDecrease AUC by 66%Tricyclic AntidepressantsNortriptylinea Decrease exposureOther DrugsEnalaprilDecrease active metabolite exposureChloramphenicole Decrease exposureClarithromycinDecrease exposureDapsoneDecrease exposureDoxycyclineo Decrease exposureIrinotecanO Prevention or ManagementAvoid the use of rifampin, strong CYP3A4 inducer, if possible. Substitute non-enzyme inducing therapies at least weeks prior to initiation of irinotecan therapyDecrease irinotecan and active metabolite exposureLevothyroxineDecrease exposureLosartanParentDecrease AUC by 30%Activemetabolite(E3174)Decrease AUC by 40%MethadoneIn patients well-stabilized on methadone, concomitant administration of rifampin resulted in marked reduction in serum methadone levels and concurrent appearance of withdrawal symptoms.PraziquantelPrevention or ManagementConcomitant use is contraindicated (See CONTRAINDICATIONS)Decrease plasma praziquantel concentrations to undetectable levels.QuininePrevention or ManagementAvoid concomitant useDecrease AUC by 75% to 85%TelithromycinDecrease AUC by 86%TheophyllineDecrease exposure by 20% to 40%Administered with rifampin 600 mg daily, unless otherwise specified+Rifampin dosage used concomitantly with the drug(s) is not specified in the proposed package insert.Administered with rifampin 300 mg dailyAdministered with rifampin 450 mg dailyAdministered with rifampin 1200 mg daily Rifampin 1200 mg administered as single oral dose hours before administering single oral dose of nifedipine 10 mg THNumerous cases in the literature describe decrease in glucocorticoid effect when used concomitantly with rifampin. The literature contains reports of acute adrenal crisis or adrenal insufficiency induced by the combination of rifampin-isoniazid-ethambutol or rifampin-isoniazid in patients with Addisons diseasessAdministered with rifampin 900 mg daily aA tuberculosis treatment regimen including rifampin (600 mg/day) isoniazid (300 mg/day), pyrazinamide (500 mg x per day), and the pyridoxine (25 mg) was associated with higher than expected doses of nortriptyline were required to obtain therapeutic drug level. Following the discontinuation of rifampin, the patient became drowsy and the serum nortriptyline levels rose precipitously (3-fold) into the toxic range.eConcomitant use with rifampin in childrenoAdministered with rifampin (10 mg/kg daily) OAdministered with an antibiotic regimen including rifampin (450 mg/day), isoniazid (300 mg/day), and streptomycin (0.5 g/day) IMAUC area under the time-concentration curve. Rifampin 1200 mg administered as single oral dose hours before administering single oral dose of nifedipine 10 mg. THNumerous cases in the literature describe decrease in glucocorticoid effect when used concomitantly with rifampin. The literature contains reports of acute adrenal crisis or adrenal insufficiency induced by the combination of rifampin-isoniazid-ethambutol or rifampin-isoniazid in patients with Addisons disease. aA tuberculosis treatment regimen including rifampin (600 mg/day) isoniazid (300 mg/day), pyrazinamide (500 mg x per day), and the pyridoxine (25 mg) was associated with higher than expected doses of nortriptyline were required to obtain therapeutic drug level. Following the discontinuation of rifampin, the patient became drowsy and the serum nortriptyline levels rose precipitously (3-fold) into the toxic range.. OAdministered with an antibiotic regimen including rifampin (450 mg/day), isoniazid (300 mg/day), and streptomycin (0.5 g/day) IM. Effect of Other Drugs on Rifampin. Concomitant antacid administration may reduce the absorption of rifampin. Daily doses of rifampin should be given at least hour before the ingestion of antacids.Concomitant use with probenecid and cotrimoxazole increases the concentration of rifampin which may increase the risk of rifampin toxicities. Monitor for adverse reactions associated with rifampin during coadministration.. Other Interactions. AtovaquoneConcomitant use of rifampin with atovaquone decrease concentrations of atovaquone and increase concentrations of rifampin which may increase the risk of rifampin toxicities. Coadministration of rifampin with atovaquone is not recommended.. Drug/Laboratory Interactions Cross-reactivity and false-positive urine screening tests for opiates have been reported in patients receiving rifampin when using the KIMS (Kinetic Interaction of Microparticles in Solution) method (e.g., Abuscreen OnLine opiates assay; Roche Diagnostic Systems). Confirmatory tests, such as gas chromatography/mass spectrometry, will distinguish rifampin from opiates.Therapeutic levels of rifampin have been shown to inhibit standard microbiological assays for serum folate and vitamin B12. Thus, alternate assay methods should be considered. Transient abnormalities in liver function tests (e.g., elevation in serum bilirubin, alkaline phosphatase, and serum transaminases) and reduced biliary excretion of contrast media used for visualization of the gallbladder have also been observed. Therefore, these tests should be performed before the morning dose of rifampin.. Carcinogenesis, Mutagenesis, Impairment of Fertility A few cases of accelerated growth of lung carcinoma have been reported in man, but causal relationship with the drug has not been established. Hepatomas were increased in female (C3Hf/DP) mice dosed for 60 weeks with rifampin followed by an observation period of 46 weeks, at 20 to 120 mg/kg (equivalent to 0.1 to 0.5 times the maximum dosage used clinically, based on body surface area comparisons). There was no evidence of tumorigenicity in male C3Hf/DP mice or in similar studies in BALB/c mice, or in two year studies in Wistar rats.There was no evidence of mutagenicity in both prokaryotic (Salmonella typhi, Escherichia coli and eukaryotic (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) bacteria, Drosophila melanogaster, or ICR/Ha Swiss mice. An increase in chromatid breaks was noted when whole blood cell cultures were treated with rifampin. Increased frequency of chromosomal aberrations was observed in vitro in lymphocytes obtained from patients treated with combinations of rifampin, isoniazid, and pyrazinamide and combinations of streptomycin, rifampin, isoniazid, and pyrazinamide.. Pregnancy-Teratogenic Effects. Rifampin has been shown to be teratogenic in rodents. Congenital malformations, primarily spina bifida, were increased in the offspring of pregnant rats given rifampin during organogenesis at oral doses of 150 to 250 mg/kg/day (about to times the maximum recommended human dose based on body surface area comparisons). Cleft palate was increased in dose-dependent fashion in fetuses of pregnant mice treated at oral doses of 50 to 200 mg/kg (about 0.2 to 0.8 times the maximum recommended human dose based on body surface area comparisons). Imperfect osteogenesis and embryotoxicity were also reported in pregnant rabbits given rifampin at oral doses up to 200 mg/kg/day (about times the maximum recommended human dose based on body surface area comparisons). There are no adequate and well-controlled studies of rifampin in pregnant women. Rifampin has been reported to cross the placental barrier and appear in cord blood. Rifampin should be used during pregnancy only if the potential benefit justifies the potential risk to the fetus.. Pregnancy-Non-Teratogenic Effects When administered during the last few weeks of pregnancy, rifampin can cause postnatal hemorrhages in the mother and infant for which treatment with vitamin may be indicated.. Nursing Mothers. Because of the potential for tumorigenicity shown for rifampin in animal studies, decision should be made whether to discontinue nursing or discontinue the drug, taking into account the importance of the drug to the mother.. Pediatric Use See CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY-Pediatrics; see also DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION.. Geriatric Use Clinical studies of rifampin did not include sufficient numbers of subjects aged 65 and over to determine whether they respond differently from younger subjects. Other reported clinical experience has not identified differences in responses between the elderly and younger patients. Caution should therefore be observed in using rifampin in elderly patients. (See WARNINGS).

PREGNANCY SECTION.

Pregnancy-Teratogenic Effects. Rifampin has been shown to be teratogenic in rodents. Congenital malformations, primarily spina bifida, were increased in the offspring of pregnant rats given rifampin during organogenesis at oral doses of 150 to 250 mg/kg/day (about to times the maximum recommended human dose based on body surface area comparisons). Cleft palate was increased in dose-dependent fashion in fetuses of pregnant mice treated at oral doses of 50 to 200 mg/kg (about 0.2 to 0.8 times the maximum recommended human dose based on body surface area comparisons). Imperfect osteogenesis and embryotoxicity were also reported in pregnant rabbits given rifampin at oral doses up to 200 mg/kg/day (about times the maximum recommended human dose based on body surface area comparisons). There are no adequate and well-controlled studies of rifampin in pregnant women. Rifampin has been reported to cross the placental barrier and appear in cord blood. Rifampin should be used during pregnancy only if the potential benefit justifies the potential risk to the fetus.

SPL UNCLASSIFIED SECTION.

Oral Administration Rifampin is readily absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract. Peak serum concentrations in healthy adults and pediatric populations vary widely from individual to individual. Following single 600 mg oral dose of rifampin in healthy adults, the peak serum concentration averages mcg/mL but may vary from to 32 mcg/mL. Absorption of rifampin is reduced by about 30% when the drug is ingested with food.Rifampin is widely distributed throughout the body. It is present in effective concentrations in many organs and body fluids, including cerebrospinal fluid. Rifampin is about 80% protein bound. Most of the unbound fraction is not ionized and, therefore, diffuses freely into tissues.In healthy adults, the mean biological half-life of rifampin in serum averages 3.35+-0.66 hours after 600 mg oral dose, with increases up to 5.08+-2.45 hours reported after 900 mg dose. With repeated administration, the half-life decreases and reaches average values of approximately to hours. The half-life does not differ in patients with renal failure at doses not exceeding 600 mg daily, and, consequently, no dosage adjustment is required. The half-life of rifampin at dose of 720 mg daily has not been established in patients with renal failure. Following single 900 mg oral dose of rifampin in patients with varying degrees of renal insufficiency, the mean half-life increased from 3.6 hours in healthy adults to 5.0, 7.3, and 11.0 hours in patients with glomerular filtration rates of 30 to 50 mL/min, less than 30 mL/min, and in anuric patients, respectively. Refer to the WARNINGS section for information regarding patients with hepatic insufficiency.After absorption, rifampin is rapidly eliminated in the bile, and an enterohepatic circulation ensues. During this process, rifampin undergoes progressive deacetylation so that nearly all the drug in the bile is in this form in about hours. This metabolite has antibacterial activity. Intestinal reabsorption is reduced by deacetylation, and elimination is facilitated. Up to 30% of dose is excreted in the urine, with about half of this being unchanged drug.

WARNINGS SECTION.

WARNINGS Hepatotoxicity of hepatocellular, cholestatic, and mixed patterns has been reported in patients treated with rifampin. Severity ranged from asymptomatic elevations in liver enzymes, isolated jaundice/hyperbilirubinemia, symptomatic self-limited hepatitis to fulminant liver failure and death. Severe hepatic dysfunction including fatalities were reported in patients with liver disease and in patients taking rifampin with other hepatotoxic agents.Monitor for symptoms and clinical/laboratory signs of liver injury, especially if treatment is prolonged or given with other hepatotoxic drugs. Patients with impaired liver function should be given rifampin only in cases of necessity and then under strict medical supervision. In these patients, careful monitoring of liver function should be done prior to therapy and then every to weeks during therapy. If signs of hepatic damage occur or worsen, discontinue rifampin.Rifampin has enzyme-inducing properties, including induction of delta amino levulinic acid synthetase. Isolated reports have associated porphyria exacerbation with rifampin administration.The possibility of rapid emergence of resistant meningococci restricts the use of rifampin to short-term treatment of the asymptomatic carrier state. Rifampin is not to be used for the treatment of meningococcal disease.Systemic hypersensitivity reactions were reported with rifampin administration. Signs and symptoms of hypersensitivity reactions may include fever, rash, urticaria, angioedema, hypotension, acute bronchospasm, conjunctivitis, thrombocytopenia, neutropenia, elevated liver transaminases or flu-like syndrome (weakness, fatigue, muscle pain, nausea, vomiting, headache, chills, aches, itching, sweats, dizziness, shortness of breath, chest pain, cough, syncope, palpitations). Manifestations of hypersensitivity, such as fever, lymphadenopathy or laboratory abnormalities (including eosinophilia, liver abnormalities) may be present even though rash is not evident. Monitor patients receiving rifampin for signs and/or symptoms of hypersensitivity reactions. If these signs or symptoms occur, discontinue rifampin and administer supportive measures.Cases of severe cutaneous adverse reactions (SCAR) such as Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS), toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN), acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis (AGEP), and drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS) syndrome have been reported with rifampin. If symptoms or signs of severe cutaneous adverse reactions develop, discontinue rifampin immediately and institute appropriate therapy.Rifampin may cause vitamin K-dependent coagulation disorders and bleeding (see ADVERSE REACTIONS). Monitor coagulation tests during rifampin treatment (prothrombin time and other coagulation tests) in patients at risk of vitamin deficiency (such as those with chronic liver disease, poor nutritional status, on prolonged antibacterial drugs or anticoagulants). Consider discontinuation of rifampin if abnormal coagulation tests and/or bleeding occur. Supplemental vitamin administration should be considered when appropriate.Postmarketing reports suggest that concomitant administration of high doses of cefazolin and rifampin may prolong the prothrombin time, leading to severe vitamin K-dependent coagulation disorders that may be life-threatening or fatal. Avoid concomitant use of cefazolin and rifampin in patients at increased risk for bleeding. If no alternative treatment options are available, closely monitor prothrombin time and other coagulation tests, and administer vitamin as indicated.