ADVERSE REACTIONS SECTION.

ADVERSE REACTIONS. Quinidine preparations have been used for many years, but there are only sparse data from which to estimate the incidence of various adverse reactions. The adverse reactions most frequently reported have consistently been gastrointestinal, including diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, and heartburn/esophagitis. In one study of 245 adult outpatients who received quinidine to suppress premature ventricular contractions, the incidences of reported adverse experiences were as shown in the table below. The most serious quinidine-associated adverse reactions are described above under WARNINGS Adverse Experiences in 245-Patient PVC Trial Incidence (%) diarrhea 85 (35) upper gastrointestinal distress 55 (22) lightheadedness 37 (15) headache 18 (7) fatigue 17 (7) palpitations 16 (7) angina-like pain 14 (6) weakness 13 (5) rash 11 (5) visual problems (3) change in sleep habits (3) tremor (2) nervousness (2) discoordination (1)Vomiting and diarrhea can occur as isolated reactions to therapeutic levels of quinidine, but they may also be the first signs of a syndrome that may also include tinnitus, reversible high-frequency hearing loss, deafness, vertigo, blurred vision, diplopia, photophobia, headache, confusion, and delirium. Cinchonism is most often sign of chronic quinidine toxicity, but it may appear in sensitive patients after single moderate dose. cinchonism few cases of including granulomatous hepatitis, have been reported in patients receiving quinidine. All of these have appeared during the first few weeks of therapy, and most (not all) have remitted once quinidine was withdrawn. hepatotoxicity associated with quinidine therapy have included fever, urticaria, flushing, exfoliative rash, bronchospasm, psoriaform rash, pruritus and lymphadenopathy, hemolytic anemia, vasculitis, pneumonitis, thrombocytopenic purpura, uveitis, angioedema, agranulocytosis, the sicca syndrome, arthralgia, myalgia, elevation in serum levels of skeletal-muscle enzymes, and disorder resembling systemic lupus erythematosus. Autoimmune and inflammatory syndromes Convulsions, apprehension, and ataxia have been reported, but it is not clear that these were not simply the results of hypotension and consequent cerebral hypoperfusion. There are many reports of syncope. Acute psychotic reactions have been reported to follow the first dose of quinidine, but these reactions appear to be extremely rare.Other adverse reactions occasionally reported include depression, mydriasis, disturbed color perception, night blindness, scotomata, optic neuritis, visual field loss, photosensitivity, and abnormalities of pigmentation.

CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY SECTION.

CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY. Pharmacokinetics and Metabolism. The absolute bioavailability of quinidine from quinidine sulfate tablets is about 70%, but this varies widely (45 to 100%) between patients. The less-than-complete bioavailability is the result of first-pass metabolism in the liver. Peak serum levels generally appear about hours after dosing; the rate of absorption is somewhat slowed when the drug is taken with food, but the extent of absorption is not changed.The of quinidine is to L/kg in healthy young adults, but this may be reduced to as little as 0.5 L/kg in patients with congestive heart failure, or increased to to L/kg in patients with cirrhosis of the liver. At concentrations of to mg/L (6.5 to 16.2 umol/L), the fraction of quinidine bound to plasma proteins (mainly to -acid glycoprotein and to albumin) is 80 to 88% in adults and older children, but it is lower in pregnant women, and in infants and neonates it may be as low as 50 to 70%. Because -acid glycoprotein levels are increased in response to stress, serum levels of total quinidine may be greatly increased in settings such as acute myocardial infarction, even though the serum content of unbound (active) drug may remain normal. Protein binding is also increased in chronic renal failure, but binding abruptly descends toward or below normal when heparin is administered for hemodialysis. volume of distribution 1 Quinidine typically proceeds at to mL/min/kg in adults, but clearance in children may be twice or three times as rapid. The elimination half-life is to hours in adults and to hours in children. Quinidine clearance is unaffected by hepatic cirrhosis, so the increased volume of distribution seen in cirrhosis leads to proportionate increase in the elimination half-life. clearance Most quinidine is eliminated hepatically via the action of cytochrome P450IIIA4; there are several different hydroxylated metabolites, and some of these have antiarrhythmic activity.The most important of quinidines metabolites is 3-hydroxyquinidine (3HQ), serum levels of which can exceed those of quinidine in patients receiving conventional doses of quinidine sulfate. The volume of distribution of 3HQ appears to be larger than that of quinidine, and the elimination half-life of 3HQ is about 12 hours.As measured by antiarrhythmic effects in animals, by QT prolongation in human volunteers, or by various techniques, 3HQ has at least half the antiarrhythmic activity of the parent compound, so it may be responsible for substantial fraction of the effect of quinidine sulfate in chronic use. in vitro When the urine pH is less than 7, about 20% of administered quinidine appears unchanged in the urine, but this fraction drops to as little as 5% when the urine is more alkaline. Renal clearance involves both glomerular filtration and active tubular secretion, moderated by (pH-dependent) tubular reabsorption. The net renal clearance is about mL/min/kg in healthy adults. When renal function is taken into account, quinidine clearance is apparently independent of patient age.of serum quinidine levels are widely available, but the results of modern assays may not be consistent with results cited in the older medical literature. The serum levels of quinidine cited in this package insert are those derived from specific assays, using either benzene extraction or (preferably) reverse-phase high-pressure liquid chromatography. In matched samples, older assays might unpredictably have given results that were as much as two or three times higher. typical therapeutic concentration range is to mg/L (6.2 to 18.5 umol/L). Assays Mechanisms of Action. In patients with malaria, quinidine acts primarily as an intra-erythrocytic schizonticide, with little effect upon sporozites or upon pre-erythrocytic parasites. Quinidine is gametocidal to and but not to Plasmodium vivax P. malariae, P. falciparum. In cardiac muscle and in Purkinje fibers, quinidine depresses the rapid inward depolarizing sodium current, thereby slowing phase-0 depolarization and reducing the amplitude of the action potential without affecting the resting potential. In normal Purkinje fibers, it reduces the slope of phase-4 depolarization, shifting the threshold voltage upward toward zero. The result is slowed conduction and reduced automaticity in all parts of the heart, with increase of the effective refractory period relative to the duration of the action potential in the atria, ventricles, and Purkinje tissues. Quinidine also raises the fibrillation thresholds of the atria and ventricles, and it raises the ventricular fibrillation threshold as well. Quinidines actions fall into class 1A in the Vaughan-Williams classification. de By slowing conduction and prolonging the effective refractory period, quinidine can interrupt or prevent reentrant arrhythmias and arrhythmias due to increased automaticity, including atrial flutter, atrial fibrillation, and paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia.In patients with the sick sinus syndrome, quinidine can cause marked sinus node depression and bradycardia. In most patients, however, use of quinidine is associated with an increase in the sinus rate.Quinidine prolongs the QT interval in dose-related fashion. This may lead to increased ventricular automaticity and polymorphic ventricular tachycardias, including (see ). torsades de pointes WARNINGS In addition, quinidine has anticholinergic activity, it has negative inotropic activity, and it acts peripherally as an -adrenergic antagonist (that is, as vasodilator).. Clinical Effects. In six clinical trials (published between 1970 and 1984) with total of 808 patients, quinidine (418 patients) was compared to nontreatment (258 patients) or placebo (132 patients) for the maintenance of sinus rhythm after cardioversion from chronic atrial fibrillation. Quinidine was consistently more efficacious in maintaining sinus rhythm, but meta-analysis found that mortality in the quinidine-exposed patients (2.9%) was significantly greater than mortality in the patients who had not been treated with active drug (0.8%). Suppression of atrial fibrillation with quinidine has theoretical patient benefits improved exercise tolerance; reduction in hospitalization for cardioversion; lack of arrhythmia-related palpitations, dyspnea, and chest pain; reduced incidence of systemic embolism and/or stroke), but these benefits have never been demonstrated in clinical trials. Some of these benefits reduction in stroke incidence) may be achievable by other means (anticoagulation). Maintenance of sinus rhythm after conversion from atrial fibrillation: e.g., e.g., By slowing the rate of atrial flutter/fibrillation, quinidine can decrease the degree of atrioventricular block and cause an increase, sometimes marked, in the rate at which supraventricular impulses are successfully conducted by the atrioventricular node, with resultant paradoxical increase in ventricular rate (see ). In studies of patients with variety of ventricular arrhythmias (mainly frequent ventricular premature beats and non-sustained ventricular tachycardia), quinidine (total N=502) has been compared to flecainide (N=141), mexiletine (N=246), propafenone (N=53), and tocainide (N=67). In each of these studies, the mortality in the quinidine group was numerically greater than the mortality in the comparator group. When the studies were combined in meta-analysis, quinidine was associated with statistically significant threefold relative risk of death. WARNINGS Non-life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias: At therapeutic doses, quinidines only consistent effect upon the surface electrocardiogram is an increase in the QT interval. This prolongation can be monitored as guide to safety, and it may provide better guidance than serum drug levels (see ). WARNINGS.

DOSAGE & ADMINISTRATION SECTION.

DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION. Treatment of P. falciparum malaria. Quinidine sulfate tablets are used in one of the approved regimens for the treatment of life-threatening malaria. The central component of the regimen is Quinidine Gluconate Injection, and the regimen is described in the package insert of Quinidine Gluconate Injection. P. falciparum Conversion of atrial fibrillation/flutter to sinus rhythm. Especially in patients with known structural heart disease or other risk factors for toxicity, initiation or dose-adjustment of treatment with quinidine sulfate should generally be performed in setting where facilities and personnel for monitoring and resuscitation are continuously available. Patients with symptomatic atrial fibrillation/flutter should be treated with quinidine sulfate only after ventricular rate control with digitalis or ss-blockers) has failed to provide satisfactory control of symptoms. e.g., Adequate trials have not identified an optimal regimen of quinidine sulfate for conversion of atrial fibrillation/flutter to sinus rhythm. In one reported regimen, the patient first receives two tablets (400 mg; 332 mg of quinidine base) of quinidine sulfate every six hours. If this regimen has not resulted in conversion after or doses, then the dose is cautiously increased. If, at any point during administration, the QRS complex widens to 130% of its pre-treatment duration; the QT interval widens to 130% of its pre-treatment duration and is then longer than 500 ms; waves disappear; or the patient develops significant tachycardia, symptomatic bradycardia, or hypotension, then quinidine sulfate is discontinued, and other means of conversion direct-current cardioversion) are considered. e.g., Reduction of frequency of release into atrial fibrillation/flutter. In patient with history of frequent symptomatic episodes of atrial fibrillation/flutter, the goal of therapy with quinidine sulfate should be an increase in the average time between episodes. In most patients, the tachyarrhythmia during therapy with quinidine sulfate, and single recurrence should not be interpreted as therapeutic failure. will recur Especially in patients with known structural heart disease or other risk factors for toxicity, initiation or dose-adjustment of treatment with quinidine sulfate should generally be performed in setting where facilities and personnel for monitoring and resuscitation are continuously available. Monitoring should be continued for two or three days after initiation of the regimen on which the patient will be discharged.Therapy with quinidine sulfate should be begun with 200 mg (equivalent to 166 mg of quinidine base) every six hours. If this regimen is well tolerated, if the serum quinidine level is still well within the laboratorys therapeutic range, and if the average time between arrhythmic episodes has not been satisfactorily increased, then the dose may be cautiously raised. The total daily dosage should be reduced if the QRS complex widens to 130% of its pre-treatment duration; the QT interval widens to 130% of its pre-treatment duration and is then longer than 500 ms; waves disappear; or the patient develops significant tachycardia, symptomatic bradycardia, or hypotension. . Suppression of ventricular arrhythmias. Dosing regimens for the use of quinidine sulfate in suppressing life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias have not been adequately studied. Described regimens have generally been similar to the regimen described just above for the prophylaxis of symptomatic atrial fibrillation/flutter. Where possible, therapy should be guided by the results of programmed electrical stimulation and/or Holter monitoring with exercise.

INDICATIONS & USAGE SECTION.

INDICATIONS AND USAGE. Conversion of atrial fibrillation/flutter. In patients with symptomatic atrial fibrillation/flutter whose symptoms are not adequately controlled by measures that reduce the rate of ventricular response, quinidine sulfate is indicated as means of restoring normal sinus rhythm. If this use of quinidine sulfate does not restore sinus rhythm within reasonable time (see ), then quinidine sulfate should be discontinued. DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION Reduction of frequency of relapse into atrial fibrillation/flutter. Chronic therapy with quinidine sulfate is indicated for some patients at high risk of symptomatic atrial fibrillation/flutter, generally patients who have had previous episodes of atrial fibrillation/flutter that were so frequent and poorly tolerated as to outweigh, in the judgment of the physician and the patient, the risks of prophylactic therapy with quinidine sulfate. The increased risk of death should specifically be considered. Quinidine sulfate should be used only after alternative measures use of other drugs to control the ventricular rate) have been found to be inadequate. e.g., In patients with histories of frequent symptomatic episodes of atrial fibrillation/flutter, the goal of therapy should be an increase in the average time between episodes. In most patients, the tachyarrhythmia during therapy, and single recurrence should not be interpreted as therapeutic failure. will recur Suppression of ventricular arrhythmias. Quinidine sulfate is also indicated for the suppression of recurrent documented ventricular arrhythmias, such as sustained ventricular tachycardia, that in the judgment of the physician are life-threatening. Because of the proarrhythmic effects of quinidine, its use with ventricular arrhythmias of lesser severity is generally not recommended, and treatment of patients with asymptomatic ventricular premature contractions should be avoided. Where possible, therapy should be guided by the results of programmed electrical stimulation and/or Holter monitoring with exercise.Antiarrhythmic drugs (including quinidine sulfate) have not been shown to enhance survival in patients with ventricular arrhythmias.. Treatment of malaria. Quinidine sulfate is also indicated in the treatment of life-threatening malaria. Plasmodium falciparum.

OVERDOSAGE SECTION.

OVERDOSAGE. Overdoses with various oral formulations of quinidine have been well described. Death has been described after 5-gram ingestion by toddler, while an adolescent was reported to survive after ingesting grams of quinidine.The most important ill effects of acute quinidine overdoses are ventricular arrhythmias and hypotension. Other signs and symptoms of overdose may include vomiting, diarrhea, tinnitus, high-frequency hearing loss, vertigo, blurred vision, diplopia, photophobia, headache, confusion, and delirium.. Arrhythmias. Serum quinidine levels can be conveniently assayed and monitored, but the electrocardiographic QT interval is better predictor of quinidine-induced ventricular arrhythmias. The necessary treatment of hemodynamically unstable polymorphic ventricular tachycardia (including is withdrawal of treatment with quinidine and either immediate cardioversion or, if cardiac pacemaker is in place or immediately available, immediate overdrive pacing. After pacing or cardioversion, further management must be guided by the length of the QT interval. torsades de pointes Quinidine-associated ventricular tachyarrhythmias with normal underlying QT intervals have not been adequately studied. Because of the theoretical possibility of QT-prolonging effects that might be additive to those of quinidine, other antiarrhythmics with Class (disopyramide, procainamide) or Class III activities should (if possible) be avoided. Similarly, although the use of bretylium in quinidine overdose has not been reported, it is reasonable to expect that the -blocking properties of bretylium might be additive to those of quinidine, resulting in problematic hypotension. If the post-cardioversion QT interval is prolonged, then the pre-cardioversion polymorphic ventricular tachyarrhythmia was (by definition) In this case, lidocaine and bretylium are unlikely to be of value, and other Class antiarrhythmics (disopyramide, procainamide) are likely to exacerbate the situation. Factors contributing to QT prolongation (especially hypokalemia, hypomagnesemia, and hypocalcemia) should be sought out and (if possible) aggressively corrected. Prevention of recurrent may require sustained overdrive pacing or the cautious administration of isoproterenol (30 to 150 ng/kg/min). torsades de pointes. torsades Hypotension. Quinidine-induced hypotension that is not due to an arrhythmia is likely to be consequence of quinidine-related -blockade and vasorelaxation. Simple repletion of central volume (Trendelenburg positioning, saline infusion) may be sufficient therapy; other interventions reported to have been beneficial in this setting are those that increase peripheral vascular resistance, including -agonist catecholamines (norepinephrine, metaraminol) and the Military Anti-Shock Trousers.. Treatment. To obtain up-to-date information about the treatment of overdose, good resource is your certified Regional Poison-Control Center. Telephone numbers of certified poison-control centers are listed in the In managing overdose, consider the possibilities of multiple-drug overdoses, drug-drug interactions, and unusual drug kinetics in your patient. Physicians Desk Reference (PDR). Accelerated removal. Adequate studies of orally-administered activated charcoal in human overdoses of quinidine have not been reported, but there are animal data showing significant enhancement of systemic elimination following this intervention, and there is at least one human case report in which the elimination half-life of quinidine in the serum was apparently shortened by repeated gastric lavage. Activated charcoal should be avoided if an ileus is present; the conventional dose is gram/kg, administered every to hours as slurry with mL/kg of tap water. Although renal elimination of quinidine might theoretically be accelerated by maneuvers to acidify the urine, such maneuvers are potentially hazardous and of no demonstrated benefit.Quinidine is not usefully removed from the circulation by dialysis.Following quinidine overdose, drugs that delay elimination of quinidine (cimetidine, carbonic-anhydrase inhibitors, thiazide diuretics) should be withdrawn unless absolutely required.

PRECAUTIONS SECTION.

PRECAUTIONS. Heart Block. In patients without implanted pacemakers who are at high risk of complete atrioventricular block those with digitalis intoxication, second-degree atrioventricular block, or severe intraventricular conduction defects), quinidine should be used only with caution. e.g., Drug Interactions. Drugs that alkalinize the urine ) reduce renal elimination of quinidine. Altered pharmacokinetics of quinidine: carbonic-anhydrase inhibitors, sodium bicarbonate, thiazide diuretics By pharmacokinetic mechanisms that are not well understood, quinidine levels are increased by coadministration of or Very rarely, and again by mechanisms not understood, quinidine levels are decreased by coadministration of amiodarone cimetidine nifedipine Hepatic elimination of quinidine may be accelerated by coadministration of drugs ) that induce production of cytochrome P450IIIA4. phenobarbital, phenytoin, rifampin Perhaps because of competition for the P450IIIA4 metabolic pathway, quinidine levels rise when is coadministered. ketaconazole Coadministration of usually does not affect quinidine pharmacokinetics, but in some studies the ss-blocker appeared to cause increases in the peak serum levels of quinidine, decreases in quinidines volume of distribution, and decreases in total quinidine clearance. The effects (if any) of coadministration of on quinidine pharmacokinetics have not been adequately studied. propranolol other ss-blockers Hepatic clearance of quinidine is significantly reduced during coadministration of with corresponding increases in serum levels and half-life. verapamil Quinidine slows the elimination of and simultaneously reduces digoxins apparent volume of distribution. As result, serum digoxin levels may be as much as doubled. When quinidine and digoxin are coadministered, digoxin doses usually need to be reduced. Serum levels of are also raised when quinidine is coadministered, although the effect appears to be smaller. Altered pharmacokinetics of other drugs: digoxin digitoxin By mechanism that is not understood, quinidine potentiates the anticoagulatory action of and the anticoagulant dosage may need to be reduced. warfarin Cytochrome P450IID6 is an enzyme critical to the metabolism of many drugs, notably including some and most Constitutional deficiency of cytochrome P450IID6 is found in less than 1% of Orientals, in about 2% of American blacks, and in about 8% of American whites. Testing with debrisoquine is sometimes used to distinguish the P450IID6-deficient poor metabolizers from the majority-phenotype extensive metabolizers. mexiletine phenothiazines polycyclic antidepressants. When drugs whose metabolism is P450IID6-dependent are given to poor metabolizers, the serum levels achieved are higher, sometimes much higher, than the serum levels achieved when identical doses are given to extensive metabolizers. To obtain similar clinical benefit without toxicity, doses given to poor metabolizers may need to be greatly reduced. In the cases of prodrugs whose actions are actually mediated by P450IID6-produced metabolites (for example, and whose analgesic and antitussive effects appear to be mediated by morphine and hydromorphone, respectively), it may not be possible to achieve the desired clinical benefits in poor metabolizers. codeine hydrocodone Quinidine is not metabolized by cytochrome P450IID6, but therapeutic serum levels of quinidine inhibit the action of cytochrome P450IID6, effectively converting extensive metabolizers into poor metabolizers. Caution must be exercised whenever quinidine is prescribed together with drugs metabolized by cytochrome P450IID6.Perhaps by competing for pathways of renal clearance, coadministration of quinidine causes an increase in serum levels of procainamide Serum levels of are increased when quinidine is coadministered. haloperidol Presumably because both drugs are metabolized by cytochrome P450IIIA4, coadministration of quinidine causes variable slowing of the metabolism of Interactions with other dihydropyridine calcium-channel blockers have not been reported, but these agents (including , and are all dependent upon P450IIIA4 for metabolism, so similar interactions with quinidine should be anticipated. nifedipine felodipine nicardipine nimodipine Quinidines anticholinergic, vasodilating, and negative inotropic actions may be additive to those of other drugs with these effects, and antagonistic to those of drugs with cholinergic, vasoconstricting, and positive inotropic effects. For example, when quinidine and are coadministered in doses that are each well tolerated as monotherapy, hypotension attributable to additive peripheral -blockade is sometimes reported. Altered pharmacodynamics of other drugs: verapamil Quinidine potentiates the actions of depolarizing (succinylcholine, decamethonium) and nondepolarizing -tubocurarine, pancuronium) These phenomena are not well understood, but they are observed in animal models as well as in humans. In addition, addition of quinidine to the serum of pregnant women reduces the activity of pseudocholinesterase, an enzyme that is essential to the metabolism of succinylcholine. neuromuscular blocking agents in vitro Quinidine has no clinically significant effect on the pharmacokinetics of or Non-interactions of quinidine with other drugs: diltiazem, flecainide, mephenytoin, metoprolol, propafenone, propranolol, quinine, timolol, tocainide. Conversely, the pharmacokinetics of quinidine are not significantly affected by or Quinidines pharmacokinetics are also unaffected by cigarette smoking. caffeine, ciprofloxacin, digoxin, diltiazem, felodipine, omeprazole, quinine. Information for patients. Before prescribing quinidine sulfate as prophylaxis against recurrence of atrial fibrillation, the physician should inform the patient of the risks and benefits to be expected (see ). Discussion should include the facts: CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY that the goal of therapy will be reduction (probably not to zero) in the frequency of episodes of atrial fibrillation; andthat reduced frequency of fibrillatory episodes may be expected, if achieved, to bring symptomatic benefit; butthat no data are available to show that reduced frequency of fibrillatory episodes will reduce the risks of irreversible harm through stroke or death; and in factthat such data as are available suggest that treatment with quinidine sulfate is likely to increase the patients risk of death.. that the goal of therapy will be reduction (probably not to zero) in the frequency of episodes of atrial fibrillation; and. that reduced frequency of fibrillatory episodes may be expected, if achieved, to bring symptomatic benefit; but. that no data are available to show that reduced frequency of fibrillatory episodes will reduce the risks of irreversible harm through stroke or death; and in fact. that such data as are available suggest that treatment with quinidine sulfate is likely to increase the patients risk of death.. Carcinogenesis, Mutagenesis, Impairment of Fertility. Animal studies to evaluate quinidines carcinogenic or mutagenic potential have not been performed. Similarly, there are no animal data as to quinidines potential to impair fertility.. Pregnancy. Pregnancy Category C. Animal reproductive studies have not been conducted with quinidine. There are no adequate and well-controlled studies in pregnant women. Quinidine should be given to pregnant woman only if clearly needed.Human placental transport of quinidine has not been systematically studied. In one neonate whose mother had received quinidine throughout her pregnancy, the serum level of quinidine was equal to that of the mother, with no apparent ill effect. The level of quinidine in amniotic fluid was about three times higher than that found in serum. In another case, the levels of quinidine and 3-hydroxyquinidine in cord blood were about 30% of simultaneous maternal levels.. Labor and Delivery. Quinine is said to be oxytocic in humans, but there are no adequate data as to quinidines effects (if any) on human labor and delivery.. Nursing Mothers. Quinidine is present in human milk at levels slightly lower than those in maternal serum; human infant ingesting such milk should (scaling directly by weight) be expected to develop serum quinidine levels at least an order of magnitude lower than those of the mother. On the other hand, the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of quinidine in human infants have not been adequately studied, and neonates reduced protein binding of quinidine may increase their risk of toxicity at low total serum levels. Administration of quinidine should (if possible) be avoided in lactating women who continue to nurse.. Geriatric Use. Safety and efficacy of quinidine in elderly patients has not been systematically studied.. Pediatric Use. In antimalarial trials, quinidine was as safe and effective in pediatric patients as in adults. Notwithstanding the known pharmacokinetic differences between children and adults (see ), children in these trials received the same doses (on mg/kg basis) as adults. CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY, Pharmacokinetics and Metabolism Safety and effectiveness of antiarrhythmic use in pediatric patients have not been established.

SPL UNCLASSIFIED SECTION.

Pharmacokinetics and Metabolism. The absolute bioavailability of quinidine from quinidine sulfate tablets is about 70%, but this varies widely (45 to 100%) between patients. The less-than-complete bioavailability is the result of first-pass metabolism in the liver. Peak serum levels generally appear about hours after dosing; the rate of absorption is somewhat slowed when the drug is taken with food, but the extent of absorption is not changed.The of quinidine is to L/kg in healthy young adults, but this may be reduced to as little as 0.5 L/kg in patients with congestive heart failure, or increased to to L/kg in patients with cirrhosis of the liver. At concentrations of to mg/L (6.5 to 16.2 umol/L), the fraction of quinidine bound to plasma proteins (mainly to -acid glycoprotein and to albumin) is 80 to 88% in adults and older children, but it is lower in pregnant women, and in infants and neonates it may be as low as 50 to 70%. Because -acid glycoprotein levels are increased in response to stress, serum levels of total quinidine may be greatly increased in settings such as acute myocardial infarction, even though the serum content of unbound (active) drug may remain normal. Protein binding is also increased in chronic renal failure, but binding abruptly descends toward or below normal when heparin is administered for hemodialysis. volume of distribution 1 Quinidine typically proceeds at to mL/min/kg in adults, but clearance in children may be twice or three times as rapid. The elimination half-life is to hours in adults and to hours in children. Quinidine clearance is unaffected by hepatic cirrhosis, so the increased volume of distribution seen in cirrhosis leads to proportionate increase in the elimination half-life. clearance Most quinidine is eliminated hepatically via the action of cytochrome P450IIIA4; there are several different hydroxylated metabolites, and some of these have antiarrhythmic activity.The most important of quinidines metabolites is 3-hydroxyquinidine (3HQ), serum levels of which can exceed those of quinidine in patients receiving conventional doses of quinidine sulfate. The volume of distribution of 3HQ appears to be larger than that of quinidine, and the elimination half-life of 3HQ is about 12 hours.As measured by antiarrhythmic effects in animals, by QT prolongation in human volunteers, or by various techniques, 3HQ has at least half the antiarrhythmic activity of the parent compound, so it may be responsible for substantial fraction of the effect of quinidine sulfate in chronic use. in vitro When the urine pH is less than 7, about 20% of administered quinidine appears unchanged in the urine, but this fraction drops to as little as 5% when the urine is more alkaline. Renal clearance involves both glomerular filtration and active tubular secretion, moderated by (pH-dependent) tubular reabsorption. The net renal clearance is about mL/min/kg in healthy adults. When renal function is taken into account, quinidine clearance is apparently independent of patient age.of serum quinidine levels are widely available, but the results of modern assays may not be consistent with results cited in the older medical literature. The serum levels of quinidine cited in this package insert are those derived from specific assays, using either benzene extraction or (preferably) reverse-phase high-pressure liquid chromatography. In matched samples, older assays might unpredictably have given results that were as much as two or three times higher. typical therapeutic concentration range is to mg/L (6.2 to 18.5 umol/L). Assays.

WARNINGS SECTION.

WARNINGS. Mortality. In many trials of antiarrhythmic therapy for non-life-threatening arrhythmias, active antiarrhythmic therapy has resulted in increased mortality; the risk of active therapy is probably greatest in patients with structural heart disease. In the case of quinidine used to prevent or defer recurrence of atrial flutter/fibrillation, the best available data come from meta-analysis described under CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY/Clinical Effects above. In the patients studied in the trials there analyzed, the mortality associated with the use of quinidine was more than three times as great as the mortality associated with the use of placebo. Another meta-analysis, also described under CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY/Clinical Effects showed that in patients with various non-life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias, the mortality associated with the use of quinidine was consistently greater than that associated with the use of any of variety of alternative antiarrhythmics. Proarrhythmic effects. Like many other drugs (including all other class IA antiarrhythmics), quinidine prolongs the QT interval, and this can lead to life-threatening ventricular arrhythmia (see ). The risk of is increased by bradycardia, hypokalemia, hypomagnesemia, hypocalcemia, or high serum levels of quinidine, but it may appear in the absence of any of these risk factors. The best predictor of this arrhythmia appears to be the length of the QT interval, and quinidine should be used with extreme care in patients who have preexisting long-QT syndromes, who have histories of of any cause, or who have previously responded to quinidine (or other drugs that prolong ventricular repolarization) with marked lengthening of the QT interval. Estimation of the incidence of in patients with therapeutic levels of quinidine is not possible from the available data. torsades de pointes, OVERDOSAGE torsades torsades de pointes torsades Other ventricular arrhythmias that have been reported with quinidine include frequent extrasystoles, ventricular tachycardia, ventricular flutter, and ventricular fibrillation.. Paradoxical increase in ventricular rate in atrial flutter/fibrillation. When quinidine is administered to patients with atrial flutter/fibrillation, the desired pharmacologic reversion to sinus rhythm may (rarely) be preceded by slowing of the atrial rate with consequent increase in the rate of beats conducted to the ventricles. The resulting ventricular rate may be very high (greater than 200 beats per minute) and poorly tolerated. This hazard may be decreased if partial atrioventricular block is achieved prior to initiation of quinidine therapy, using conduction-reducing drugs such as digitalis, verapamil, diltiazem, or ss-receptor blocking agent.. Exacerbated bradycardia in sick sinus syndrome. In patients with the sick sinus syndrome, quinidine has been associated with marked sinus node depression and bradycardia.. Pharmacokinetic considerations. Renal or hepatic dysfunction causes the elimination of quinidine to be slowed, while congestive heart failure causes reduction in quinidines apparent volume of distribution. Any of these conditions can lead to quinidine toxicity if dosage is not appropriately reduced. In addition, interactions with coadministered drugs can alter the serum concentration and activity of quinidine, leading either to toxicity or to lack of efficacy if the dose of quinidine is not appropriately modified. (See PRECAUTIONS/Drug Interactions . Vagolysis. Because quinidine opposes the atrial and A-V nodal effects of vagal stimulation, physical or pharmacological vagal maneuvers undertaken to terminate paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia may be ineffective in patients receiving quinidine.