PHARMACOKINETICS SECTION.

12.3 Pharmacokinetics. Cefixime chewable tablets are bioequivalent to oral suspension.Cefixime tablets and suspension, given orally, are about 40% to 50% absorbed whether administered with or without food; however, time to maximal absorption is increased approximately 0.8 hours when administered with food. single 200 mg tablet of cefixime produces an average peak serum concentration of approximately mcg/mL (range to mcg/mL); single 400 mg tablet produces an average peak concentration of approximately 3.7 mcg/mL (range 1.3 to 7.7 mcg/mL). The oral suspension produces average peak concentrations approximately 25% to 50% higher than the tablets, when tested in normal adult volunteers. Two hundred and 400 mg doses of oral suspension produce average peak concentrations of mcg/mL (range to 4.5 mcg/mL) and 4.6 mcg/mL (range 1.9 to 7.7 mcg/mL), respectively, when tested in normal adult volunteers. The area under the time versus concentration curve (AUC) is greater by approximately 10% to 25% with the oral suspension than with the tablet after doses of 100 to 400 mg, when tested in normal adult volunteers. This increased absorption should be taken into consideration if the oral suspension is to be substituted for the tablet. Because of the lack of bioequivalence, tablets should not be substituted for oral suspension in the treatment of otitis media see DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION 2)]. Cross-over studies of tablet versus suspension have not been performed in children. The 400 mg capsule is bioequivalent to the 400 mg tablet under fasting conditions. However, food reduces the absorption following administration of the capsule by approximately 15% based on AUC and 25% based on max. Peak serum concentrations occur between and hours following oral administration of single 200 mg tablet, single 400 mg tablet or 400 mg of cefixime suspension. Peak serum concentrations occur between and hours following single administration of 200 mg of suspension. Peak serum concentrations occur between and hours following oral administration of single 400 mg capsule.DistributionSerum protein binding is concentration independent with bound fraction of approximately 65%. In multiple dose study conducted with research formulation which is less bioavailable than the tablet or suspension, there was little accumulation of drug in serum or urine after dosing for 14 days. Adequate data on CSF levels of cefixime are not available.Metabolism and ExcretionThere is no evidence of metabolism of cefixime in vivo. Approximately 50% of the absorbed dose is excreted unchanged in the urine in 24 hours. In animal studies, it was noted that cefixime is also excreted in the bile in excess of 10% of the administered dose. The serum half-life of cefixime in healthy subjects is independent of dosage form and averages to hours but may range up to hours in some normal volunteers. Special PopulationsGeriatrics: Average AUCs at steady state in elderly patients are approximately 40% higher than average AUCs in other healthy adults. Differences in the pharmacokinetic parameters between 12 young and 12 elderly subjects who received 400 mg of cefixime once daily for days are summarized as follows: Pharmacokinetic Parameters (mean +- SD) for Cefixime in Both Young Elderly Subjects Pharmacokinetic ParameterYoung Elderly max (mg/L) 4.74 +- 1.43 5.68 +- 1.83 max (h) 3.9 +- 0.3 4.3 +- 0.6 AUC (mg.h/L) 34.9 +- 12.2 49.5 +- 19.1 1/2 (h) 3.5 +- 0.6 4.2 +- 0.4 ave (mg/L) 1.42 +- 0.50 1.99 +- 0.75Difference between age groups was significant. (p<0.05)However, these increases were not clinically significant see DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION 2)]. Renal Impairment: In subjects with moderate impairment of renal function (20 to 40 mL/min creatinine clearance) the average serum half-life of cefixime is prolonged to 6.4 hours. In severe renal impairment (5 to 20 mL/min creatinine clearance), the half-life increased to an average of 11.5 hours. The drug is not cleared significantly from the blood by hemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis. However, study indicated that with doses of 400 mg patients undergoing hemodialysis have similar blood profiles as subjects with creatinine clearances of 21 to 60 mL/min.

ADVERSE REACTIONS SECTION.

6 ADVERSE REACTIONS. Most common adverse reactions are gastrointestinal such as diarrhea (16%), nausea (7%), loose stools (6%), abdominal pain (3%), dyspepsia (3%), and vomiting. 6) To report SUSPECTED ADVERSE REACTIONS, contact Dr.Reddys Laboratories, Inc. at 1-888-375-3784 or FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088 or www.fda.gov/medwatch. 6.1 Clinical Trials Experience. Because clinical trials are conducted under widely varying conditions, adverse reaction rates observed in the clinical trials of drug cannot be directly compared to rates in the clinical trials of another drug and may not reflect the rates observed in practice.The most commonly seen adverse reactions in U.S. trials of the tablet formulation were gastrointestinal events, which were reported in 30% of adult patients on either the twice daily or the once daily regimen. Five percent (5%) of patients in the U.S. clinical trials discontinued therapy because of drug-related adverse reactions. Individual adverse reactions included diarrhea 16%, loose or frequent stools 6%, abdominal pain 3%, nausea 7%, dyspepsia 3%, and flatulence 4%. The incidence of gastrointestinal adverse reactions, including diarrhea and loose stools, in pediatric patients receiving the suspension was comparable to the incidence seen in adult patients receiving tablets.. 6.2 Post-marketing Experience. The following adverse reactions have been reported following the use of cefixime. Incidence rates were less than in 50 (less than 2%).GastrointestinalSeveral cases of documented pseudomembranous colitis were identified in clinical trials. The onset of pseudomembranous colitis symptoms may occur during or after therapy.Hypersensitivity ReactionsAnaphylactic/anaphylactoid reactions (including shock and fatalities), skin rashes, urticaria, drug fever, pruritus, angioedema, and facial edema. Erythema multiforme, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, and serum sickness-like reactions have been reported.HepaticTransient elevations in SGPT, SGOT, alkaline phosphatase, hepatitis, jaundice.RenalTransient elevations in BUN or creatinine, acute renal failure.Central Nervous SystemHeadaches, dizziness, seizures.Hemic and Lymphatic SystemTransient thrombocytopenia, leukopenia, neutropenia, prolongation in prothrombin time, elevated LDH, pancytopenia, agranulocytosis, and eosinophilia.Abnormal Laboratory TestsHyperbilirubinemia.Other Adverse ReactionsGenital pruritus, vaginitis, candidiasis, toxic epidermal necrolysis.Adverse Reactions Reported for Cephalosporin-class DrugsAllergic reactions, superinfection, renal dysfunction, toxic nephropathy, hepatic dysfunction including cholestasis, aplastic anemia, hemolytic anemia, hemorrhage, and colitis.Several cephalosporins have been implicated in triggering seizures, particularly in patients with renal impairment when the dosage was not reduced. see DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION 2) and OVERDOSAGE 10) ]. If seizures associated with drug therapy occur, the drug should be discontinued. Anticonvulsant therapy can be given if clinically indicated.

CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY SECTION.

12 CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY. 12.1 Mechanism of Action. Cefixime is semisynthetic cephalosporin antibacterial drug see Microbiology( 12.4)]. 12.3 Pharmacokinetics. Cefixime chewable tablets are bioequivalent to oral suspension.Cefixime tablets and suspension, given orally, are about 40% to 50% absorbed whether administered with or without food; however, time to maximal absorption is increased approximately 0.8 hours when administered with food. single 200 mg tablet of cefixime produces an average peak serum concentration of approximately mcg/mL (range to mcg/mL); single 400 mg tablet produces an average peak concentration of approximately 3.7 mcg/mL (range 1.3 to 7.7 mcg/mL). The oral suspension produces average peak concentrations approximately 25% to 50% higher than the tablets, when tested in normal adult volunteers. Two hundred and 400 mg doses of oral suspension produce average peak concentrations of mcg/mL (range to 4.5 mcg/mL) and 4.6 mcg/mL (range 1.9 to 7.7 mcg/mL), respectively, when tested in normal adult volunteers. The area under the time versus concentration curve (AUC) is greater by approximately 10% to 25% with the oral suspension than with the tablet after doses of 100 to 400 mg, when tested in normal adult volunteers. This increased absorption should be taken into consideration if the oral suspension is to be substituted for the tablet. Because of the lack of bioequivalence, tablets should not be substituted for oral suspension in the treatment of otitis media see DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION 2)]. Cross-over studies of tablet versus suspension have not been performed in children. The 400 mg capsule is bioequivalent to the 400 mg tablet under fasting conditions. However, food reduces the absorption following administration of the capsule by approximately 15% based on AUC and 25% based on max. Peak serum concentrations occur between and hours following oral administration of single 200 mg tablet, single 400 mg tablet or 400 mg of cefixime suspension. Peak serum concentrations occur between and hours following single administration of 200 mg of suspension. Peak serum concentrations occur between and hours following oral administration of single 400 mg capsule.DistributionSerum protein binding is concentration independent with bound fraction of approximately 65%. In multiple dose study conducted with research formulation which is less bioavailable than the tablet or suspension, there was little accumulation of drug in serum or urine after dosing for 14 days. Adequate data on CSF levels of cefixime are not available.Metabolism and ExcretionThere is no evidence of metabolism of cefixime in vivo. Approximately 50% of the absorbed dose is excreted unchanged in the urine in 24 hours. In animal studies, it was noted that cefixime is also excreted in the bile in excess of 10% of the administered dose. The serum half-life of cefixime in healthy subjects is independent of dosage form and averages to hours but may range up to hours in some normal volunteers. Special PopulationsGeriatrics: Average AUCs at steady state in elderly patients are approximately 40% higher than average AUCs in other healthy adults. Differences in the pharmacokinetic parameters between 12 young and 12 elderly subjects who received 400 mg of cefixime once daily for days are summarized as follows: Pharmacokinetic Parameters (mean +- SD) for Cefixime in Both Young Elderly Subjects Pharmacokinetic ParameterYoung Elderly max (mg/L) 4.74 +- 1.43 5.68 +- 1.83 max (h) 3.9 +- 0.3 4.3 +- 0.6 AUC (mg.h/L) 34.9 +- 12.2 49.5 +- 19.1 1/2 (h) 3.5 +- 0.6 4.2 +- 0.4 ave (mg/L) 1.42 +- 0.50 1.99 +- 0.75Difference between age groups was significant. (p<0.05)However, these increases were not clinically significant see DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION 2)]. Renal Impairment: In subjects with moderate impairment of renal function (20 to 40 mL/min creatinine clearance) the average serum half-life of cefixime is prolonged to 6.4 hours. In severe renal impairment (5 to 20 mL/min creatinine clearance), the half-life increased to an average of 11.5 hours. The drug is not cleared significantly from the blood by hemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis. However, study indicated that with doses of 400 mg patients undergoing hemodialysis have similar blood profiles as subjects with creatinine clearances of 21 to 60 mL/min. 12.4 Microbiology. Mechanism of ActionAs with other cephalosporins, the bactericidal action of cefixime results from inhibition of cell wall synthesis. Cefixime is stable in the presence of certain beta-lactamase enzymes. As result, certain organisms resistant to penicillins and some cephalosporins due to the presence of beta-lactamases may be susceptible to cefixime.ResistanceResistance to cefixime in isolates of Haemophilus influenzae and Neisseria gonorrhoeae is most often associated with alterations in penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs). Cefixime may have limited activity against Enterobacteriaceae producing extended spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs). Pseudomonas species, Enterococcus species, strains of Group streptococci, Listeria monocytogenes, most strains of staphylococci (including methicillin-resistant strains), most strains of Enterobacter species, most strains of Bacteroides fragilis, and most strains of Clostridium species are resistant to cefixime. Antimicrobial ActivityCefixime has been shown to be active against most isolates of the following microorganisms, both in vitro and in clinical infections [see INDICATIONS AND USAGE 1)]. Gram-positive Bacteria Streptococcus pneumoniae Streptococcus pyogenes Gram-negative Bacteria Escherichia coli Haemophilus influenzae Moraxella catarrhalis Neisseria gonorrhoeae Proteus mirabilis The following in vitro data are available, but their clinical significance is unknown. At least 90 percent of the following bacteria exhibit an in vitro minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) less than or equal to the susceptible breakpoint for cefixime against isolates of similar genus or organism group. However, the efficacy of cefixime in treating clinical infections due to these bacteria has not been established in adequate and well-controlled clinical trials. Gram-positive Bacteria Streptococcus agalactiae Gram-negative Bacteria Citrobacter amalonaticus Citrobacter diversus Haemophilus parainfluenzae Klebsiella oxytoca Klebsiella pneumoniae Pasteurella multocida Proteus vulgaris Providencia species Salmonella species Serratia marcescens Shigella species Susceptibility Test MethodsWhen available, the clinical microbiology laboratory should provide cumulative reports of in vitro susceptibility test results for antimicrobial drugs used in local hospitals and practice areas to the physician as periodic reports that describe the susceptibility profile of nosocomial and community-acquired pathogens. These reports should aid the physician in selecting an antibacterial drug for treatment.Dilution techniques:Quantitative methods are used to determine antimicrobial minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs). These MICs provide estimates of the susceptibility of bacteria to antimicrobial compounds. The MICs should be determined using standardized test method 1,2 (broth and/or agar). The MIC values should be interpreted according to criteria provided in Table 3. Diffusion techniques:Quantitative methods that require measurement of zone diameters can also provide reproducible estimates of the susceptibility of bacteria to antimicrobial compounds. The zone size should be determined using standardized test method. 2,3 This procedure uses paper disks impregnated with mcg cefixime to test the susceptibility of bacteria to cefixime. The disc diffusion breakpoints are provided in Table 3. Table 3: Susceptibility Interpretive Criteria for Cefixime PathogenMinimum Inhibitory Concentrations (mcg/mL)Disk Diffusion Zone Diameter (mm) SI SI Enterobacteriaceae1 <=1 >= >=1916 to 18 <= 15Haemophilus influenzae2,3 <=1 NA NA >= 21 NA NANeisseria gonorrhoeae3,4 <= 0.25 NA NA >=31 NA NA1 Do not test Morganella species by disk diffusion Test Haemophilus influenzae using Haemophilus Test Medium (HTM) The current absence of resistant isolates precludes defining any results other than susceptible Isolates yielding results other than susceptible should be subjected to additional testing. Test Neisseria gonorrhoeae using GC agar base and 1% defined growth supplement. Minimum inhibitory concentrations are determined using the agar dilution method. report of Susceptible (S) indicates that the antimicrobial drug is likely to inhibit growth of the pathogen if the antimicrobial drug reaches the concentration usually achievable at the site of infection. report of Intermediate (I) indicates that the result should be considered equivocal, and, if the microorganism is not fully susceptible to alternative, clinically feasible drugs, the test should be repeated. This category implies possible clinical applicability in body sites where the drug is physiologically concentrated or in situations where high dosage of the drug can be used. This category also provides buffer zone that prevents small uncontrolled technical factors from causing major discrepancies in interpretation. report of Resistant (R) indicates that the antimicrobial drug is not likely to inhibit growth of the pathogen if the antimicrobial drug reaches the concentration usually achievable at the infection site; other therapy should be selected. Quality Control:Standardized susceptibility test procedures require the use of laboratory controls to monitor and ensure the accuracy and precision of supplies and reagents used in the assay, and the techniques of the individuals performing the test. 1,2,3 Standard cefixime powder should provide the following range of MIC values noted in Table 4. For the diffusion technique using the mcg disk, the criteria in Table should be achieved. Table 4: Acceptable Quality Control Ranges for CefiximeQuality Control OrganismsMinimum Inhibitory Concentrations (mcg/mL) Disk Diffusion (zone diameters in mm) E. coli ATCC 25922 0.25 to 23 to 27 H. influenzae ATCC 49247 0.12 to 25 to 33 N. gonorrhoeae ATCC 49226 0.004 to 0.03 37 to 45S. pneumoniae ATCC 49619 NA 16 to 23S. aureus ATCC 29213 to 32 NAATCC American Type Culture Collection.

CLINICAL STUDIES SECTION.

14 CLINICAL STUDIES. Comparative clinical trials of otitis media were conducted in nearly 400 children between the ages of months to 10 years. Streptococcus pneumoniae was isolated from 47% of the patients, Haemophilus influenzae from 34%, Moraxella catarrhalis from 15% and S. pyogenes from 4%. The overall response rate of Streptococcus pneumoniae to cefixime was approximately 10% lower and that of Haemophilus influenzae or Moraxella catarrhalis approximately 7% higher (12% when beta-lactamase positive isolates of H. influenzae are included) than the response rates of these organisms to the active control drugs. In these studies, patients were randomized and treated with either cefixime at dose regimens of mg/kg twice day or mg/kg once day, or with comparator. Sixty-nine to 70% of the patients in each group had resolution of signs and symptoms of otitis media when evaluated to weeks post-treatment, but persistent effusion was found in 15% of the patients. When evaluated at the completion of therapy, 17% of patients receiving cefixime and 14% of patients receiving effective comparative drugs (18% including those patients who had Haemophilus influenzae resistant to the control drug and who received the control antibiotic) were considered to be treatment failures. By the to week follow-up, total of 30%-31% of patients had evidence of either treatment failure or recurrent disease. Bacteriological Outcome of Otitis Media at Two to Four Weeks Post-Therapy Based on Repeat Middle Ear Fluid Culture or Extrapolation from Clinical Outcome OrganismCefixime(a)4 mg/kg BIDCefixime(a)8 mg/kg QDControl(a)drugsStreptococcus pneumoniae 48/70 (69%) 18/22 (82%) 82/100 (82%)Haemophilus influenzaebeta-lactamase negative 24/34 (71%) 13/17 (76%) 23/34 (68%)Haemophilus influenzaebeta-lactamase positive 17/22 (77%) 9/12 (75%) 1/1 (b) Moraxella catarrhalis 26/31 (84%) 5/5 18/24 (75%) S.pyogenes 5/5 3/3 6/7 All Isolates 120/162 (74%) 48/59 (81%) 130/166 (78%)(a)Number eradicated/number isolated.(b)An additional 20 beta-lactamase positive isolates of Haemophilus influenzae were isolated, but were excluded from this analysis because they were resistant to the control antibiotic. In nineteen of these, the clinical course could be assessed and favorable outcome occurred in 10. When these cases are included in the overall bacteriological evaluation of therapy with the control drugs, 140/185 (76%) of pathogens were considered to be eradicated.

DOSAGE & ADMINISTRATION SECTION.

2. DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION. o Adults: 400 mg daily 2.1) Children: mg/kg/day 2.2) 2.1 Adults. The recommended dose of cefixime is 400 mg daily. This may be given as 400 mg tablet or capsule daily or the 400 mg tablet may be split and given as one half tablet every 12 hours. For the treatment of uncomplicated cervical/urethral gonococcal infections, single oral dose 400 mg is recommended. The capsule and tablet may be administered without regard to food.In the treatment of infections due to Streptococcus pyogenes, therapeutic dosage of cefixime should be administered for at least 10 days. 2.2 Pediatric Patients (6 months or older). The recommended dose is mg/kg/day of the suspension. This may be administered as single daily dose or may be given in two divided doses, as mg/kg every 12 hours.Note: suggested dose has been determined for each pediatric weight range. Refer to Table 1. Ensure all orders that specify dose in milliliters include concentration, because Cefixime for oral suspension is available in two different concentrations (100 mg/5 mL, 200 mg/5 mL).Table 1. Suggested doses for pediatric patientsPEDIATRIC DOSAGE CHARTDoses are suggested for each weight range and rounded for ease of administration Cefixime for Oral SuspensionCefixime Chewable Tablet 100 mg/ 5mL 200 mg/ 5mLPatient Weight (kg)Dose/Day (mg)Dose/Day (mL)Dose/Day (mL)Dose to 7.550 2.5-- -- 7.6 to 10 8042 -- 10.1 to 12.5 1005 2.51 tablet of 100 mg 12.6 to 20.5 1507.5 1 tablet of 150 mg 20.6 to 28200 105 tablet of 200 mg 28.1 to 33250 12.5 1 tablet of 100 mg and tablet of 150 mg 33.1 to 40300 157.5 tablets of 150 mg 40.1 to 45350 17.59 tablet of 150 mg and tablet of 200 mg 45.1 or greater 40020 10 tablets of 200 mgThe preferred concentrations of oral suspension to use are 100 mg/5 mL or 200 mg/5 mL for pediatric patients in these weight ranges.Children weighing more than 45 kg or older than 12 years should be treated with the recommended adult dose.Cefixime Chewable Tablets must be chewed or crushed before swallowing.Otitis media should be treated with the chewable tablets or suspension. Clinical trials of otitis media were conducted with the chewable tablets or suspension, and the chewable tablets or suspension results in higher peak blood levels than the tablet when administered at the same dose. Therefore, the tablet or capsule should not be substituted for the chewable tablets or suspension in the treatment of otitis media. See CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY 12.3)]. In the treatment of infections due to Streptococcus pyogenes, therapeutic dosage of cefixime should be administered for at least 10 days. 2.3 Renal Impairment. Cefixime for oral suspension may be administered in the presence of impaired renal function. Normal dose and schedule may be employed in patients with creatinine clearances of 60 mL/min or greater. Refer to Table for dose adjustments for adults with renal impairment. Neither hemodialysis nor peritoneal dialysis removes significant amounts of drug from the body.Table 2: Doses for Adults with Renal ImpairmentRenal Dysfunction Cefixime for Oral SuspensionTabletChewable Tablet Creatinine Clearance (mL/min) 100 mg/ 5mL200 mg/ 5mL400 mg200 mgDose/Day (mL) Dose/Day (mL) Dose/Day Dose/Day 60 or greater Normal Dose Normal Dose Normal Dose Normal Dose21 to 59 OR renal hemodialysis 13 6.5 Not Appropriate Not Appropriate 20 or less OR continous peritoneal dialysis8.6 4.4 0.5 tablet tablet The preferred concentration of oral suspension to use is 200 mg/5 mL for patients with this renal dysfunction. 2.4 Reconstitution Directions for Oral Suspension. StrengthBottle Size Reconstitution Directions 100 mg/5 mL and 200 mg/5 mL 100 mL To reconstitute, suspend with 68 mL water. Method: Tap the bottle several times to loosen powder contents prior to reconstitution. Add approximately half the total amount of water for reconstitution and shake well. Add the remainder of water and shake well. 100 mg/5 mL and 200 mg/5 mL 75 mL To reconstitute, suspend with 51 mL water. Method: Tap the bottle several times to loosen powder contents prior to reconstitution. Add approximately half the total amount of water for reconstitution and shake well. Add the remainder of water and shake well. 100 mg/5 mL and 200 mg/5 mL 50 mL To reconstitute, suspend with 34 mL water. Method: Tap the bottle several times to loosen powder contents prior to reconstitution. Add approximately half the total amount of water for reconstitution and shake well. Add the remainder of water and shake well. After reconstitution, the suspension may be kept for 14 days either at room temperature, or under refrigeration, without significant loss of potency. Keep tightly closed. Shake well before using. Discard unused portion after 14 days.

INDICATIONS & USAGE SECTION.

1. INDICATIONS AND USAGE. To reduce the development of drug resistant bacteria and maintain the effectiveness of Cefixime for oral suspension and other antibacterial drugs, Cefixime for oral suspension should be used only to treat infections that are proven or strongly suspected to be caused by susceptible bacteria. When culture and susceptibility information are available, they should be considered in selecting or modifying antimicrobial therapy. In the absence of such data,local epidemiology and susceptibility patterns may contribute to the empiric selection of therapy. Cefixime for oral suspension is cephalosporin antibacterial drug indicated in the treatment of adults and pediatric patients six months of age or older with the following infections when caused by susceptible isolates of the designated bacteria: Cefixime for oral suspension, USP is cephalosporin antibacterial drug indicated for Uncomplicated Urinary Tract Infections 1.1) Otitis Media 1.2) Pharyngitis and Tonsillitis 1.3) Acute Exacerbations of Chronic Bronchitis 1.4) Uncomplicated Gonorrhea (cervical/urethral)( 1.5) 1.1 Uncomplicated Urinary Tract Infections. Uncomplicated Urinary Tract Infections caused by Escherichia coli and Proteus mirabilis 1.2 Otitis Media. Otitis media caused by Haemophilus influenzae, Moraxella catarrhalis, and Streptococcus pyogenes. (Efficacy for Streptococcus pyogenes in this organ system was studied in fewer than 10 infections.) Note: For patients with otitis media caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae, overall response was approximately 10% lower for cefixime than for the comparator. see CLINICAL STUDIES 14)]. 1.3 Pharyngitis and Tonsillitis. Pharyngitis and Tonsillitis caused by Streptococcus pyogenes. (Note: Penicillin is the usual drug of choice in the treatment of Streptococcus pyogenes infections. Cefixime for oral suspension is generally effective in the eradication of Streptococcus pyogenes from the nasopharynx; however, data establishing the efficacy of Cefixime for oral suspension in the subsequent prevention of rheumatic fever is not available.) 1.4 Acute Exacerbations of Chronic Bronchitis. Acute Exacerbations of Chronic Bronchitis caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae. 1.5 Uncomplicated Gonorrhea (cervical/urethral). Uncomplicated Gonorrhea (cervical/urethral) caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae (penicillinase -and non- penicillinase-producing isolates).

MICROBIOLOGY SECTION.

12.4 Microbiology. Mechanism of ActionAs with other cephalosporins, the bactericidal action of cefixime results from inhibition of cell wall synthesis. Cefixime is stable in the presence of certain beta-lactamase enzymes. As result, certain organisms resistant to penicillins and some cephalosporins due to the presence of beta-lactamases may be susceptible to cefixime.ResistanceResistance to cefixime in isolates of Haemophilus influenzae and Neisseria gonorrhoeae is most often associated with alterations in penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs). Cefixime may have limited activity against Enterobacteriaceae producing extended spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs). Pseudomonas species, Enterococcus species, strains of Group streptococci, Listeria monocytogenes, most strains of staphylococci (including methicillin-resistant strains), most strains of Enterobacter species, most strains of Bacteroides fragilis, and most strains of Clostridium species are resistant to cefixime. Antimicrobial ActivityCefixime has been shown to be active against most isolates of the following microorganisms, both in vitro and in clinical infections [see INDICATIONS AND USAGE 1)]. Gram-positive Bacteria Streptococcus pneumoniae Streptococcus pyogenes Gram-negative Bacteria Escherichia coli Haemophilus influenzae Moraxella catarrhalis Neisseria gonorrhoeae Proteus mirabilis The following in vitro data are available, but their clinical significance is unknown. At least 90 percent of the following bacteria exhibit an in vitro minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) less than or equal to the susceptible breakpoint for cefixime against isolates of similar genus or organism group. However, the efficacy of cefixime in treating clinical infections due to these bacteria has not been established in adequate and well-controlled clinical trials. Gram-positive Bacteria Streptococcus agalactiae Gram-negative Bacteria Citrobacter amalonaticus Citrobacter diversus Haemophilus parainfluenzae Klebsiella oxytoca Klebsiella pneumoniae Pasteurella multocida Proteus vulgaris Providencia species Salmonella species Serratia marcescens Shigella species Susceptibility Test MethodsWhen available, the clinical microbiology laboratory should provide cumulative reports of in vitro susceptibility test results for antimicrobial drugs used in local hospitals and practice areas to the physician as periodic reports that describe the susceptibility profile of nosocomial and community-acquired pathogens. These reports should aid the physician in selecting an antibacterial drug for treatment.Dilution techniques:Quantitative methods are used to determine antimicrobial minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs). These MICs provide estimates of the susceptibility of bacteria to antimicrobial compounds. The MICs should be determined using standardized test method 1,2 (broth and/or agar). The MIC values should be interpreted according to criteria provided in Table 3. Diffusion techniques:Quantitative methods that require measurement of zone diameters can also provide reproducible estimates of the susceptibility of bacteria to antimicrobial compounds. The zone size should be determined using standardized test method. 2,3 This procedure uses paper disks impregnated with mcg cefixime to test the susceptibility of bacteria to cefixime. The disc diffusion breakpoints are provided in Table 3. Table 3: Susceptibility Interpretive Criteria for Cefixime PathogenMinimum Inhibitory Concentrations (mcg/mL)Disk Diffusion Zone Diameter (mm) SI SI Enterobacteriaceae1 <=1 >= >=1916 to 18 <= 15Haemophilus influenzae2,3 <=1 NA NA >= 21 NA NANeisseria gonorrhoeae3,4 <= 0.25 NA NA >=31 NA NA1 Do not test Morganella species by disk diffusion Test Haemophilus influenzae using Haemophilus Test Medium (HTM) The current absence of resistant isolates precludes defining any results other than susceptible Isolates yielding results other than susceptible should be subjected to additional testing. Test Neisseria gonorrhoeae using GC agar base and 1% defined growth supplement. Minimum inhibitory concentrations are determined using the agar dilution method. report of Susceptible (S) indicates that the antimicrobial drug is likely to inhibit growth of the pathogen if the antimicrobial drug reaches the concentration usually achievable at the site of infection. report of Intermediate (I) indicates that the result should be considered equivocal, and, if the microorganism is not fully susceptible to alternative, clinically feasible drugs, the test should be repeated. This category implies possible clinical applicability in body sites where the drug is physiologically concentrated or in situations where high dosage of the drug can be used. This category also provides buffer zone that prevents small uncontrolled technical factors from causing major discrepancies in interpretation. report of Resistant (R) indicates that the antimicrobial drug is not likely to inhibit growth of the pathogen if the antimicrobial drug reaches the concentration usually achievable at the infection site; other therapy should be selected. Quality Control:Standardized susceptibility test procedures require the use of laboratory controls to monitor and ensure the accuracy and precision of supplies and reagents used in the assay, and the techniques of the individuals performing the test. 1,2,3 Standard cefixime powder should provide the following range of MIC values noted in Table 4. For the diffusion technique using the mcg disk, the criteria in Table should be achieved. Table 4: Acceptable Quality Control Ranges for CefiximeQuality Control OrganismsMinimum Inhibitory Concentrations (mcg/mL) Disk Diffusion (zone diameters in mm) E. coli ATCC 25922 0.25 to 23 to 27 H. influenzae ATCC 49247 0.12 to 25 to 33 N. gonorrhoeae ATCC 49226 0.004 to 0.03 37 to 45S. pneumoniae ATCC 49619 NA 16 to 23S. aureus ATCC 29213 to 32 NAATCC American Type Culture Collection.

USE IN SPECIFIC POPULATIONS SECTION.

8 USE IN SPECIFIC POPULATIONS. Pregnancy: Cefixime should be used during pregnancy only if clearly needed. 8.1) Nursing Mothers: Consideration should be given to discontinuing nursing temporarily during treatment with cefixime. 8.3) Children: Efficacy and safety in infants aged less than six months have not been established. 8.4) Geriatric Use: Clinical studies did not include sufficient numbers of subjects aged 65 and older to determine whether they respond differently than younger subjects. Other reported clinical experience has not identified differences in responses between the elderly and younger patients. 8.5) Renal Impairment: Cefixime may be administered in the presence of impaired renal function. Dose adjustment is required in patients whose creatinine clearance is less than 60 mL/min. 8.6) Pregnancy: Cefixime should be used during pregnancy only if clearly needed. 8.1) Nursing Mothers: Consideration should be given to discontinuing nursing temporarily during treatment with cefixime. 8.3) Children: Efficacy and safety in infants aged less than six months have not been established. 8.4) Geriatric Use: Clinical studies did not include sufficient numbers of subjects aged 65 and older to determine whether they respond differently than younger subjects. Other reported clinical experience has not identified differences in responses between the elderly and younger patients. 8.5) Renal Impairment: Cefixime may be administered in the presence of impaired renal function. Dose adjustment is required in patients whose creatinine clearance is less than 60 mL/min. 8.6) 8.1 Pregnancy. Pregnancy Category B. Reproduction studies have been performed in mice and rats at doses up to 40 times the human dose and have revealed no evidence of harm to the fetus due to cefixime. There are no adequate and well-controlled studies in pregnant women. Because animal reproduction studies are not always predictive of human response, this drug should be used during pregnancy only if clearly needed.. 8.2 Labor And Delivery. Cefixime has not been studied for use during labor and delivery. Treatment should only be given if clearly needed.. 8.3 Nursing Mothers. It is not known whether cefixime is excreted in human milk. Consideration should be given to discontinuing nursing temporarily during treatment with this drug.. 8.4 Pediatric Use. Safety and effectiveness of cefixime in children aged less than six months old have not been established. The incidence of gastrointestinal adverse reactions, including diarrhea and loose stools, in the pediatric patients receiving the suspension, was comparable to the incidence seen in adult patients receiving tablets.. 8.5 Geriatric Use. Clinical studies did not include sufficient numbers of subjects aged 65 and older to determine whether they respond differently than younger subjects. Other reported clinical experience has not identified differences in responses between the elderly and younger patients. pharmacokinetic study in the elderly detected differences in pharmacokinetic parameters see CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY 12.3)]. These differences were small and do not indicate need for dosage adjustment of the drug in the elderly. 8.6 Renal Impairment. The dose of cefixime should be adjusted in patients with renal impairment as well as those undergoing continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) and hemodialysis (HD). Patients on dialysis should be monitored carefully [see DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION (2.3)].

WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS SECTION.

5. WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS. o Hypersensitivity reactions including shock and fatalities have been reported with cefixime. Discontinue use if reaction occurs. 5.1) Clostridium difficile associated diarrhea: Evaluate if diarrhea occurs. 5.2) 5.1 Hypersensitivity Reactions. Anaphylactic/anaphylactoid reactions (including shock and fatalities) have been reported with the use of cefixime.Before therapy with Cefixime for oral suspension is instituted, careful inquiry should be made to determine whether the patient has had previous hypersensitivity reactions to cephalosporins, penicillins, or other drugs. If this product is to be given to penicillin-sensitive patients, caution should be exercised because cross hypersensitivity among beta-lactam antibiotics has been clearly documented and may occur in up to 10% of patients with history of penicillin allergy. If an allergic reaction to Cefixime for oral suspension occurs, discontinue the drug.. 5.2 Clostridium difficile-Associated Diarrhea Clostridium difficile associated diarrhea (CDAD) has been reported with use of nearly all antibacterial agents, including Cefixime for oral suspension and may range in severity from mild diarrhea to fatal colitis. Treatment with antibacterial agents alters the normal flora of the colon leading to overgrowth of C.difficile. C.difficile produces toxins and which contribute to the development of CDAD. Hypertoxin producing isolates of C.difficile cause increased morbidity and mortality, as these infections can be refractory to antimicrobial therapy and may require colectomy. CDAD must be considered in all patients who present with diarrhea following antibiotic use. Careful medical history is necessary since CDAD has been reported to occur over two months after the administration of antibacterial agents. If CDAD is suspected or confirmed, ongoing antibiotic use not directed against C.difficile may need to be discontinued. Appropriate fluid and electrolyte management, protein supplementation, antibiotic treatment of C.difficile, and surgical evaluation should be instituted as clinically indicated. 5.3 Dose Adjustment in Renal Impairment. The dose of Cefixime for oral suspension should be adjusted in patients with renal impairment as well as those undergoing continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) and hemodialysis (HD). Patients on dialysis should be monitored carefully [see DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION 2)]. 5.4 Coagulation Effects. Cephalosporins, including Cefixime for oral suspension may be associated with fall in prothrombin activity. Those at risk include patients with renal or hepatic impairment, or poor nutritional state, as well as patients receiving protracted course of antimicrobial therapy, and patients previously stabilized on anticoagulant therapy. Prothrombin time should be monitored in patients at risk and exogenous vitamin administered as indicated.. 5.5 Development of Drug-Resistant Bacteria. Prescribing Cefixime for oral suspension in the absence of proven or strongly suspected bacterial infection is unlikely to provide benefit to the patient and increases the risk of the development of drug-resistant bacteria.