ADVERSE REACTIONS SECTION.

ADVERSE REACTIONS The most common adverse effects are gastrointestinal disturbances (nausea, vomiting, anorexia) and allergic skin reactions (such as rash and urticaria). FATALITIES ASSOCIATED WITH THE ADMINISTRATION OF SULFONAMIDES, ALTHOUGH RARE, HAVE OCCURRED DUE TO SEVERE REACTIONS, INCLUDING STEVENS-JOHNSON SYNDROME, TOXIC EPIDERMAL NECROLYSIS, FULMINANT HEPATIC NECROSIS, AGRANULOCYTOSIS, APLASTIC ANEMIA, OTHER BLOOD DYSCRASIAS, AND HYPERSENSITIVITY OF THE RESPIRATORY TRACT (SEE WARNINGS). Hematologic Agranulocytosis, aplastic anemia, thrombocytopenia, leukopenia, neutropenia, hemolytic anemia, megaloblastic anemia, hypoprothrombinemia, methemoglobinemia, eosinophilia. Allergic Stevens-Johnson syndrome, toxic epidermal necrolysis, anaphylaxis, allergic myocarditis, erythema multiforme, exfoliative dermatitis, angioedema, drug fever, chills, Henoch-Schonlein purpura, serum sickness-like syndrome, generalized allergic reactions, generalized skin eruptions, photosensitivity, conjunctival and scleral injection, pruritus, urticaria, and rash. In addition, periarteritis nodosa and systemic lupus erythematosus have been reported. Gastrointestinal Hepatitis, including cholestatic jaundice and hepatic necrosis, elevation of serum transaminase and bilirubin, pseudomembranous enterocolitis, pancreatitis, stomatitis, glossitis, nausea, emesis, abdominal pain, diarrhea, anorexia. Genitourinary Renal failure, interstitial nephritis, BUN and serum creatinine elevation, toxic nephrosis with oliguria and anuria, and crystalluria. Metabolic Hyperkalemia, hyponatremia. Neurologic Aseptic meningitis, convulsions, peripheral neuritis, ataxia, vertigo, tinnitus, headache. Psychiatric Hallucinations, depression, apathy, nervousness. Endocrine The sulfonamides bear certain chemical similarities to some goitrogens, diuretics (acetazolamide and the thiazides), and oral hypoglycemic agents. Cross-sensitivity may exist with these agents. Diuresis and hypoglycemia have occurred rarely in patients receiving sulfonamides. Musculoskeletal Arthralgia and myalgia. Respiratory System Cough, shortness of breath, and pulmonary infiltrates (see WARNINGS). Miscellaneous Weakness, fatigue, insomnia.

CARCINOGENESIS & MUTAGENESIS & IMPAIRMENT OF FERTILITY SECTION.

Carcinogenesis, Mutagenesis, Impairment of Fertility Carcinogenesis Long-term studies in animals to evaluate carcinogenic potential have not been conducted with sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim. Mutagenesis Bacterial mutagenic studies have not been performed with sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim in combination. Trimethoprim was demonstrated to be non-mutagenic in the Ames assay. In studies at two laboratories, no chromosomal damage was detected in cultured Chinese hamster ovary cells at concentrations approximately 500 times human plasma levels; at concentrations approximately 1,000 times human plasma levels in these same cells, low level of chromosomal damage was induced at one of the laboratories. No chromosomal abnormalities were observed in cultured human leukocytes at concentrations of trimethoprim up to 20 times human steady-state plasma levels. No chromosomal effects were detected in peripheral lymphocytes of human subjects receiving 320 mg of trimethoprim in combination with up to 1,600 mg of sulfamethoxazole per day for as long as 112 weeks. Impairment of Fertility No adverse effects on fertility or general reproductive performance were observed in rats given oral dosages as high as 70 mg/kg/day trimethoprim plus 350 mg/kg/day sulfamethoxazole.

CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY SECTION.

CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY. Sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim oral suspension is rapidly absorbed following oral administration. Both sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim exist in the blood as unbound, protein-bound, and metabolized forms; sulfamethoxazole also exists as the conjugated form. The metabolism of sulfamethoxazole occurs predominately by N4-acetylation although the glucuronide conjugate has been identified. The principal metabolites of trimethoprim are the 1- and 3-oxides and the 3- and 4-hydroxy derivatives. The free forms of sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim are considered to be the therapeutically active forms. Approximately 44% of trimethoprim and 70% of sulfamethoxazole are bound to plasma proteins. The presence of 10 mg percent sulfamethoxazole in plasma decreases the protein binding of trimethoprim by an insignificant degree; trimethoprim does not influence the protein binding of sulfamethoxazole. Peak blood levels for the individual components occur to hours after oral administration. The mean serum half-lives of sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim are 10 and to 10 hours, respectively. However, patients with severely impaired renal function exhibit an increase in the half-lives of both components, requiring dosage regimen adjustment (see DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION). Detectable amounts of trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole are present in the blood 24 hours after drug administration. During administration of 160 mg trimethoprim and 800 mg sulfamethoxazole b.i.d., the mean steady-state plasma concentration of trimethoprim was 1.72 mcg/mL. The steady-state minimal plasma levels of free and total sulfamethoxazole were 57.4 mcg/mL and 68.0 mcg/mL, respectively. These steady-state levels were achieved after days of drug administration.1 Excretion of sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim is primarily by the kidneys through both glomerular filtration and tubular secretion. Urine concentrations of both sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim are considerably higher than are the concentrations in the blood. The average percentage of the dose recovered in urine from to 72 hours after single oral dose is 84.5% for total sulfonamide and 66.8% for free trimethoprim. Thirty percent of the total sulfonamide is excreted as free sulfamethoxazole, with the remaining as N4-acetylated metabolite2. When administered together, neither sulfamethoxazole nor trimethoprim affects the urinary excretion pattern of the other. Both sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim distribute to sputum, vaginal fluid, and middle ear fluid; trimethoprim also distributes to bronchial secretions, and both pass the placental barrier and are excreted in human milk. Geriatric Pharmacokinetics. The pharmacokinetics of sulfamethoxazole 800 mg and trimethoprim 160 mg were studied in geriatric subjects (mean age: 78.6 years) and young healthy subjects (mean age: 29.3 years) using non-U.S. approved formulation. Pharmacokinetic values for sulfamethoxazole in geriatric subjects were similar to those observed in young adult subjects. The mean renal clearance of trimethoprim was significantly lower in geriatric subjects compared with young adult subjects (19 mL/h/kg vs. 55 mL/h/kg). However, after normalizing by body weight, the apparent total body clearance of trimethoprim was an average 19% lower in geriatric subjects compared with young adult subjects.3 Microbiology. Sulfamethoxazole inhibits bacterial synthesis of dihydrofolic acid by competing with para-aminobenzoic acid (PABA). Trimethoprim blocks the production of tetrahydrofolic acid from dihydrofolic acid by binding to and reversibly inhibiting the required enzyme, dihydrofolate reductase. Thus this combination blocks two consecutive steps in the biosynthesis of nucleic acids and proteins essential to many bacteria. In vitro studies have shown that bacterial resistance develops more slowly with this combination than with either sulfamethoxazole or trimethoprim alone. In vitro serial dilution tests have shown that the spectrum of antibacterial activity of sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim includes the common urinary tract pathogens with the exception of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The following organisms are usually susceptible: Escherichia coli, Klebsiella species, Enterobacter species, Morganella morganii, Proteus mirabilis, and indole-positive Proteus species including Proteus vulgaris. The usual spectrum of antimicrobial activity of sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim includes bacterial pathogens isolated from middle ear exudate and from bronchial secretions (Haemophilus influenzae, including ampicillin-resistant strains, and Streptococcus pneumoniae), and enterotoxigenic strains of Escherichia coli (ETEC) causing bacterial gastroenteritis. Shigella flexneri and Shigella sonnei are also usually susceptible. Susceptibility Testing. Dilution techniques. Quantitative methods are used to determine antimicrobial minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs). These MICs provide estimates of the susceptibility of bacteria to antimicrobial compounds. The MICs should be determined using standardized procedure. Standardized procedures are based on dilution method 5,7 (broth or agar) or equivalent with standardized incoulum concentrations and standardized concentrations of sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim powder. The MIC values should be interpreted according to the following criteria:For testing Enterobacteriaceae, Acinetobacter spp., Staphylococcus spp., Burkholderia cepacia, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, and Vibrio cholerae: MIC (mcg/mL)Interpretation<= 2/38Susceptible (S)>= 4/76Resistant (R)For testing Haemophilus influenzae and Haemophilus parainfluenzae:MIC (mcg/mL)Interpretation<= 0.5/9.5Susceptible (S)1/19 to 2/38Intermediate (I)>= 4/76Resistant (R)These interpretative standards are applicable only to broth microdilution susceptibility testing using Haemophilus Test Medium5.For testing Streptococcus pneumoniae:MIC (mcg/mL)Interpretation<= 0.5/9.5Susceptible (S)1/19 to 2/38Intermediate (I)>= 4/76Resistant (R)These interpretive standards are applicable only to broth microdilution susceptibility testing using cation-adjusted Mueller-Hinton broth with 2.5 to 5% lysed horse blood 5.A report of Susceptible indicates that the pathogen is likely to be inhibited if the antimicrobial compound in the blood reaches the concentrations usually achievable. report of Intermediate indicates that the result should be considered equivocal, and, if the microorganism is not fully susceptible to alternative, clinically feasible drugs, the test should be repeated. This category implies possible clinical applicability in body sites where the drug is physiologically concentrated or in situations where high dosage of drug can be used. This category also provides buffer zone which prevents small uncontrolled technical factors from causing major discrepancies in interpretation. report of Resistant indicates that the pathogen is not likely to be inhibited if the antimicrobial compound in the blood reaches the concentrations usually achievable; other therapy should be selected.. Quality Control. Standardized susceptibility test procedures require the use of laboratory control microorganisms to control the technical aspects of the laboratory procedures. Standard sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim powder should provide the following MIC values:MicroorganismMIC Range (mcg/mL)Escherichia coli ATCC 25922<= 0.5/9.5Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 29213<= 0.5/9.5Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 278538/152 to 32/608Haemophilus influenzae ATCC 492470.03/0.59 to 0.25/4.75Streptococcus pneumoniae ATCC 496190.12/2.4 to 1/19. Diffusion techniques. Quantitative methods that require measurement of zone diameters also provide reproducible estimates of the susceptibility of bacteria to antimicrobial compounds. One such standardized procedure 6,7 requires the use of standard incoculum concentrations. This procedure uses paper disks impregnated with 1.25 mcg/23.75 mcg sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim to test the susceptibility of microorganism to sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim.Reports from the laboratory providing results of the standard disk susceptibility test with 1.25 mcg/23.75 mcg sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim disk should be interpreted according to the following criteria:For testing Enterobacteriaceae, Acinetobacter spp., Staphylococcus spp., Burkholderia cepacia, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, and Vibrio cholerae: Zone Diameter (mm)InterpretationMIC (mcg/mL)>= 16Susceptible (S)<= 23811 to 15Intermediate (I)-<= 10Resistant (R)>= 8/152For testing Haemophilus influenzae and Haemophilus parainfluenzae: Zone Diameter (mm)InterpretationMIC (mcg/mL)>= 16Susceptible (S)<= 0.5/9.511 to 15Intermediate (I)-<= 10Resistant (R)>= 4/76These zone diameter standards are applicable only to susceptibility testing with Haemophilus species using Haemophilus Test Medium6.For testing Streptococcus pneumoniae: Zone Diameter (mm)InterpretationMIC (mcg/mL)>= 19Susceptible (S)<= 0.5/9.516 to 18Intermediate (I)-<= 15Resistant (R)>= 4/76These interpretative standards are applicable only to disk diffusion testing using Mueller-Hinton agar adjusted with 5% sheep blood 6.. Quality Control. As with standardized dilution techniques, diffusion methods require the use of laboratory control microorganisms that are used to control the technical aspects of the laboratory procedures. For the diffusion technique, the 1.25 mcg/23.75 mcg sulfamethoxazole/ trimethoprim diskMueller-Hinton agar should be checked for excessive levels of thymidine. To determine whether Mueller-Hinton medium has sufficiently low levels of thymidine and thymine, an Enterococcus faecalis (ATCC 29212 or ATCC 33186) may be tested with trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole disks. zone of inhibition >= 20 mm that is essentially free of fine colonies indicates sufficiently low level of thymidine and thymine. should provide the following zone diameters in these laboratory test quality control strains:MicroorganismMIC Range (mcg/mL)Escherichia coli ATCC 2592223 to 29Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 2592324 to 32Haemophilus influenzae ATCC 4924724 to 32Streptococcus pneumoniae ATCC 4961920 to 28.

CONTRAINDICATIONS SECTION.

CONTRAINDICATIONS Sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim oral suspension is contraindicated in patients with known hypersensitivity to trimethoprim or sulfonamides and in patients with documented megaloblastic anemia due to folate deficiency. Sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim oral suspension is also contraindicated in pregnant patients at term and in nursing mothers, because sulfonamides pass the placenta and are excreted in the milk and may cause kernicterus. Sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim oral suspension is contraindicated in pediatric patients less than months of age.

DESCRIPTION SECTION.

DESCRIPTION. Sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim oral suspension USP is synthetic antibacterial combination product. Sulfamethoxazole is 1-(5-methyl-3-isoxazolyl) sulfanilamide. It is an almost white odorless, tasteless compound. It has the following structural formula: C10H11N3O3S M.W. 253.28Trimethoprim is 2,4-diamino-5-(3,4,5-trimethoxybenzyl) pyrimidine. It is white to light yellow, odorless, bitter compound. It has the following structural formula: C14H18N4O3 M.W. 290.32Each teaspoonful (5 mL) of the oral suspension contains 200 mg sulfamethoxazole and 40 mg trimethoprim as well as the following inactive ingredients: alcohol 0.04% (v/v), carboxymethylcellulose sodium, cherry flavoring, citric acid, color red FD&C No. 40, glycerin, methylparaben, microcrystalline cellulose, polysorbate 80, purified water, saccharin sodium, sodium benzoate, and sorbitol solution. Chemical Structure. Chemical Structure.

DOSAGE & ADMINISTRATION SECTION.

DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION. Contraindicated in pediatric patients less than months of age. Urinary Tract Infections and Shigellosis in Adults and Pediatric Patients and Acute Otitis Media in Pediatric Patients. Adults The usual adult dosage in the treatment of urinary tract infections is four teaspoonfuls (20 mL) sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim oral suspension every 12 hours for 10 to 14 days. An identical daily dosage is used for days in the treatment of shigellosis. Pediatric Patients. The recommended dose for pediatric patients with urinary tract infections or acute otitis media is 40 mg/kg sulfamethoxazole and mg/kg trimethoprim per 24 hours, given in two divided doses every 12 hours for 10 days. An identical daily dosage is used for days in the treatment of shigellosis. The following table is guideline for the attainment of this dosage: Pediatric patientsTwo months of age or older WeightDose Every 12 HourslbkgTeaspoonfuls22101 (5 mL)44202 (10 mL)66303 (15 mL)88404 (20 mL). For Patients With Impaired Renal Function. When renal function is impaired, reduced dosage should be employed using the following table:Creatinine Clearance (mL/min)Recommended Dosage RegimenAbove 30Use Standard Regimen15 to 30 1/2 the Usual RegimenBelow 15Use Not Recommended. Acute Exacerbations of Chronic Bronchitis in Adults. The usual adult dosage in the treatment of acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis is four teaspoonfuls (20 mL) sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim oral suspension every 12 hours for 14 days. Travelers Diarrhea in Adults. For the treatment of travelers diarrhea, the usual adult dosage is four teaspoonfuls (20 mL) of sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim oral suspension every 12 hours for days. Pneumocystis carinii Pneumonia. Treatment. Adults and pediatric patients. The recommended dosage for treatment of patients with documented Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia is 75 to 100 mg/kg sulfamethoxazole and 15 to 20 mg/kg trimethoprim per 24 hours given in equally divided doses every hours for 14 to 21 days. The following table is guideline for the upper limit of this dosage: WeightDose Every HourslbkgTeaspoonfuls1881 (5 mL)35162 (10 mL)53243 (15 mL)70324 (20 mL)88405 (25 mL)106486 (30 mL)141648 (40 mL)1768010 (50 mL)For the lower limit dose (75 mg/kg sulfamethoxazole and 15 mg/kg trimethoprim per 24 hours) administer 75% of the dose in the above table. Prophylaxis. Adults. The recommended dosage for prophylaxis in adults is four teaspoonfuls (20 mL) of the suspension daily. Pediatric Patients. For pediatric patients, the recommended dose is 750 mg/m2/day sulfamethoxazole with 150 mg/m2/day trimethoprim given orally in equally divided doses twice day, on consecutive days per week. The total daily dose should not exceed 1,600 mg sulfamethoxazole and 320 mg trimethoprim. The following table is guideline for the attainment of this dosage in pediatric patients: Body Surface AreaDose Every 12 Hours(m2)Teaspoonfuls0.26 1/2 (2.5 mL)0.531 (5 mL)1.062 (10 mL).

DRUG & OR LABORATORY TEST INTERACTIONS SECTION.

Drug/Laboratory Test Interactions This combination product, specifically the trimethoprim component, can interfere with serum methotrexate assay as determined by the competitive binding protein technique (CBPA) when bacterial dihydrofolate reductase is used as the binding protein. No interference occurs, however, if methotrexate is measured by radioimmunoassay (RIA). The presence of trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole may also interfere with the Jaffe alkaline picrate reaction assay for creatinine, resulting in overestimations of about 10% in the range of normal values.

DRUG INTERACTIONS SECTION.

Drug Interactions In elderly patients concurrently receiving certain diuretics, primarily thiazides, an increased incidence of thrombocytopenia with purpura has been reported. In the literature, two cases of hyperkalemia in elderly patients have been reported after concomitant intake of sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim and an angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor. It has been reported that sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim may prolong the prothrombin time in patients who are receiving the anticoagulant warfarin. This interaction should be kept in mind when sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim is given to patients already on anticoagulant therapy, and the coagulation time should be reassessed. Sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim may inhibit the hepatic metabolism of phenytoin. Sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim, given at common clinical dosage, increased the phenytoin half-life by 39% and decreased the phenytoin metabolic clearance rate by 27%. When administering these drugs concurrently, one should be alert for possible excessive phenytoin effect. Sulfonamides can also displace methotrexate from plasma protein binding sites, thus increasing free methotrexate concentrations.

GENERAL PRECAUTIONS SECTION.

General Prescribing sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim oral suspension in the absence of proven or strongly suspected bacterial infection or prophylactic indication is unlikely to provide benefit to the patient and increases the risk of the development of drug-resistant bacteria. Sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim oral suspension should be given with caution to patients with impaired renal or hepatic function, to those with possible folate deficiency (e.g., the elderly, chronic alcoholics, patients receiving anticonvulsant therapy, patients with malabsorption syndrome, and patients in malnutrition states), and to those with severe allergy or bronchial asthma. In glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase-deficient individuals, hemolysis may occur. This reaction is frequently dose-related (see CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY and DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION).

GERIATRIC USE SECTION.

Geriatric Use Clinical studies of sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim oral suspension did not include sufficient numbers of subjects aged 65 and over to determine whether they respond differently from younger subjects. There may be an increased risk of severe adverse reactions in elderly patients, particularly when complicating conditions exist, e.g., impaired kidney and/or liver function, possible folate deficiency, or concomitant use of other drugs. Severe skin reactions, generalized bone marrow suppression (see WARNINGS and ADVERSE REACTIONS), specific decrease in platelets (with or without purpura), and hyperkalemia are the most frequently reported severe adverse reaction in elderly patients. In those concurrently receiving certain diuretics, primarily thiazides, an increased incidence of thrombocytopenia with purpura has been reported. Increased digoxin blood levels can occur with concomitant sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim therapy, especially in elderly patients. Serum digoxin levels should be monitored. Hematological changes indicative of folic acid deficiency may occur in elderly patients. These effects are reversible by folinic acid therapy. Appropriate dosage adjustments should be made for patients with impaired kidney function and duration of use should be as short as possible to minimize risks of undesired reactions (see DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION). The trimethoprim component of this product may cause hyperkalemia when administered to patients with underlying disorders of potassium metabolism, with renal insufficiency, or when given concomitantly with drugs known to induce hyperkalemia, such as angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors. Close monitoring of serum potassium is warranted in these patients. Discontinuation of sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim treatment is recommended to help lower potassium serum levels. Pharmacokinetics parameters for sulfamethoxazole were similar for geriatric subjects and younger adult subjects. The mean maximum serum trimethoprim concentration was higher and mean renal clearance of trimethoprim was lower in geriatric subjects compared with younger subjects3 (see CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY, Geriatric Pharmacokinetics).

HOW SUPPLIED SECTION.

HOW SUPPLIED. Sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim oral suspension USP contains 200 mg sulfamethoxazole and 40 mg trimethoprim in each teaspoonful (5 mL) and is available as pink, cherry-flavored syrup suspension supplied in the following oral dosage form: NDC 0121-4793-20, unit dose cups of 20 mL, 10 cups per tray.. Store at 20 to 25C (68 to 77F) [See USP Controlled Room Temperature] and protect from light. SHAKE WELL BEFORE USING.

INDICATIONS & USAGE SECTION.

INDICATIONS AND USAGE. To reduce the development of drug-resistant bacteria and maintain the effectiveness of sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim oral suspension and other antibacterial drugs, sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim oral suspension should be used only to treat or prevent infections that are proven or strongly suspected to be caused by susceptible bacteria. When culture and susceptibility information are available, they should be considered in selecting or modifying antibacterial therapy. In the absence of such data, local epidemiology and susceptibility patterns may contribute to the empiric selection of therapy. Urinary Tract Infections. For the treatment of urinary tract infections due to susceptible strains of the following organisms: Escherichia coli, Klebsiella species, Enterobacter species, Morganella morganii, Proteus mirabilis, and Proteus vulgaris. It is recommended that initial episodes of uncomplicated urinary tract infections be treated with single effective antibacterial agent rather than the combination. Acute Otitis Media. For the treatment of acute otitis media in pediatric patients due to susceptible strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae or Haemophilus influenzae when, in the judgment of the physician, sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim oral suspension offers some advantage over the use of other antimicrobial agents. To date, there are limited data on the safety of repeated use of sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim in pediatric patients under two years of age. This product is not indicated for prophylactic or prolonged administration in otitis media at any age. Acute Exacerbations of Chronic Bronchitis in Adults. For the treatment of acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis due to susceptible strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae or Haemophilus influenzae when, in the judgment of the physician, sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim oral suspension offers some advantage over the use of single antimicrobial agent. Travelers Diarrhea in Adults. For the treatment of travelers diarrhea due to susceptible strains of enterotoxigenic E. coli. Shigellosis For the treatment of enteritis caused by susceptible strains of Shigella flexneri and Shigella sonnei when antibacterial therapy is indicated. Pneumocystis Carinii Pneumonia. For the treatment of documented Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. For prophylaxis against Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in individuals who are immunosuppressed and considered to be at an increased risk of developing Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia.

INFORMATION FOR PATIENTS SECTION.

Information for Patients Patients should be counseled that antibacterial drugs including sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim oral suspension should only be used to treat bacterial infections. They do not treat viral infections (e.g., the common cold). When sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim oral suspension is prescribed to treat bacterial infection, patients should be told that although it is common to feel better early in the course of therapy, the medication should be taken exactly as directed. Skipping doses or not completing the full course of therapy may (1) decrease the effectiveness of the immediate treatment and (2) increase the likelihood that bacteria will develop resistance and will not be treatable by sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim oral suspension or other antibacterial drugs in the future. Patients should be instructed to maintain an adequate fluid intake in order to prevent crystalluria and stone formation. Diarrhea is common problem caused by antibiotics which usually ends when the antibiotic is discontinued. Sometimes after starting treatment with antibiotics, patients can develop watery and bloody stools (with and without stomach cramps and fever) even as late as two or more months after having taken the last dose of the antibiotic. If this occurs, patients should contact their physician as soon as possible.

LABORATORY TESTS SECTION.

Laboratory Tests Complete blood counts should be done frequently in patients receiving sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim; if significant reduction in the count of any formed blood element is noted, sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim oral suspension should be discontinued. Urinalysis with careful microscopic examination and renal function tests should be performed during therapy, particularly for those patients with impaired renal function.

MICROBIOLOGY SECTION.

Microbiology. Sulfamethoxazole inhibits bacterial synthesis of dihydrofolic acid by competing with para-aminobenzoic acid (PABA). Trimethoprim blocks the production of tetrahydrofolic acid from dihydrofolic acid by binding to and reversibly inhibiting the required enzyme, dihydrofolate reductase. Thus this combination blocks two consecutive steps in the biosynthesis of nucleic acids and proteins essential to many bacteria. In vitro studies have shown that bacterial resistance develops more slowly with this combination than with either sulfamethoxazole or trimethoprim alone. In vitro serial dilution tests have shown that the spectrum of antibacterial activity of sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim includes the common urinary tract pathogens with the exception of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The following organisms are usually susceptible: Escherichia coli, Klebsiella species, Enterobacter species, Morganella morganii, Proteus mirabilis, and indole-positive Proteus species including Proteus vulgaris. The usual spectrum of antimicrobial activity of sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim includes bacterial pathogens isolated from middle ear exudate and from bronchial secretions (Haemophilus influenzae, including ampicillin-resistant strains, and Streptococcus pneumoniae), and enterotoxigenic strains of Escherichia coli (ETEC) causing bacterial gastroenteritis. Shigella flexneri and Shigella sonnei are also usually susceptible. Susceptibility Testing. Dilution techniques. Quantitative methods are used to determine antimicrobial minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs). These MICs provide estimates of the susceptibility of bacteria to antimicrobial compounds. The MICs should be determined using standardized procedure. Standardized procedures are based on dilution method 5,7 (broth or agar) or equivalent with standardized incoulum concentrations and standardized concentrations of sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim powder. The MIC values should be interpreted according to the following criteria:For testing Enterobacteriaceae, Acinetobacter spp., Staphylococcus spp., Burkholderia cepacia, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, and Vibrio cholerae: MIC (mcg/mL)Interpretation<= 2/38Susceptible (S)>= 4/76Resistant (R)For testing Haemophilus influenzae and Haemophilus parainfluenzae:MIC (mcg/mL)Interpretation<= 0.5/9.5Susceptible (S)1/19 to 2/38Intermediate (I)>= 4/76Resistant (R)These interpretative standards are applicable only to broth microdilution susceptibility testing using Haemophilus Test Medium5.For testing Streptococcus pneumoniae:MIC (mcg/mL)Interpretation<= 0.5/9.5Susceptible (S)1/19 to 2/38Intermediate (I)>= 4/76Resistant (R)These interpretive standards are applicable only to broth microdilution susceptibility testing using cation-adjusted Mueller-Hinton broth with 2.5 to 5% lysed horse blood 5.A report of Susceptible indicates that the pathogen is likely to be inhibited if the antimicrobial compound in the blood reaches the concentrations usually achievable. report of Intermediate indicates that the result should be considered equivocal, and, if the microorganism is not fully susceptible to alternative, clinically feasible drugs, the test should be repeated. This category implies possible clinical applicability in body sites where the drug is physiologically concentrated or in situations where high dosage of drug can be used. This category also provides buffer zone which prevents small uncontrolled technical factors from causing major discrepancies in interpretation. report of Resistant indicates that the pathogen is not likely to be inhibited if the antimicrobial compound in the blood reaches the concentrations usually achievable; other therapy should be selected.. Quality Control. Standardized susceptibility test procedures require the use of laboratory control microorganisms to control the technical aspects of the laboratory procedures. Standard sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim powder should provide the following MIC values:MicroorganismMIC Range (mcg/mL)Escherichia coli ATCC 25922<= 0.5/9.5Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 29213<= 0.5/9.5Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 278538/152 to 32/608Haemophilus influenzae ATCC 492470.03/0.59 to 0.25/4.75Streptococcus pneumoniae ATCC 496190.12/2.4 to 1/19. Diffusion techniques. Quantitative methods that require measurement of zone diameters also provide reproducible estimates of the susceptibility of bacteria to antimicrobial compounds. One such standardized procedure 6,7 requires the use of standard incoculum concentrations. This procedure uses paper disks impregnated with 1.25 mcg/23.75 mcg sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim to test the susceptibility of microorganism to sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim.Reports from the laboratory providing results of the standard disk susceptibility test with 1.25 mcg/23.75 mcg sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim disk should be interpreted according to the following criteria:For testing Enterobacteriaceae, Acinetobacter spp., Staphylococcus spp., Burkholderia cepacia, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, and Vibrio cholerae: Zone Diameter (mm)InterpretationMIC (mcg/mL)>= 16Susceptible (S)<= 23811 to 15Intermediate (I)-<= 10Resistant (R)>= 8/152For testing Haemophilus influenzae and Haemophilus parainfluenzae: Zone Diameter (mm)InterpretationMIC (mcg/mL)>= 16Susceptible (S)<= 0.5/9.511 to 15Intermediate (I)-<= 10Resistant (R)>= 4/76These zone diameter standards are applicable only to susceptibility testing with Haemophilus species using Haemophilus Test Medium6.For testing Streptococcus pneumoniae: Zone Diameter (mm)InterpretationMIC (mcg/mL)>= 19Susceptible (S)<= 0.5/9.516 to 18Intermediate (I)-<= 15Resistant (R)>= 4/76These interpretative standards are applicable only to disk diffusion testing using Mueller-Hinton agar adjusted with 5% sheep blood 6.. Quality Control. As with standardized dilution techniques, diffusion methods require the use of laboratory control microorganisms that are used to control the technical aspects of the laboratory procedures. For the diffusion technique, the 1.25 mcg/23.75 mcg sulfamethoxazole/ trimethoprim diskMueller-Hinton agar should be checked for excessive levels of thymidine. To determine whether Mueller-Hinton medium has sufficiently low levels of thymidine and thymine, an Enterococcus faecalis (ATCC 29212 or ATCC 33186) may be tested with trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole disks. zone of inhibition >= 20 mm that is essentially free of fine colonies indicates sufficiently low level of thymidine and thymine. should provide the following zone diameters in these laboratory test quality control strains:MicroorganismMIC Range (mcg/mL)Escherichia coli ATCC 2592223 to 29Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 2592324 to 32Haemophilus influenzae ATCC 4924724 to 32Streptococcus pneumoniae ATCC 4961920 to 28.

NONTERATOGENIC EFFECTS SECTION.

Nonteratogenic Effects See CONTRAINDICATIONS section.

NURSING MOTHERS SECTION.

Nursing Mothers See CONTRAINDICATIONS section.

OVERDOSAGE SECTION.

OVERDOSAGE Acute. The amount of single dose of sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim that is either associated with symptoms of overdosage or is likely to be life-threatening has not been reported. Signs and symptoms of overdosage reported with sulfonamides include anorexia, colic, nausea, vomiting, dizziness, headache, drowsiness, and unconsciousness. Pyrexia, hematuria, and crystalluria may be noted. Blood dyscrasias and jaundice are potential late manifestations of overdosage. Signs of acute overdosage with trimethoprim include nausea, vomiting, dizziness, headache, mental depression, confusion, and bone marrow depression. General principles of treatment include the institution of gastric lavage or emesis; forcing oral fluids; and the administration of intravenous fluids if urine output is low and renal function is normal. Acidification of the urine will increase renal elimination of trimethoprim. The patient should be monitored with blood counts and appropriate blood chemistries, including electrolytes. If significant blood dyscrasia or jaundice occurs, specific therapy should be instituted for these complications. Peritoneal dialysis is not effective and hemodialysis is only moderately effective in eliminating trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole. Chronic. Use of sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim at high doses and/or for extended periods of time may cause bone marrow depression manifested as thrombocytopenia, leukopenia, and/or megaloblastic anemia. If signs of bone marrow depression occur, the patient should be given leucovorin; to 15 mg leucovorin daily has been recommended by some investigators.

PACKAGE LABEL.PRINCIPAL DISPLAY PANEL.

PRINCIPAL DISPLAY PANEL 20 mL Cup Label. Delivers 20 mL NDC 0121-4793-20SULFAMETHOXAZOLE and TRIMETHOPRIM ORAL SUSPENSION USP800 mg/160 mg per 20 mLSHAKE WELL BEFORE USINGRx ONLYFOR INSTITUTIONAL USE ONLYMfg. by: TEVA PHARMACEUTICALS USASellersville, PA 18960Pkg. by: PHARMACEUTICAL ASSOCIATES, INC.Greenville, SC 29605SEE INSERTA47932002. PRINCIPAL DISPLAY PANEL 20 mL Cup Label.

PEDIATRIC USE SECTION.

Pediatric Use Sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim oral suspension is not recommended for pediatric patients younger than months of age (see INDICATIONS AND USAGE and CONTRAINDICATIONS ).

PHARMACOKINETICS SECTION.

Geriatric Pharmacokinetics. The pharmacokinetics of sulfamethoxazole 800 mg and trimethoprim 160 mg were studied in geriatric subjects (mean age: 78.6 years) and young healthy subjects (mean age: 29.3 years) using non-U.S. approved formulation. Pharmacokinetic values for sulfamethoxazole in geriatric subjects were similar to those observed in young adult subjects. The mean renal clearance of trimethoprim was significantly lower in geriatric subjects compared with young adult subjects (19 mL/h/kg vs. 55 mL/h/kg). However, after normalizing by body weight, the apparent total body clearance of trimethoprim was an average 19% lower in geriatric subjects compared with young adult subjects.3.

PRECAUTIONS SECTION.

PRECAUTIONS General Prescribing sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim oral suspension in the absence of proven or strongly suspected bacterial infection or prophylactic indication is unlikely to provide benefit to the patient and increases the risk of the development of drug-resistant bacteria. Sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim oral suspension should be given with caution to patients with impaired renal or hepatic function, to those with possible folate deficiency (e.g., the elderly, chronic alcoholics, patients receiving anticonvulsant therapy, patients with malabsorption syndrome, and patients in malnutrition states), and to those with severe allergy or bronchial asthma. In glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase-deficient individuals, hemolysis may occur. This reaction is frequently dose-related (see CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY and DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION). Use In the Elderly There may be an increased risk of severe adverse reactions in elderly patients, particularly when complicating conditions exist, e.g., impaired kidney and/or liver function, or concomitant use of other drugs. Severe skin reactions, generalized bone marrow suppression (see WARNINGS and ADVERSE REACTIONS), or specific decrease in platelets (with or without purpura) are the most frequently reported severe adverse reactions in elderly patients. In those concurrently receiving certain diuretics, primarily thiazides, an increased incidence of thrombocytopenia with purpura has been reported. Appropriate dosage adjustments should be made for patients with impaired kidney function (see DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION). Use in the Treatment of and Prophylaxis for Pneumocystis carinii Pneumonia in Patients with Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) The incidence of side effects, particularly rash, fever, leukopenia, and elevated aminotransferase (transaminase) values in AIDS patients who are being treated with sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim therapy for Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia has been reported to be greatly increased compared with the incidence normally associated with the use of sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim in non-AIDS patients. The incidence of hyperkalemia and hyponatremia appears to be increased in AIDS patients receiving sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim. Adverse effects are generally less severe in patients receiving sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim for prophylaxis. history of mild intolerance to sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim in AIDS patients does not appear to predict intolerance of subsequent secondary prophylaxis. However, if patient develops skin rash or any sign of adverse reaction, therapy with sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim should be re-evaluated (see WARNINGS). The concomitant use of leucovorin with sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim for the acute treatment of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in patients with HIV infection was associated with increased rates of treatment failure and morbidity in placebo-controlled study. Information for Patients Patients should be counseled that antibacterial drugs including sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim oral suspension should only be used to treat bacterial infections. They do not treat viral infections (e.g., the common cold). When sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim oral suspension is prescribed to treat bacterial infection, patients should be told that although it is common to feel better early in the course of therapy, the medication should be taken exactly as directed. Skipping doses or not completing the full course of therapy may (1) decrease the effectiveness of the immediate treatment and (2) increase the likelihood that bacteria will develop resistance and will not be treatable by sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim oral suspension or other antibacterial drugs in the future. Patients should be instructed to maintain an adequate fluid intake in order to prevent crystalluria and stone formation. Diarrhea is common problem caused by antibiotics which usually ends when the antibiotic is discontinued. Sometimes after starting treatment with antibiotics, patients can develop watery and bloody stools (with and without stomach cramps and fever) even as late as two or more months after having taken the last dose of the antibiotic. If this occurs, patients should contact their physician as soon as possible. Laboratory Tests Complete blood counts should be done frequently in patients receiving sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim; if significant reduction in the count of any formed blood element is noted, sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim oral suspension should be discontinued. Urinalysis with careful microscopic examination and renal function tests should be performed during therapy, particularly for those patients with impaired renal function. Drug Interactions In elderly patients concurrently receiving certain diuretics, primarily thiazides, an increased incidence of thrombocytopenia with purpura has been reported. In the literature, two cases of hyperkalemia in elderly patients have been reported after concomitant intake of sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim and an angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor. It has been reported that sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim may prolong the prothrombin time in patients who are receiving the anticoagulant warfarin. This interaction should be kept in mind when sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim is given to patients already on anticoagulant therapy, and the coagulation time should be reassessed. Sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim may inhibit the hepatic metabolism of phenytoin. Sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim, given at common clinical dosage, increased the phenytoin half-life by 39% and decreased the phenytoin metabolic clearance rate by 27%. When administering these drugs concurrently, one should be alert for possible excessive phenytoin effect. Sulfonamides can also displace methotrexate from plasma protein binding sites, thus increasing free methotrexate concentrations. Drug/Laboratory Test Interactions This combination product, specifically the trimethoprim component, can interfere with serum methotrexate assay as determined by the competitive binding protein technique (CBPA) when bacterial dihydrofolate reductase is used as the binding protein. No interference occurs, however, if methotrexate is measured by radioimmunoassay (RIA). The presence of trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole may also interfere with the Jaffe alkaline picrate reaction assay for creatinine, resulting in overestimations of about 10% in the range of normal values. Carcinogenesis, Mutagenesis, Impairment of Fertility Carcinogenesis Long-term studies in animals to evaluate carcinogenic potential have not been conducted with sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim. Mutagenesis Bacterial mutagenic studies have not been performed with sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim in combination. Trimethoprim was demonstrated to be non-mutagenic in the Ames assay. In studies at two laboratories, no chromosomal damage was detected in cultured Chinese hamster ovary cells at concentrations approximately 500 times human plasma levels; at concentrations approximately 1,000 times human plasma levels in these same cells, low level of chromosomal damage was induced at one of the laboratories. No chromosomal abnormalities were observed in cultured human leukocytes at concentrations of trimethoprim up to 20 times human steady-state plasma levels. No chromosomal effects were detected in peripheral lymphocytes of human subjects receiving 320 mg of trimethoprim in combination with up to 1,600 mg of sulfamethoxazole per day for as long as 112 weeks. Impairment of Fertility No adverse effects on fertility or general reproductive performance were observed in rats given oral dosages as high as 70 mg/kg/day trimethoprim plus 350 mg/kg/day sulfamethoxazole. Pregnancy Teratogenic Effects Pregnancy category . In rats, oral doses of 533 mg/kg sulfamethoxazole or 200 mg/kg trimethoprim produced teratologic effects manifested mainly as cleft palates. The highest dose which did not cause cleft palates in rats was 512 mg/kg sulfamethoxazole or 192 mg/kg trimethoprim when administered separately. In two studies in rats, no teratogenicity was observed when 512 mg/kg of sulfamethoxazole was used in combination with 128 mg/kg of trimethoprim. In one study, however, cleft palates were observed in one litter out of nine when 355 mg/kg of sulfamethoxazole was used in combination with 88 mg/kg of trimethoprim. In some rabbit studies, an overall increase in fetal loss (dead and resorbed and malformed conceptuses) was associated with doses of trimethoprim six times the human therapeutic dose. While there are no large, well-controlled studies in the use of trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole in pregnant women, Brumfitt and Pursell,4 in retrospective study, reported the outcome of 186 pregnancies during which the mother received either placebo or trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole. The incidence of congenital abnormalities was 4.5% (3 of 66) in those who received placebo and 3.3% (4 of 120) in those receiving trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole. There were no abnormalities in the 10 children whose mothers received the drug during the first trimester. In separate survey, Brumfitt and Pursell also found no congenital abnormalities in 35 children whose mothers had received oral trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole at the time of conception or shortly thereafter. Because trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole may interfere with folic acid metabolism, sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim oral suspension should be used during pregnancy only if the potential benefit justifies the potential risk to the fetus.. Nonteratogenic Effects See CONTRAINDICATIONS section. Nursing Mothers See CONTRAINDICATIONS section. Pediatric Use Sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim oral suspension is not recommended for pediatric patients younger than months of age (see INDICATIONS AND USAGE and CONTRAINDICATIONS ). Geriatric Use Clinical studies of sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim oral suspension did not include sufficient numbers of subjects aged 65 and over to determine whether they respond differently from younger subjects. There may be an increased risk of severe adverse reactions in elderly patients, particularly when complicating conditions exist, e.g., impaired kidney and/or liver function, possible folate deficiency, or concomitant use of other drugs. Severe skin reactions, generalized bone marrow suppression (see WARNINGS and ADVERSE REACTIONS), specific decrease in platelets (with or without purpura), and hyperkalemia are the most frequently reported severe adverse reaction in elderly patients. In those concurrently receiving certain diuretics, primarily thiazides, an increased incidence of thrombocytopenia with purpura has been reported. Increased digoxin blood levels can occur with concomitant sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim therapy, especially in elderly patients. Serum digoxin levels should be monitored. Hematological changes indicative of folic acid deficiency may occur in elderly patients. These effects are reversible by folinic acid therapy. Appropriate dosage adjustments should be made for patients with impaired kidney function and duration of use should be as short as possible to minimize risks of undesired reactions (see DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION). The trimethoprim component of this product may cause hyperkalemia when administered to patients with underlying disorders of potassium metabolism, with renal insufficiency, or when given concomitantly with drugs known to induce hyperkalemia, such as angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors. Close monitoring of serum potassium is warranted in these patients. Discontinuation of sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim treatment is recommended to help lower potassium serum levels. Pharmacokinetics parameters for sulfamethoxazole were similar for geriatric subjects and younger adult subjects. The mean maximum serum trimethoprim concentration was higher and mean renal clearance of trimethoprim was lower in geriatric subjects compared with younger subjects3 (see CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY, Geriatric Pharmacokinetics).

PREGNANCY SECTION.

Pregnancy Teratogenic Effects Pregnancy category . In rats, oral doses of 533 mg/kg sulfamethoxazole or 200 mg/kg trimethoprim produced teratologic effects manifested mainly as cleft palates. The highest dose which did not cause cleft palates in rats was 512 mg/kg sulfamethoxazole or 192 mg/kg trimethoprim when administered separately. In two studies in rats, no teratogenicity was observed when 512 mg/kg of sulfamethoxazole was used in combination with 128 mg/kg of trimethoprim. In one study, however, cleft palates were observed in one litter out of nine when 355 mg/kg of sulfamethoxazole was used in combination with 88 mg/kg of trimethoprim. In some rabbit studies, an overall increase in fetal loss (dead and resorbed and malformed conceptuses) was associated with doses of trimethoprim six times the human therapeutic dose. While there are no large, well-controlled studies in the use of trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole in pregnant women, Brumfitt and Pursell,4 in retrospective study, reported the outcome of 186 pregnancies during which the mother received either placebo or trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole. The incidence of congenital abnormalities was 4.5% (3 of 66) in those who received placebo and 3.3% (4 of 120) in those receiving trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole. There were no abnormalities in the 10 children whose mothers received the drug during the first trimester. In separate survey, Brumfitt and Pursell also found no congenital abnormalities in 35 children whose mothers had received oral trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole at the time of conception or shortly thereafter. Because trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole may interfere with folic acid metabolism, sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim oral suspension should be used during pregnancy only if the potential benefit justifies the potential risk to the fetus.. Nonteratogenic Effects See CONTRAINDICATIONS section.

REFERENCES SECTION.

REFERENCES. Kremers P, Duvivier J, Heusghem C. Pharmacokinetic Studies of Co-Trimoxazole in Man after Single and Repeated Doses. Clin Pharmacol. 1974; 14:112-117.Kaplan SA, Weinfeld RE, Abruzzo CW, McFaden K, Jack ML, Weissman L. Pharmacokinetic Profile of Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole in Man. Infect Dis. 1973; 128 (Suppl): S547-S555.Varoquaux, O, et al. Antibiotic Susceptibility Discs; Certification Procedure. Federal Register. 1972; 37:20527-20529.Brumfitt W, Pursell R. Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole in the Treatment of Bacteriuria in Women. Infect Dis. 1973; 128 (Suppl):S657-S663.Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. Methods for Dilution Antimicrobial Susceptibility Tests for Bacteria that Grow Aerobically; Approved Standard-Seventh Edition; Document M7-A7, Vol. 26, No. 2, CLSI, Wayne, PA, January, 2006.Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Disk Susceptibility Tests; Approved Standard-Ninth Edition; Document M2-A9, Vol. 26, No. 1, CLSI, Wayne, PA, January, 2006.Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing -- Eighteenth Informational Supplement. Document M100-S18, Vol. 28, No. 1, CLSI, Wayne, PA, January, 2008.. Kremers P, Duvivier J, Heusghem C. Pharmacokinetic Studies of Co-Trimoxazole in Man after Single and Repeated Doses. Clin Pharmacol. 1974; 14:112-117.. Kaplan SA, Weinfeld RE, Abruzzo CW, McFaden K, Jack ML, Weissman L. Pharmacokinetic Profile of Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole in Man. Infect Dis. 1973; 128 (Suppl): S547-S555.. Varoquaux, O, et al. Antibiotic Susceptibility Discs; Certification Procedure. Federal Register. 1972; 37:20527-20529.. Brumfitt W, Pursell R. Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole in the Treatment of Bacteriuria in Women. Infect Dis. 1973; 128 (Suppl):S657-S663.. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. Methods for Dilution Antimicrobial Susceptibility Tests for Bacteria that Grow Aerobically; Approved Standard-Seventh Edition; Document M7-A7, Vol. 26, No. 2, CLSI, Wayne, PA, January, 2006.. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Disk Susceptibility Tests; Approved Standard-Ninth Edition; Document M2-A9, Vol. 26, No. 1, CLSI, Wayne, PA, January, 2006.. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing -- Eighteenth Informational Supplement. Document M100-S18, Vol. 28, No. 1, CLSI, Wayne, PA, January, 2008.

SPL UNCLASSIFIED SECTION.

Rx onlyTo reduce the development of drug-resistant bacteria and maintain the effectiveness of sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim oral suspension and other antibacterial drugs, sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim oral suspension should be used only to treat or prevent infections that are proven or strongly suspected to be caused by bacteria.

STORAGE AND HANDLING SECTION.

Store at 20 to 25C (68 to 77F) [See USP Controlled Room Temperature] and protect from light. SHAKE WELL BEFORE USING.

TERATOGENIC EFFECTS SECTION.

Teratogenic Effects Pregnancy category . In rats, oral doses of 533 mg/kg sulfamethoxazole or 200 mg/kg trimethoprim produced teratologic effects manifested mainly as cleft palates. The highest dose which did not cause cleft palates in rats was 512 mg/kg sulfamethoxazole or 192 mg/kg trimethoprim when administered separately. In two studies in rats, no teratogenicity was observed when 512 mg/kg of sulfamethoxazole was used in combination with 128 mg/kg of trimethoprim. In one study, however, cleft palates were observed in one litter out of nine when 355 mg/kg of sulfamethoxazole was used in combination with 88 mg/kg of trimethoprim. In some rabbit studies, an overall increase in fetal loss (dead and resorbed and malformed conceptuses) was associated with doses of trimethoprim six times the human therapeutic dose. While there are no large, well-controlled studies in the use of trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole in pregnant women, Brumfitt and Pursell,4 in retrospective study, reported the outcome of 186 pregnancies during which the mother received either placebo or trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole. The incidence of congenital abnormalities was 4.5% (3 of 66) in those who received placebo and 3.3% (4 of 120) in those receiving trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole. There were no abnormalities in the 10 children whose mothers received the drug during the first trimester. In separate survey, Brumfitt and Pursell also found no congenital abnormalities in 35 children whose mothers had received oral trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole at the time of conception or shortly thereafter. Because trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole may interfere with folic acid metabolism, sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim oral suspension should be used during pregnancy only if the potential benefit justifies the potential risk to the fetus.

WARNINGS SECTION.

WARNINGS. FATALITIES ASSOCIATED WITH THE ADMINISTRATION OF SULFONAMIDES, ALTHOUGH RARE, HAVE OCCURRED DUE TO SEVERE REACTIONS, INCLUDING STEVENS-JOHNSON SYNDROME, TOXIC EPIDERMAL NECROLYSIS, FULMINANT HEPATIC NECROSIS, AGRANULOCYTOSIS, APLASTIC ANEMIA, AND OTHER BLOOD DYSCRASIAS. SULFONAMIDES, INCLUDING SULFONAMIDE-CONTAINING PRODUCTS SUCH AS SULFAMETHOXAZOLE/TRIMETHOPRIM SHOULD BE DISCONTINUED AT THE FIRST APPEARANCE OF SKIN RASH OR ANY SIGN OF ADVERSE REACTION. In rare instances, skin rash may be followed by more severe reaction, such as Stevens-Johnson syndrome, toxic epidermal necrolysis, hepatic necrosis, and serious blood disorder (see PRECAUTIONS). Clinical signs, such as rash, sore throat, fever, arthralgia, pallor, purpura, or jaundice may be early indications of serious reactions. Cough, shortness of breath, and pulmonary infiltrates are hypersensitivity reactions of the respiratory tract that have been reported in association with sulfonamide treatment. The sulfonamides should not be used for the treatment of group beta-hemolytic streptococcal infections. In an established infection, they will not eradicate the streptococcus and, therefore, will not prevent sequelae such as rheumatic fever. Clostridium difficile associated diarrhea (CDAD) has been reported with use of nearly all antibacterial agents, including sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim oral suspension, USP, and may range in severity from mild diarrhea to fatal colitis. Treatment with antibacterial agents alters the normal flora of the colon leading to overgrowth of C. difficile. C. difficile produces toxins and which contribute to the development of CDAD. Hypertoxin producing strains of C. difficile cause increased morbidity and mortality, as these infections can be refractory to antimicrobial therapy and may require colectomy. CDAD must be considered in all patients who present with diarrhea following antibiotic use. Careful medical history is necessary since CDAD has been reported to occur over two months after the administration of antibacterial agents. If CDAD is suspected or confirmed, ongoing antiobiotic use not directed against C. difficile may need to be discontinued. Appropriate fluid and electrolyte management, protein supplementation, antibiotic treatment of C. difficile, and surgical evaluation should be instituted as clinically indicated.