LACTATION SECTION.

8.2 Lactation. Risk SummaryThere is no information available on the presence of naftifine hydrochloride in human milk, the effects of the drug on the breastfed infant, or the effects of the drug on milk production after topical application of naftifine hydrochloride gel to women who are breastfeeding. It is not known whether naftifine hydrochloride is excreted in human milk. Because many drugs are excreted in human milk, caution should be exercised when naftifine hydrochloride is administered to nursing woman.The lack of clinical data during lactation precludes clear determination of the risk naftifine hydrochloride gel to an infant during lactation. Therefore, the developmental and health benefits of breastfeeding should be considered along with the mothers clinical need for naftifine hydrochloride gel and any potential adverse effects on the breastfed infant from naftifine hydrochloride gel or from the underlying maternal condition.

ADVERSE REACTIONS SECTION.

6 ADVERSE REACTIONS. The most common adverse reactions are application site reactions (2%). (6.1) To report SUSPECTED ADVERSE REACTIONS, contact Taro Pharmaceuticals U.S.A., Inc., at 1-866-923-4914 or FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088 or www.fda.gov/medwatch. 6.1 Clinical Trials Experience. Because clinical trials are conducted under widely varying conditions, adverse reaction rates observed in the clinical trials of drug cannot be directly compared to rates in the clinical trials of another drug and may not reflect the rates observed in clinical practice.In two randomized, vehicle-controlled trials, 1143 subjects were treated with naftifine hydrochloride gel versus 571 subjects treated with the vehicle. The trial subjects were 12 to 92 years old, were primarily male (76%), and were 59% Caucasian, 38% Black or African American, and 23% Hispanic or Latino. Subjects received doses once daily, topically, for weeks to cover the affected skin areas plus 1/2 -inch margin of surrounding healthy skin. The most common adverse reactions were application site reactions which occurred at the rate of 2% in naftifine hydrochloride gel arm versus 1% in vehicle arm. Most adverse reactions were mild in severity.In an open-label pediatric pharmacokinetics and safety trial 22 pediatric subjects 12 to 17 years of age with interdigital tinea pedis received naftifine hydrochloride gel. The incidence of adverse reactions in the pediatric population was similar to that observed in adult population.Cumulative irritancy testing revealed the potential for naftifine hydrochloride gel to cause irritation. There was no evidence that naftifine hydrochloride gel causes contact sensitization, phototoxicity, or photoallergenicity in healthy skin.. 6.2 Postmarketing Experience. Because these reactions are reported voluntarily from population of uncertain size, it is not always possible to reliably estimate their frequency or establish causal relationship to drug exposure. The following adverse reactions have been identified during post-approval use of naftifine hydrochloride: blisters, burning sensation, crusting, dryness, erythema/redness, inflammation, irritation, maceration, pain, pruritus [mild]/itching, rash and swelling.

CARCINOGENESIS & MUTAGENESIS & IMPAIRMENT OF FERTILITY SECTION.

13.1 Carcinogenesis, Mutagenesis, Impairment of Fertility. In 2-year dermal carcinogenicity study, naftifine hydrochloride cream was administered to Sprague- Dawley rats at topical doses of 1%, 2% and 3% (10 mg/kg/day, 20 mg/kg/day, and 30 mg/kg/day naftifine hydrochloride). No drug-related tumors were noted in this study up to the highest dose evaluated in this study of 30 mg/kg/day (36 times MRHD based on AUC comparison).Naftifine hydrochloride revealed no evidence of mutagenic or clastogenic potential based on the results of two in vitro genotoxicity tests (Ames assay and Chinese hamster ovary cell chromosome aberration assay) and one in vivo genotoxicity test (mouse bone marrow micronucleus assay).Oral administration of naftifine hydrochloride to rats, throughout mating, gestation, parturition, and lactation, demonstrated no effects on growth, fertility, or reproduction, at doses up to 100 mg/kg/day (12 times MRHD based on mg/m2 comparison).

CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY SECTION.

12 CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY. 12.1 Mechanism of Action. Naftifine hydrochloride gel is topical antifungal drug [see Clinical Pharmacology (12.4)].. 12.2 Pharmacodynamics. The pharmacodynamics of naftifine hydrochloride gel have not been established.. 12.3 Pharmacokinetics. In vitro and in vivo bioavailability studies have demonstrated that naftifine penetrates the stratum corneum in sufficient concentration to inhibit the growth of dermatophytes.Pharmacokinetic analysis of plasma samples from 32 subjects with tinea pedis treated with mean dose of 3.9 grams naftifine hydrochloride gel applied once daily to both feet for 14 days showed increased exposure over the treatment period, with geometric mean (CV%) AUC0-24 (area under plasma concentration-versus-time curve from time to 24 hours) of 10.5 (118) nghr/mL on Day and an AUC0-24 of 70 (59) nghr/mL on Day 14. The accumulation ratio based on AUC was approximately 6.Maximum concentration (Cmax) also increased over the treatment period; geometric mean (CV%) Cmax after single dose was 0.9 (92) ng/mL on Day 1; Cmax on Day 14 was 3.7 (64) ng/mL. Median Tmax was 20 hours (range: 8, 20 hours) after single application on Day and hours (range: 0, 24 hours) on Day 14. Trough plasma concentrations increased during the trial period and reached steady state after 11 days. In the same pharmacokinetic trial, the fraction of dose excreted in urine during the treatment period was less than or equal to 0.01% of the applied dose.In second trial, the pharmacokinetics of naftifine hydrochloride gel was evaluated in 22 pediatric subjects 12 to 17 years of age with tinea pedis. Subjects were treated with mean dose of 4.1 grams naftifine hydrochloride gel applied to the affected area once daily for 14 days. The results showed that the systemic exposure increased over the treatment period. Geometric mean (CV%) AUC0-24 was 15.9 (212) nghr/mL on Day and 60 (131) nghr/mL on Day 14. Geometric mean (CV%) Cmax after single dose was 1.40 (154) ng/mL on Day and 3.81 (154) ng/mL on Day 14. The fraction of dose excreted in urine during the treatment period was less than or equal to 0.003% of the applied dose.. 12.4 Microbiology. Mechanism of ActionNaftifine is an antifungal that belongs to the allylamine class. Although the exact mechanism of action against fungi is not known, naftifine hydrochloride appears to interfere with sterol biosynthesis by inhibiting the enzyme squalene 2, 3-epoxidase. The inhibition of enzyme activity by this allylamine results in decreased amounts of sterols, especially ergosterol, and corresponding accumulation of squalene in the cells.. Mechanism of ResistanceTo date, mechanism of resistance to naftifine has not been identified.Naftifine has been shown to be active against most isolates of the following fungi, both in vitro and in clinical infections, as described in the INDICATIONS AND USAGE section: Trichophyton rubrum Trichophyton mentagrophytes Epidermophyton floccosum. Trichophyton rubrum. Trichophyton mentagrophytes. Epidermophyton floccosum.

CLINICAL STUDIES SECTION.

14 CLINICAL STUDIES. Naftifine hydrochloride gel has been evaluated for efficacy in two randomized, double-blind, vehicle-controlled, multicenter trials that included 1175 subjects with symptomatic and dermatophyte culture-positive interdigital tinea pedis. Subjects were randomized to receive naftifine hydrochloride gel or vehicle. Subjects applied naftifine hydrochloride gel 2% or vehicle to the affected area of the foot once daily for weeks. Signs and symptoms of interdigital tinea pedis (presence or absence of erythema, pruritus, and scaling) were assessed and potassium hydroxide (KOH) examination and dermatophyte culture were performed weeks after the first treatment.The mean age of the study population was 45 years; 77% were male; and 60% were Caucasian, 35% were Black or African American, and 26% were Hispanic or Latino. At baseline, subjects were confirmed to have signs and symptoms of interdigital tinea pedis, positive KOH exam, and confirmed dermatophyte culture. The primary efficacy endpoint was the proportion of subjects with complete cure at weeks after the start of treatment (4 weeks after the last treatment). Complete cure was defined as both clinical cure (absence of erythema, pruritus, and scaling) and mycological cure (negative KOH and dermatophyte culture).The efficacy results at week 6, four weeks following the end of treatment, are presented in Table below.Table Interdigital Tinea Pedis: Number (%) of Subjects With Complete Cure, Effective Treatment, and Mycological Cure at Week Following Treatment With Naftifine Hydrochloride Gel (Full Analysis Set, Missing Values Treated as Treatment Failure)Trial 1Trial 2EndpointNaftifine Hydrochloride Gel, 2%N=382n (%)VehicleN=179n (%)Naftifine Hydrochloride Gel, 2%N=400n (%)VehicleN=213n (%)Complete CureComplete cure is composite endpoint of both mycological cure and clinical cure. Clinical cure is defined as the absence of erythema, pruritus, and scaling (grade of 0). 64 (17%)3 (2%)104 (26%)7 (3%)Treatment EffectivenessEffective treatment is negative KOH preparation and negative dermatophyte culture, erythema, scaling, and pruritus grades of or (absent or nearly absent). 207 (54%)11 (6%)203 (51%)15 (7%)Mycological CureMycological cure is defined as negative KOH and dermatophyte culture. 250 (65%)25 (14%)235 (59%)22 (10%).

MICROBIOLOGY SECTION.

12.4 Microbiology. Mechanism of ActionNaftifine is an antifungal that belongs to the allylamine class. Although the exact mechanism of action against fungi is not known, naftifine hydrochloride appears to interfere with sterol biosynthesis by inhibiting the enzyme squalene 2, 3-epoxidase. The inhibition of enzyme activity by this allylamine results in decreased amounts of sterols, especially ergosterol, and corresponding accumulation of squalene in the cells.. Mechanism of ResistanceTo date, mechanism of resistance to naftifine has not been identified.Naftifine has been shown to be active against most isolates of the following fungi, both in vitro and in clinical infections, as described in the INDICATIONS AND USAGE section: Trichophyton rubrum Trichophyton mentagrophytes Epidermophyton floccosum. Trichophyton rubrum. Trichophyton mentagrophytes. Epidermophyton floccosum.

NONCLINICAL TOXICOLOGY SECTION.

13 NONCLINICAL TOXICOLOGY. 13.1 Carcinogenesis, Mutagenesis, Impairment of Fertility. In 2-year dermal carcinogenicity study, naftifine hydrochloride cream was administered to Sprague- Dawley rats at topical doses of 1%, 2% and 3% (10 mg/kg/day, 20 mg/kg/day, and 30 mg/kg/day naftifine hydrochloride). No drug-related tumors were noted in this study up to the highest dose evaluated in this study of 30 mg/kg/day (36 times MRHD based on AUC comparison).Naftifine hydrochloride revealed no evidence of mutagenic or clastogenic potential based on the results of two in vitro genotoxicity tests (Ames assay and Chinese hamster ovary cell chromosome aberration assay) and one in vivo genotoxicity test (mouse bone marrow micronucleus assay).Oral administration of naftifine hydrochloride to rats, throughout mating, gestation, parturition, and lactation, demonstrated no effects on growth, fertility, or reproduction, at doses up to 100 mg/kg/day (12 times MRHD based on mg/m2 comparison).

PHARMACOKINETICS SECTION.

12.3 Pharmacokinetics. In vitro and in vivo bioavailability studies have demonstrated that naftifine penetrates the stratum corneum in sufficient concentration to inhibit the growth of dermatophytes.Pharmacokinetic analysis of plasma samples from 32 subjects with tinea pedis treated with mean dose of 3.9 grams naftifine hydrochloride gel applied once daily to both feet for 14 days showed increased exposure over the treatment period, with geometric mean (CV%) AUC0-24 (area under plasma concentration-versus-time curve from time to 24 hours) of 10.5 (118) nghr/mL on Day and an AUC0-24 of 70 (59) nghr/mL on Day 14. The accumulation ratio based on AUC was approximately 6.Maximum concentration (Cmax) also increased over the treatment period; geometric mean (CV%) Cmax after single dose was 0.9 (92) ng/mL on Day 1; Cmax on Day 14 was 3.7 (64) ng/mL. Median Tmax was 20 hours (range: 8, 20 hours) after single application on Day and hours (range: 0, 24 hours) on Day 14. Trough plasma concentrations increased during the trial period and reached steady state after 11 days. In the same pharmacokinetic trial, the fraction of dose excreted in urine during the treatment period was less than or equal to 0.01% of the applied dose.In second trial, the pharmacokinetics of naftifine hydrochloride gel was evaluated in 22 pediatric subjects 12 to 17 years of age with tinea pedis. Subjects were treated with mean dose of 4.1 grams naftifine hydrochloride gel applied to the affected area once daily for 14 days. The results showed that the systemic exposure increased over the treatment period. Geometric mean (CV%) AUC0-24 was 15.9 (212) nghr/mL on Day and 60 (131) nghr/mL on Day 14. Geometric mean (CV%) Cmax after single dose was 1.40 (154) ng/mL on Day and 3.81 (154) ng/mL on Day 14. The fraction of dose excreted in urine during the treatment period was less than or equal to 0.003% of the applied dose.

PREGNANCY SECTION.

8.1 Pregnancy. Risk SummaryThere are no available data on naftifine hydrochloride gel use in pregnant women to evaluate drug-associated risk of major birth defects, miscarriage, or adverse maternal or fetal outcomes.In animal reproduction studies, no adverse effects on embryofetal development were seen at oral doses administered during the period of organogenesis up to 37 times the maximum recommended human dose (MRHD) in pregnant rats or subcutaneous doses administered during the period of organogenesis up to times the MRHD in pregnant rats or times the MRHD in pregnant rabbits (see Data ).All pregnancies have background risk of birth defect, loss, or other adverse outcomes. The estimated background risk of major birth defects and miscarriage for the indicated population is unknown. In the U.S. general population, the estimated background risk of major birth defects and miscarriage in clinically recognized pregnancies is to 4% and 15 to 20%, respectively.. Data. Animal DataSystemic embryofetal development studies were conducted in rats and rabbits. For the comparison of animal to human doses, the MRHD is set at g 2% gel per day (1.33 mg/kg/day for 60 kg individual).Oral doses of 30 mg/kg/day, 100 mg/kg/day, and 300 mg/kg/day naftifine hydrochloride were administered during the period of organogenesis to pregnant female rats. No treatment-related effects on embryofetal toxicity were noted at doses up to 300 mg/kg/day (37 times the MRHD based on mg/m2 comparison). Subcutaneous doses of 10 mg/kg/day and 30 mg/kg/day naftifine hydrochloride were administered during the period of organogenesis to pregnant female rats. No treatment-related effects on embryofetal toxicity were noted at 30 mg/kg/day (4 times the MRHD based on mg/m2 comparison). Subcutaneous doses of mg/kg/day, 10 mg/kg/day, and 30 mg/kg/day naftifine hydrochloride were administered during the period of organogenesis to pregnant female rabbits. No treatment-related effects on embryofetal toxicity were noted at 30 mg/kg/day (7 times the MRHD based on mg/m2 comparison).A peri- and post-natal development study was conducted in rats. Oral doses of 30 mg/kg/day, 100 mg/kg/day, and 300 mg/kg/day naftifine hydrochloride were administered to female rats from gestational day 14 to lactation day 21. Reduced body weight gain of females during gestation and of the offspring during lactation was noted at 300 mg/kg/day (37 times the MRHD based on mg/m2 comparison). No developmental toxicity was noted at 100 mg/kg/day (12 times the MRHD based on mg/m2 comparison).

USE IN SPECIFIC POPULATIONS SECTION.

8 USE IN SPECIFIC POPULATIONS. 8.1 Pregnancy. Risk SummaryThere are no available data on naftifine hydrochloride gel use in pregnant women to evaluate drug-associated risk of major birth defects, miscarriage, or adverse maternal or fetal outcomes.In animal reproduction studies, no adverse effects on embryofetal development were seen at oral doses administered during the period of organogenesis up to 37 times the maximum recommended human dose (MRHD) in pregnant rats or subcutaneous doses administered during the period of organogenesis up to times the MRHD in pregnant rats or times the MRHD in pregnant rabbits (see Data ).All pregnancies have background risk of birth defect, loss, or other adverse outcomes. The estimated background risk of major birth defects and miscarriage for the indicated population is unknown. In the U.S. general population, the estimated background risk of major birth defects and miscarriage in clinically recognized pregnancies is to 4% and 15 to 20%, respectively.. Data. Animal DataSystemic embryofetal development studies were conducted in rats and rabbits. For the comparison of animal to human doses, the MRHD is set at g 2% gel per day (1.33 mg/kg/day for 60 kg individual).Oral doses of 30 mg/kg/day, 100 mg/kg/day, and 300 mg/kg/day naftifine hydrochloride were administered during the period of organogenesis to pregnant female rats. No treatment-related effects on embryofetal toxicity were noted at doses up to 300 mg/kg/day (37 times the MRHD based on mg/m2 comparison). Subcutaneous doses of 10 mg/kg/day and 30 mg/kg/day naftifine hydrochloride were administered during the period of organogenesis to pregnant female rats. No treatment-related effects on embryofetal toxicity were noted at 30 mg/kg/day (4 times the MRHD based on mg/m2 comparison). Subcutaneous doses of mg/kg/day, 10 mg/kg/day, and 30 mg/kg/day naftifine hydrochloride were administered during the period of organogenesis to pregnant female rabbits. No treatment-related effects on embryofetal toxicity were noted at 30 mg/kg/day (7 times the MRHD based on mg/m2 comparison).A peri- and post-natal development study was conducted in rats. Oral doses of 30 mg/kg/day, 100 mg/kg/day, and 300 mg/kg/day naftifine hydrochloride were administered to female rats from gestational day 14 to lactation day 21. Reduced body weight gain of females during gestation and of the offspring during lactation was noted at 300 mg/kg/day (37 times the MRHD based on mg/m2 comparison). No developmental toxicity was noted at 100 mg/kg/day (12 times the MRHD based on mg/m2 comparison).. 8.2 Lactation. Risk SummaryThere is no information available on the presence of naftifine hydrochloride in human milk, the effects of the drug on the breastfed infant, or the effects of the drug on milk production after topical application of naftifine hydrochloride gel to women who are breastfeeding. It is not known whether naftifine hydrochloride is excreted in human milk. Because many drugs are excreted in human milk, caution should be exercised when naftifine hydrochloride is administered to nursing woman.The lack of clinical data during lactation precludes clear determination of the risk naftifine hydrochloride gel to an infant during lactation. Therefore, the developmental and health benefits of breastfeeding should be considered along with the mothers clinical need for naftifine hydrochloride gel and any potential adverse effects on the breastfed infant from naftifine hydrochloride gel or from the underlying maternal condition.. 8.4 Pediatric Use. The safety and effectiveness of naftifine hydrochloride gel have been established in the age group 12 to 18 years of age with interdigital tinea pedis. Use of naftifine hydrochloride gel in this age group is supported by evidence from adequate and well controlled trials in adults with additional safety and PK data from an open label trial, conducted in 22 adolescents >=12 years of age who were exposed to naftifine hydrochloride gel at dose of approximately g/day [see Clinical Pharmacology (12.3)].Safety and effectiveness in pediatric patients <12 years of age have not been established.. 8.5 Geriatric Use. During clinical trials, 99 subjects (9%) aged 65 years and over were exposed to naftifine hydrochloride gel. Safety and effectiveness were similar to those reported by younger subjects.