ADVERSE REACTIONS SECTION.

6 ADVERSE REACTIONS. Hypersensitivity reactions with pruritus, edema and rash have been reported in the post-marketing setting. Have emergency resuscitation equipment and personnel immediately available.. Hypersensitivity reactions have occurred; have emergency resuscitation equipment and personnel immediately available (6).To report SUSPECTED ADVERSE REACTIONS, contact NCM-USA Bronx LLC at 1-719-2322 or FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088 or www.fda.gov/medwatch.

CARCINOGENESIS & MUTAGENESIS & IMPAIRMENT OF FERTILITY SECTION.

13.1 Carcinogenesis, Mutagenesis, Impairment of Fertility. Animal studies have not been performed to evaluate the Fludeoxyglucose 18 Injection carcinogenic potential, mutagenic potential or effects on fertility.

CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY SECTION.

12 CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY. 12.1 Mechanism of Action. Fludeoxyglucose 18 is glucose analog that concentrates in cells that rely upon glucose as an energy source, or in cells whose dependence on glucose increases under pathophysiological conditions. Fludeoxyglucose 18 is transported through the cell membrane by facilitative glucose transporter proteins and is phosphorylated within the cell to [18F] FDG-6-phosphate by the enzyme hexokinase. Once phosphorylated it cannot exit until it is dephosphorylated by glucose-6-phosphatase. Therefore, within given tissue or pathophysiological process, the retention and clearance of Fludeoxyglucose 18 reflect balance involving glucose transporter, hexokinase and glucose-6-phosphatase activities. When allowance is made for the kinetic differences between glucose and Fludeoxyglucose 18 transport and phosphorylation (expressed as the lumped constant ratio), Fludeoxyglucose 18 is used to assess glucose metabolism.In comparison to background activity of the specific organ or tissue type, regions of decreased or absent uptake of Fludeoxyglucose 18 reflect the decrease or absence of glucose metabolism. Regions of increased uptake of Fludeoxyglucose 18 reflect greater than normal rates of glucose metabolism. 12.2 Pharmacodynamics. Fludeoxyglucose 18 Injection is rapidly distributed to all organs of the body after intravenous administration. After background clearance of Fludeoxyglucose 18 Injection, optimal PET imaging is generally achieved between 30 to 40 minutes after administration. In cancer, the cells are generally characterized by enhanced glucose metabolism partially due to (1) an increase in activity of glucose transporters, (2) an increased rate of phosphorylation activity, (3) reduction of phosphatase activity or, (4) dynamic alteration in the balance among all these processes. However, glucose metabolism of cancer as reflected by Fludeoxyglucose 18 accumulation shows considerable variability. Depending on tumor type, stage, and location, Fludeoxyglucose 18 accumulation may be increased, normal, or decreased. Also, inflammatory cells can have the same variability of uptake of Fludeoxyglucose 18.In the heart, under normal aerobic conditions, the myocardium meets the bulk of its energy requirements by oxidizing free fatty acids. Most of the exogenous glucose taken up by the myocyte is converted into glycogen. However, under ischemic conditions, the oxidation of free fatty acids decreases, exogenous glucose becomes the preferred myocardial substrate, glycolysis is stimulated, and glucose taken up by the myocyte is metabolized immediately instead of being converted into glycogen. Under these conditions, phosphorylated Fludeoxyglucose 18 accumulates in the myocyte and can be detected with PET imaging.In the brain, cells normally rely on aerobic metabolism. In epilepsy, the glucose metabolism varies. Generally, during seizure, glucose metabolism increases. Interictally, the seizure focus tends to be hypometabolic.. 12.3 Pharmacokinetics. Distribution: In four healthy male volunteers, receiving an intravenous administration of 30 seconds in duration, the arterial blood level profile for Fludeoxyglucose 18 decayed triexponentially. The effective half-life ranges of the three phases were 0.2-0.3 minutes, 10-13 minutes with mean and standard deviation (STD) of 11.6 (+-) 1.1 min, and 80-95 minutes with mean and STD of 88 (+-) min. Plasma protein binding of Fludeoxyglucose 18 has not been studied.Metabolism:Fludeoxyglucose 18 is transported into cells and phosphorylated to [18F]-FDG-6- phosphate at rate proportional to the rate of glucose utilization within that tissue. [F 18]-FDG-6-phosphate presumably is metabolized to 2-deoxy-2-[F 18]fluoro-6-phospho-D-mannose([F 18]FDM-6-phosphate).Fludeoxyglucose 18 Injection may contain several impurities (e.g., 2-deoxy-2-chloro-D-glucose (ClDG)). Biodistribution and metabolism of ClDG are presumed to be similar to Fludeoxyglucose 18 and would be expected to result in intracellular formation of 2-deoxy-2-chloro-6-phospho-D-glucose (ClDG-6-phosphate) and 2-deoxy-2-chloro-6-phospho-D-mannose (ClDM-6-phosphate). The phosphorylated deoxyglucose compounds are dephosphorylated and the resulting compounds (FDG, FDM, ClDG, and ClDM) presumably leave cells by passive diffusion. Fludeoxyglucose 18 and related compounds are cleared from non-cardiac tissues within to 24 hours after administration. Clearance from the cardiac tissue may require more than 96 hours. Fludeoxyglucose 18 that is not involved in glucose metabolism in any tissue is then excreted in the urine.Elimination:Fludeoxyglucose 18 is cleared from most tissues within 24 hours and can be eliminated from the body unchanged in the urine. Three elimination phases have been identified in the reviewed literature. Within 33 minutes, mean of 3.9% of the administrated radioactive dose was measured in the urine. The amount of radiation exposure of the urinary bladder at two hours post-administration suggests that 20.6% (mean) of the radioactive dose was present in the bladder.Special Populations:The pharmacokinetics of Fludeoxyglucose 18 Injection have not been studied in renally-impaired, hepatically impaired or pediatric patients. Fludeoxyglucose 18 is eliminated through the renal system. Avoid excessive radiation exposure to this organ system and adjacent tissues.The effects of fasting, varying blood sugar levels, conditions of glucose intolerance, and diabetes mellitus on Fludeoxyglucose 18 distribution in humans have not been ascertained [see Warnings and Precautions(5.2) ].

CLINICAL STUDIES SECTION.

14 CLINICAL STUDIES. 14.1 Oncology. The efficacy of Fludeoxyglucose 18 Injection in positron emission tomography cancer imaging was demonstrated in 16 independent studies. These studies prospectively evaluated the use of Fludeoxyglucose 18 in patients with suspected or known malignancies, including non-small cell lung cancer, colo-rectal, pancreatic, breast, thyroid, melanoma, Hodgkins and non-Hodgkins lymphoma, and various types of metastatic cancers to lung, liver, bone, and axillary nodes. All these studies had at least 50 patients and used pathology as standard of truth. The Fludeoxyglucose 18 Injection doses in the studies ranged from 200 MBq to 740 MBq with median and mean dose of 370 MBq.In the studies, the diagnostic performance of Fludeoxyglucose 18 Injection varied with the type of cancer, size of cancer, and other clinical conditions. False negative and false positive scans were observed. Negative Fludeoxyglucose 18 Injection PET scans do not exclude the diagnosis of cancer. Positive Fludeoxyglucose 18 Injection PET scans can not replace pathology to establish diagnosis of cancer. Non-malignant conditions such as fungal infections, inflammatory processes and benign tumors have patterns of increased glucose metabolism that may give rise to false-positive scans. The efficacy of Fludeoxyglucose 18 Injection PET imaging in cancer screening was not studied.. 14.2 Cardiology. The efficacy of Fludeoxyglucose 18 Injection for cardiac use was demonstrated in ten independent, prospective studies of patients with coronary artery disease and chronic left ventricular systolic dysfunction who were scheduled to undergo coronary revascularization. Before revascularization, patients underwent PET imaging with Fludeoxyglucose 18 Injection (74 370 MBq, - 10 mCi) and perfusion imaging with other diagnostic radiopharmaceuticals. Doses of Fludeoxyglucose 18 Injection ranged from 74-370 MBq (2-10 mCi). Segmental, left ventricular, wall-motion assessments of asynergic areas made before revascularization were compared in blinded manner to assessments made after successful revascularization to identify myocardial segments with functional recovery.Left ventricular myocardial segments were predicted to have reversible loss of systolic function if they showed Fludeoxyglucose 18 accumulation and reduced perfusion (i.e., flow-metabolism mismatch). Conversely, myocardial segments were predicted to have irreversible loss of systolic function if they showed reductions in both Fludeoxyglucose 18 accumulation and perfusion (i.e., matched defects).Findings of flow-metabolism mismatch in myocardial segment may suggest that successful revascularization will restore myocardial function in that segment. However, false-positive tests occur regularly, and the decision to have patient undergo revascularization should not be based on PET findings alone. Similarly, findings of matched defect in myocardial segment may suggest that myocardial function will not recover in that segment, even if it is successfully revascularized. However, false-negative tests occur regularly, and the decision to recommend against coronary revascularization, or to recommend cardiac transplant, should not be based on PET findings alone. The reversibility of segmental dysfunction as predicted with Fludeoxyglucose 18 PET imaging depends on successful coronary revascularization. Therefore, in patients with low likelihood of successful revascularization, the diagnostic usefulness of PET imaging with Fludeoxyglucose 18 Injection is more limited.. 14.3 Neurology. In prospective, open label trial, Fludeoxyglucose 18 Injection was evaluated in 86 patients with epilepsy. Each patient received dose of Fludeoxyglucose 18 Injection in the range of 185-370 MBq (5-10 mCi). The mean age was 16.4 years (range: months 58 years; of these, 42 patients were less than 12 years and 16 patients were less than years old). Patients had known diagnosis of complex partial epilepsy and were under evaluation for surgical treatment of their seizure disorder. Seizure foci had been previously identified on ictal EEGs and sphenoidal EEGs. Fludeoxyglucose 18 Injection PET imaging confirmed previous diagnostic findings in 16% (14/87) of the patients; in 34% (30/87) of the patients, Fludeoxyglucose 18 Injection PET images provided new findings. In 32% (27/87), imaging with Fludeoxyglucose 18 Injection was inconclusive. The impact of these imaging findings on clinical outcomes is not known.Several other studies comparing imaging with Fludeoxyglucose 18 Injection results to subsphenoidal EEG, MRI and/or surgical findings supported the concept that the degree of hypometabolism corresponds to areas of confirmed epileptogenic foci. The safety and effectiveness of Fludeoxyglucose 18 Injection to distinguish idiopathic epileptogenic foci from tumors or other brain lesions that may cause seizures have not been established.

CONTRAINDICATIONS SECTION.

4 CONTRAINDICATIONS. None. None.

DESCRIPTION SECTION.

11 DESCRIPTION. 11.1 Chemical Characteristics. Fludeoxyglucose 18 Injection is positron emitting radiopharmaceutical that is used for diagnostic purposes in conjunction with positron emission tomography (PET) imaging. The active ingredient 2-deoxy-2-[18F]fluoro-D-glucose has the molecular formula of C6H11 18FO5with molecular weight of 181.26, and has the following chemical structure:Fludeoxyglucose 18 Injection is provided as ready to use sterile, pyrogen free, clear, colorless citrate buffered solution. Each mL contains between 0.740 to 11.1GBq (20.0-300 mCi) of 2-deoxy-2-[18F]fluoro-D-glucose at the EOS, 4.5 mg of sodium chloride in citrate buffer. The pH of the solution is between 4.5 and 7.5. The solution is packaged in multiple-dose glass vial and does not contain any preservative.. image description. 11.2 Physical Characteristics. Fluorine 18 has physical half-life of 109.7 minutes decays to Oxygen 18 (stable) by positron decay. The principal photons useful for imaging are the dual 511 keV annihilation gamma photons that are produced and emitted simultaneously in opposite directions when the positron interacts with an electron (Table 2).Table 2. Principal Radiation Emission Data for Fluorine 18Radiation/Emission% Per DisintegrationMean EnergyPositron(+)96.73249.8 keVGamma(+-) 193.46511.0 keV Produced by positron annihilation.From: Kocher, D.C. Radioactive Decay Tables DOE/TIC-I 1026, 89 (1981).The specific gamma ray constant (point source air kerma coefficient) for fluorine 18 is 5.7 R/hr/mCi (1.35 10 -6 Gy/hr/kBq) at cm. The half-value layer (HVL) for the 511 keV photons is mm lead (Pb). The range of attenuation coefficients for this radionuclide as function of lead shield thickness is shown in Table 3. For example, the interposition of an mm thickness of Pb, with coefficient of attenuation of 0.25, will decrease the external radiation by 75%.Table 3. Radiation Attenuation of 511 keV Photons by lead (Pb) shieldingShield thickness(Pb) mmCoefficient ofattenuation00.0040.5080.25130.10260.01390.001520.0001For use in correcting for physical decay of this radionuclide, the fractions remaining at selected intervals after calibration are shown in Table 4.Table 4. Physical Decay Chart for Fluorine 18MinutesFraction Remaining0 1.000150.909300.826600.6831100.500220440 0.250 0.060 Calibration time.

DOSAGE & ADMINISTRATION SECTION.

2 DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION. Fludeoxyglucose F18 Injection emits radiation. Use procedures to minimize radiation exposure. Calculate the final dose from the end of synthesis (EOS) time using proper radioactive decay factors. Assay the final dose in properly calibrated dose calibrator before administration to the patient [see Description(11.2) ].. Fludeoxyglucose F18 Injection emits radiation. Use procedures to minimize radiation exposure. Screen for blood glucose abnormalities.In the oncology and neurology settings, instruct patients to fast for - hours prior to the drugs injection. Consider medical therapy and laboratory testing to assure at least two days of normoglycemia prior to the drugs administration (5.2).In the cardiology setting, administration of glucose-containing food or liquids (e.g., 50 75 grams) prior to the drugs injection facilitates localization of cardiac ischemia (2.3).Aseptically withdraw Fludeoxyglucose F18 Injection from its container and administer by intravenous injection (2). The recommended dose:for adults is - 10 mCi (185 370 MBq), in all indicated clinical settings(2.1).for pediatric patients is 2.6 mCi in the neurology setting(2.2).Initiate imaging within 40 minutes following drug injection; acquire static emission images 30 100 minutes from time of injection(2).. In the oncology and neurology settings, instruct patients to fast for - hours prior to the drugs injection. Consider medical therapy and laboratory testing to assure at least two days of normoglycemia prior to the drugs administration (5.2).. In the cardiology setting, administration of glucose-containing food or liquids (e.g., 50 75 grams) prior to the drugs injection facilitates localization of cardiac ischemia (2.3).. for adults is - 10 mCi (185 370 MBq), in all indicated clinical settings(2.1).. for pediatric patients is 2.6 mCi in the neurology setting(2.2).. 2.1 Recommended Dose for Adults. Within the oncology, cardiology and neurology settings, the recommended dose for adults is - 10 mCi (185 370 MBq) as an intravenous injection.. 2.2 Recommended Dose for Pediatric Patients. Within the neurology setting, the recommended dose for pediatric patients is 2.6 mCi, as an intravenous injection. The optimal dose adjustment on the basis of body size or weight has not been determined [see Use in Special Populations(8.4) ].. 2.3 Patient Preparation. To minimize the radiation absorbed dose to the bladder, encourage adequate hydration. Encourage the patient to drink water or other fluids (as tolerated) in the hours before their PET study. Encourage the patient to void as soon as the imaging study is completed and as often as possible thereafter for at least one hour. Screen patients for clinically significant blood glucose abnormalities by obtaining history and/or laboratory tests [see Warnings and Precautions(5.2) ]. Prior to Fludeoxyglucose 18 PET imaging in the oncology and neurology settings, instruct patient to fast for - hours prior to the drugs injection.In the cardiology setting, administration of glucose-containing food or liquids (e.g., 50 75 grams) prior to Fludeoxyglucose 18 Injection facilitates localization of cardiac ischemia.. To minimize the radiation absorbed dose to the bladder, encourage adequate hydration. Encourage the patient to drink water or other fluids (as tolerated) in the hours before their PET study. Encourage the patient to void as soon as the imaging study is completed and as often as possible thereafter for at least one hour.. Screen patients for clinically significant blood glucose abnormalities by obtaining history and/or laboratory tests [see Warnings and Precautions(5.2) ]. Prior to Fludeoxyglucose 18 PET imaging in the oncology and neurology settings, instruct patient to fast for - hours prior to the drugs injection.. In the cardiology setting, administration of glucose-containing food or liquids (e.g., 50 75 grams) prior to Fludeoxyglucose 18 Injection facilitates localization of cardiac ischemia.. 2.4 Radiation Dosimetry. The estimated human absorbed radiation doses (rem/mCi) to newborn (3.4 kg), 1-year old (9.8 kg), 5-year old (19 kg), 10-year old (32 kg), 15-year old (57 kg), and adult (70 kg) from intravenous administration of Fludeoxyglucose 18 Injection are shown in Table 1. These estimates were calculated based on human2 data and using the data published by the International Commission on Radiological Protection4 for Fludeoxyglucose 18F. The dosimetry data show that there are slight variations in absorbed radiation dose for various organs in each of the age groups. These dissimilarities in absorbed radiation dose are due to developmental age variations (e.g., organ size, location, and overall metabolic rate for each age group). The identified critical organs (in descending order) across all age groups evaluated are the urinary bladder, heart, pancreas, spleen, and lungs.Table 1. Estimated Absorbed Radiation Doses (rem/mCi) After Intravenous Administration of Fludeoxyglucose 18 Injectiona Organ Newborn (3.4 kg) 1-year old (9.8 kg) 5-year old (19 kg) 10-year old (32 kg) 15-year old (57 kg) Adult (70 kg) Bladder wallb 4.3 1.7 0.93 0.60 0.40 0.32 Heart wall 2.4 1.2 0.70 0.44 0.29 0.22 Pancreas 2.2 0.68 0.33 0.25 0.13 0.096 Spleen 2.2 0.84 0.46 0.29 0.19 0.14 Lungs 0.96 0.38 0.20 0.13 0.092 0.064 Kidneys 0.81 0.34 0.19 0.13 0.089 0.074 Ovaries 0.80 0.8 0.19 0.11 0.058 0.053 Uterus 0.79 0.35 0.19 0.12 0.076 0.062 LLI wall 0.69 0.28 0.15 0.097 0.060 0.051 Liver 0.69 0.31 0.17 0.11 0.076 0.058 Gallbladder wall 0.69 0.26 0.14 0.093 0.059 0.049 Small intestine 0.68 0.29 0.15 0.096 0.060 0.047 ULI wall 0.67 0.27 0.15 0.090 0.057 0.046 Stomach wall 0.65 0.27 0.14 0.089 0.057 0.047 Adrenals 0.65 0.28 0.15 0.095 0.061 0.048 Testes 0.64 0.27 0.14 0.085 0.052 0.041 Red marrow 0.62 0.26 0.14 0.089 0.057 0.047 Thymus 0.61 0.26 0.14 0.086 0.056 0.044 Thyroid 0.61 0.26 0.13 0.080 0.049 0.039 Muscle 0.58 0.25 0.13 0.078 0.049 0.039 Bone surface 0.57 0.24 0.12 0.079 0.052 0.041 Breast 0.54 0.22 0.11 0.068 0.043 0.034 Skin 0.49 0.20 0.10 0.060 0.037 0.030 Brain 0.29 0.13 0.09 0.078 0.072 0.070 Other tissues 0.59 0.25 0.13 0.083 0.052 0.042 MIRDOSE software was used to calculate the radiation absorbed dose. Assumptions on the biodistribution based on data from Gallagher et al.1 and Jones et al.2 The dynamic bladder model with uniform voiding frequency of 1.5 hours was used. LLI lower large intestine; ULI upper large intestine. 2.5 Radiation Safety Drug Handling. Use waterproof gloves, effective radiation shielding, and appropriate safety measures when handling Fludeoxyglucose F18 Injection to avoid unnecessary radiation exposure to the patient, occupational workers, clinical personnel and other persons.Radiopharmaceuticals should be used by or under the control of physicians who are qualified by specific training and experience in the safe use and handling of radionuclides, and whose experience and training have been approved by the appropriate governmental agency authorized to license the use of radionuclides.Calculate the final dose from the end of synthesis (EOS) time using proper radioactive decay factors. Assay the final dose in properly calibrated dose calibrator before administration to the patient [see Description (11.2) ].The dose of Fludeoxyglucose F18 used in given patient should be minimized consistent with the objectives of the procedure, and the nature of the radiation detection devices employed.. Use waterproof gloves, effective radiation shielding, and appropriate safety measures when handling Fludeoxyglucose F18 Injection to avoid unnecessary radiation exposure to the patient, occupational workers, clinical personnel and other persons.. Radiopharmaceuticals should be used by or under the control of physicians who are qualified by specific training and experience in the safe use and handling of radionuclides, and whose experience and training have been approved by the appropriate governmental agency authorized to license the use of radionuclides.. Calculate the final dose from the end of synthesis (EOS) time using proper radioactive decay factors. Assay the final dose in properly calibrated dose calibrator before administration to the patient [see Description (11.2) ].. The dose of Fludeoxyglucose F18 used in given patient should be minimized consistent with the objectives of the procedure, and the nature of the radiation detection devices employed.. 2.6 Drug Preparation and Administration. Calculate the necessary volume to administer based on calibration time and dose.Aseptically withdraw Fludeoxyglucose F18 Injection from its container.Inspect Fludeoxyglucose F18 Injection visually for particulate matter and discoloration before administration, whenever solution and container permit.Do not administer the drug if it contains particulate matter or discoloration; dispose of these unacceptable or unused preparations in safe manner, in compliance with applicable regulations.Use Fludeoxyglucose 18 Injection within 12 hours from the EOS.. Calculate the necessary volume to administer based on calibration time and dose.. Aseptically withdraw Fludeoxyglucose F18 Injection from its container.. Inspect Fludeoxyglucose F18 Injection visually for particulate matter and discoloration before administration, whenever solution and container permit.. Do not administer the drug if it contains particulate matter or discoloration; dispose of these unacceptable or unused preparations in safe manner, in compliance with applicable regulations.. Use Fludeoxyglucose 18 Injection within 12 hours from the EOS.. 2.7 Imaging Guidelines. Initiate imaging within 40 minutes following Fludeoxyglucose 18 Injection administration. Acquire static emission images 30 100 minutes from the time of injection.. Initiate imaging within 40 minutes following Fludeoxyglucose 18 Injection administration. Acquire static emission images 30 100 minutes from the time of injection.

DOSAGE FORMS & STRENGTHS SECTION.

3 DOSAGE FORMS AND STRENGTHS. Multiple-dose glass vial containing 0.74 11.1GBq (20 300 mCi/mL) of Fludeoxyglucose 18 Injection and 4.5 mg of sodium chloride in citrate buffer (approximately 16 mL volume) for intravenous administration.. Multiple-dose glass vial containing 0.74 11.1 GBq (20 300 mCi/mL) of Fludeoxyglucose F18 Injection and 4.5 mg of sodium chloride in citrate buffer (approximately 16 mL volume), for intravenous administration(3).

DRUG INTERACTIONS SECTION.

7 DRUG INTERACTIONS. The possibility of interactions of Fludeoxyglucose 18 Injection with other drugs taken by patients undergoing PET imaging has not been studied.

HOW SUPPLIED SECTION.

16 HOW SUPPLIED STORAGE AND HANDLING. Fludeoxyglucose 18 Injection is supplied in multi-dose, capped 30 mL glass vial containing between 0.740 11.1GBq/mL (20 300 mCi/mL), of no carrier added 2-deoxy-2-[F 18] fluoro-D-glucose, at end of synthesis, in approximately 16 mL. The contents of each vial are sterile, pyrogen-free and preservative-free.NDC 24445-334-30This radiopharmaceutical is licensed by the State of New York, Department Of Health, Bureau of Environmental Radiation Protection, for distribution to persons licensed pursuant to New Yorks Regulatory Code for Radioactive material specified in Chapter 1-Part 16 of the State Sanitary Code, as appropriate, or under equivalent licenses of an Agreement State or Licensing State.. Store the Fludeoxyglucose 18 Injection vial upright in lead shielded container at 20 to 25C (68 to 77F); excursions permitted to 15-30C (59-86F) [See USP Controlled Room Temperature].Store and dispose of Fludeoxyglucose 18 Injection in accordance with the regulations and general license, or its equivalent, of an Agreement State or Licensing State.The expiration date and time are provided on the container label. Use Fludeoxyglucose 18 Injection within 12 hours from the EOS time.

INDICATIONS & USAGE SECTION.

1 INDICATIONS AND USAGE. Fludeoxyglucose F18 Injection is indicated for positron emission tomography (PET) imaging in the following settings:. Fludeoxyglucose F18 Injection is indicated for positron emission tomography (PET) imaging in the following settings:Oncology: For assessment of abnormal glucose metabolism to assist in the evaluation of malignancy in patients with known or suspected abnormalities found by other testing modalities, or in patients with an existing diagnosis of cancer. Cardiology: For the identification of left ventricular myocardium with residual glucose metabolism and reversible loss of systolic function in patients with coronary artery disease and left ventricular dysfunction, when used together with myocardial perfusion imaging.Neurology: For the identification of regions of abnormal glucose metabolism associated with foci of epileptic seizures (1).. Oncology: For assessment of abnormal glucose metabolism to assist in the evaluation of malignancy in patients with known or suspected abnormalities found by other testing modalities, or in patients with an existing diagnosis of cancer. Cardiology: For the identification of left ventricular myocardium with residual glucose metabolism and reversible loss of systolic function in patients with coronary artery disease and left ventricular dysfunction, when used together with myocardial perfusion imaging.. Neurology: For the identification of regions of abnormal glucose metabolism associated with foci of epileptic seizures (1).. 1.1 Oncology. For assessment of abnormal glucose metabolism to assist in the evaluation of malignancy in patients with known or suspected abnormalities found by other testing modalities, or in patients with an existing diagnosis of cancer. 1.2 Cardiology. For the identification of left ventricular myocardium with residual glucose metabolism and reversible loss of systolic function in patients with coronary artery disease and left ventricular dysfunction, when used together with myocardial perfusion imaging.. 1.3 Neurology. For the identification of regions of abnormal glucose metabolism associated with foci of epileptic seizures.

INFORMATION FOR PATIENTS SECTION.

17 PATIENT COUNSELING INFORMATION. Instruct patients in procedures that increase renal clearance of radioactivity. Encourage patients to: drink water or other fluids (as tolerated) in the hours before their PET study.void as soon as the imaging study is completed and as often as possible thereafter for at least one hour.. drink water or other fluids (as tolerated) in the hours before their PET study.. void as soon as the imaging study is completed and as often as possible thereafter for at least one hour.

MECHANISM OF ACTION SECTION.

12.1 Mechanism of Action. Fludeoxyglucose 18 is glucose analog that concentrates in cells that rely upon glucose as an energy source, or in cells whose dependence on glucose increases under pathophysiological conditions. Fludeoxyglucose 18 is transported through the cell membrane by facilitative glucose transporter proteins and is phosphorylated within the cell to [18F] FDG-6-phosphate by the enzyme hexokinase. Once phosphorylated it cannot exit until it is dephosphorylated by glucose-6-phosphatase. Therefore, within given tissue or pathophysiological process, the retention and clearance of Fludeoxyglucose 18 reflect balance involving glucose transporter, hexokinase and glucose-6-phosphatase activities. When allowance is made for the kinetic differences between glucose and Fludeoxyglucose 18 transport and phosphorylation (expressed as the lumped constant ratio), Fludeoxyglucose 18 is used to assess glucose metabolism.In comparison to background activity of the specific organ or tissue type, regions of decreased or absent uptake of Fludeoxyglucose 18 reflect the decrease or absence of glucose metabolism. Regions of increased uptake of Fludeoxyglucose 18 reflect greater than normal rates of glucose metabolism.

NONCLINICAL TOXICOLOGY SECTION.

13 NONCLINICAL TOXICOLOGY. 13.1 Carcinogenesis, Mutagenesis, Impairment of Fertility. Animal studies have not been performed to evaluate the Fludeoxyglucose 18 Injection carcinogenic potential, mutagenic potential or effects on fertility.

NURSING MOTHERS SECTION.

8.3 Nursing Mothers. It is not known whether Fludeoxyglucose 18 Injection is excreted in human milk. Consider alternative diagnostic tests in women who are breast-feeding. Use alternatives to breast feeding (e.g., stored breast milk or infant formula) for at least 10 half-lives of radioactive decay, if Fludeoxyglucose 18 Injection is administered to woman who is breast-feeding.

PACKAGE LABEL.PRINCIPAL DISPLAY PANEL.

Drug Product Label. Label for the lead storage container. Drug Product Label. Label for the Final Product Vial (FPV). image description.

PEDIATRIC USE SECTION.

8.4 Pediatric Use. The safety and effectiveness of Fludeoxyglucose 18 Injection in pediatric patients with epilepsy is established on the basis of studies in adult and pediatric patients. In pediatric patients with epilepsy, the recommended dose is 2.6 mCi. The optimal dose adjustment on the basis of body size or weight has not been determined. In the oncology or cardiology settings, the safety and effectiveness of Fludeoxyglucose 18 Injection have not been established in pediatric patients.

PHARMACODYNAMICS SECTION.

12.2 Pharmacodynamics. Fludeoxyglucose 18 Injection is rapidly distributed to all organs of the body after intravenous administration. After background clearance of Fludeoxyglucose 18 Injection, optimal PET imaging is generally achieved between 30 to 40 minutes after administration. In cancer, the cells are generally characterized by enhanced glucose metabolism partially due to (1) an increase in activity of glucose transporters, (2) an increased rate of phosphorylation activity, (3) reduction of phosphatase activity or, (4) dynamic alteration in the balance among all these processes. However, glucose metabolism of cancer as reflected by Fludeoxyglucose 18 accumulation shows considerable variability. Depending on tumor type, stage, and location, Fludeoxyglucose 18 accumulation may be increased, normal, or decreased. Also, inflammatory cells can have the same variability of uptake of Fludeoxyglucose 18.In the heart, under normal aerobic conditions, the myocardium meets the bulk of its energy requirements by oxidizing free fatty acids. Most of the exogenous glucose taken up by the myocyte is converted into glycogen. However, under ischemic conditions, the oxidation of free fatty acids decreases, exogenous glucose becomes the preferred myocardial substrate, glycolysis is stimulated, and glucose taken up by the myocyte is metabolized immediately instead of being converted into glycogen. Under these conditions, phosphorylated Fludeoxyglucose 18 accumulates in the myocyte and can be detected with PET imaging.In the brain, cells normally rely on aerobic metabolism. In epilepsy, the glucose metabolism varies. Generally, during seizure, glucose metabolism increases. Interictally, the seizure focus tends to be hypometabolic.

PHARMACOKINETICS SECTION.

12.3 Pharmacokinetics. Distribution: In four healthy male volunteers, receiving an intravenous administration of 30 seconds in duration, the arterial blood level profile for Fludeoxyglucose 18 decayed triexponentially. The effective half-life ranges of the three phases were 0.2-0.3 minutes, 10-13 minutes with mean and standard deviation (STD) of 11.6 (+-) 1.1 min, and 80-95 minutes with mean and STD of 88 (+-) min. Plasma protein binding of Fludeoxyglucose 18 has not been studied.Metabolism:Fludeoxyglucose 18 is transported into cells and phosphorylated to [18F]-FDG-6- phosphate at rate proportional to the rate of glucose utilization within that tissue. [F 18]-FDG-6-phosphate presumably is metabolized to 2-deoxy-2-[F 18]fluoro-6-phospho-D-mannose([F 18]FDM-6-phosphate).Fludeoxyglucose 18 Injection may contain several impurities (e.g., 2-deoxy-2-chloro-D-glucose (ClDG)). Biodistribution and metabolism of ClDG are presumed to be similar to Fludeoxyglucose 18 and would be expected to result in intracellular formation of 2-deoxy-2-chloro-6-phospho-D-glucose (ClDG-6-phosphate) and 2-deoxy-2-chloro-6-phospho-D-mannose (ClDM-6-phosphate). The phosphorylated deoxyglucose compounds are dephosphorylated and the resulting compounds (FDG, FDM, ClDG, and ClDM) presumably leave cells by passive diffusion. Fludeoxyglucose 18 and related compounds are cleared from non-cardiac tissues within to 24 hours after administration. Clearance from the cardiac tissue may require more than 96 hours. Fludeoxyglucose 18 that is not involved in glucose metabolism in any tissue is then excreted in the urine.Elimination:Fludeoxyglucose 18 is cleared from most tissues within 24 hours and can be eliminated from the body unchanged in the urine. Three elimination phases have been identified in the reviewed literature. Within 33 minutes, mean of 3.9% of the administrated radioactive dose was measured in the urine. The amount of radiation exposure of the urinary bladder at two hours post-administration suggests that 20.6% (mean) of the radioactive dose was present in the bladder.Special Populations:The pharmacokinetics of Fludeoxyglucose 18 Injection have not been studied in renally-impaired, hepatically impaired or pediatric patients. Fludeoxyglucose 18 is eliminated through the renal system. Avoid excessive radiation exposure to this organ system and adjacent tissues.The effects of fasting, varying blood sugar levels, conditions of glucose intolerance, and diabetes mellitus on Fludeoxyglucose 18 distribution in humans have not been ascertained [see Warnings and Precautions(5.2) ].

PREGNANCY SECTION.

8.1 Pregnancy. Pregnancy Category CAnimal reproduction studies have not been conducted with Fludeoxyglucose 18 Injection. It is also not known whether Fludeoxyglucose 18 Injection can cause fetal harm when administered to pregnant woman or can affect reproduction capacity. Consider alternative diagnostic tests in pregnant woman; administer Fludeoxyglucose 18 Injection only if clearly needed.

RECENT MAJOR CHANGES SECTION.

Warnings and Precautions: (5.1,5.2) 7/2010Adverse Reactions (6)7/2010.

REFERENCES SECTION.

15 REFERENCES. Gallagher B.M., Ansari A., Atkins H., Casella V., Christman D.R., Fowler J.S., Ido T., MacGregor R.R., Som P., Wan C.N., Wolf A.P., Kuhl D.E., and Reivich M. Radiopharmaceuticals XXVII. 18F-labeled 2-deoxy-2-fluoro-d-glucose as radiopharmaceutical for measuring regional myocardial glucose metabolism in vivo: tissue distribution and imaging studies in animals, Nucl Med, 1977; 18, 990-6.Jones S.C., Alavi, A., Christman D., Montanez, I., Wolf, A.P., and Reivich M. The radiation dosimetry of [F-18] fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose in man, Nucl Med, 1982; 23, 613-617.Kocher, D.C. Radioactive Decay Tables: handbook of decay data for application to radiation dosimetry and radiological assessments, 1981, DOE/TIC-I 1026, 89.ICRP Publication 53, Volume 18, No. l-4,1987, pages 75-76.. Gallagher B.M., Ansari A., Atkins H., Casella V., Christman D.R., Fowler J.S., Ido T., MacGregor R.R., Som P., Wan C.N., Wolf A.P., Kuhl D.E., and Reivich M. Radiopharmaceuticals XXVII. 18F-labeled 2-deoxy-2-fluoro-d-glucose as radiopharmaceutical for measuring regional myocardial glucose metabolism in vivo: tissue distribution and imaging studies in animals, Nucl Med, 1977; 18, 990-6.. Jones S.C., Alavi, A., Christman D., Montanez, I., Wolf, A.P., and Reivich M. The radiation dosimetry of [F-18] fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose in man, Nucl Med, 1982; 23, 613-617.. Kocher, D.C. Radioactive Decay Tables: handbook of decay data for application to radiation dosimetry and radiological assessments, 1981, DOE/TIC-I 1026, 89.. ICRP Publication 53, Volume 18, No. l-4,1987, pages 75-76.

SPL UNCLASSIFIED SECTION.

1.1 Oncology. For assessment of abnormal glucose metabolism to assist in the evaluation of malignancy in patients with known or suspected abnormalities found by other testing modalities, or in patients with an existing diagnosis of cancer.

STORAGE AND HANDLING SECTION.

Store the Fludeoxyglucose 18 Injection vial upright in lead shielded container at 20 to 25C (68 to 77F); excursions permitted to 15-30C (59-86F) [See USP Controlled Room Temperature].Store and dispose of Fludeoxyglucose 18 Injection in accordance with the regulations and general license, or its equivalent, of an Agreement State or Licensing State.The expiration date and time are provided on the container label. Use Fludeoxyglucose 18 Injection within 12 hours from the EOS time.

USE IN SPECIFIC POPULATIONS SECTION.

8 USE IN SPECIAL POPULATIONS. Pregnancy Category C: No human or animal data. Consider alternative diagnostics; use only if clearly needed(8.1).Nursing mothers: Use alternatives to breast feeding (e.g., stored breast milk or infant formula) for at least 10 half-lives of radioactive decay, if Fludeoxyglucose 18 Injection is administered to woman who is breast-feeding(8.3).Pediatric Use: Safety and effectiveness in pediatric patients have not been established in the oncology and cardiology settings(8.4).. Pregnancy Category C: No human or animal data. Consider alternative diagnostics; use only if clearly needed(8.1).. Nursing mothers: Use alternatives to breast feeding (e.g., stored breast milk or infant formula) for at least 10 half-lives of radioactive decay, if Fludeoxyglucose 18 Injection is administered to woman who is breast-feeding(8.3).. Pediatric Use: Safety and effectiveness in pediatric patients have not been established in the oncology and cardiology settings(8.4).. 8.1 Pregnancy. Pregnancy Category CAnimal reproduction studies have not been conducted with Fludeoxyglucose 18 Injection. It is also not known whether Fludeoxyglucose 18 Injection can cause fetal harm when administered to pregnant woman or can affect reproduction capacity. Consider alternative diagnostic tests in pregnant woman; administer Fludeoxyglucose 18 Injection only if clearly needed. 8.3 Nursing Mothers. It is not known whether Fludeoxyglucose 18 Injection is excreted in human milk. Consider alternative diagnostic tests in women who are breast-feeding. Use alternatives to breast feeding (e.g., stored breast milk or infant formula) for at least 10 half-lives of radioactive decay, if Fludeoxyglucose 18 Injection is administered to woman who is breast-feeding.. 8.4 Pediatric Use. The safety and effectiveness of Fludeoxyglucose 18 Injection in pediatric patients with epilepsy is established on the basis of studies in adult and pediatric patients. In pediatric patients with epilepsy, the recommended dose is 2.6 mCi. The optimal dose adjustment on the basis of body size or weight has not been determined. In the oncology or cardiology settings, the safety and effectiveness of Fludeoxyglucose 18 Injection have not been established in pediatric patients.

WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS SECTION.

5 WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS. Radiation risks: use smallest dose necessary for imaging(5.1).Blood glucose abnormalities: may cause suboptimal imaging(5.2).. Radiation risks: use smallest dose necessary for imaging(5.1).. Blood glucose abnormalities: may cause suboptimal imaging(5.2).. 5.1 Radiation Risks. Radiation-emitting products, including Fludeoxyglucose 18 Injection, may increase the risk for cancer, especially in pediatric patients. Use the smallest dose necessary for imaging and ensure safe handling to protect the patient and health care worker [see Dosage and Administration(2.5) ].. 5.2 Blood Glucose Abnormalities. In the oncology and neurology setting, suboptimal imaging may occur in patients with inadequately regulated blood glucose levels. In these patients, consider medical therapy and laboratory testing to assure at least two days of normoglycemia prior to Fludeoxyglucose 18 Injection administration.