HOW SUPPLIED SECTION.

16 HOW SUPPLIED/STORAGE AND HANDLING. NOURESS (cysteine hydrochloride injection) is clear, colorless, sterile and nonpyrogenic solution supplied as follows:500 mg/10 mL (50 mg/mL) of cysteine hydrochloride, USP in single-dose vials (NDC 76014-006-33), packaged as vials per carton (NDC 76014-006-05).Store NOURESS at 20C to 25C (68F to 77F); excursions permitted to 15C to 30C (59F to 86F) [see USP Controlled Room Temperature].Protect from light. Avoid excessive heat. Protect from freezing. If accidentally frozen, discard the vial.Vial stoppers are not made with natural rubber latex.For storage of admixed solution see Dosage and Administration (2.3).

INDICATIONS & USAGE SECTION.

1 INDICATIONS AND USAGE. NOURESS is indicated for use as an additive to amino acids solutions to meet nutritional requirements of neonates (preterm and term infants less than one month of age) requiring total parenteral nutrition.. NOURESS is sulfur-containing amino acid indicated for use as an additive to amino acids solutions to meet nutritional requirements of neonates (preterm and term infants less than one month of age) requiring total parenteral nutrition. (1).

DESCRIPTION SECTION.

11 DESCRIPTION. NOURESS (cysteine hydrochloride injection) is sterile, nonpyrogenic solution for intravenous use supplied as 500 mg/10 mL cysteine hydrochloride, USP in single-dose vial.Each mL of NOURESS contains 50 mg of cysteine hydrochloride, (equivalent to 34.5 mg of cysteine), and 0.006 mL of hydrochloric acid (6M) in water for injection. Sodium hydroxide and/or hydrochloric acid are used as needed to adjust the pH. The pH range of NOURESS is 1.0 to 1.5.The active ingredient is cysteine hydrochloride. The chemical name of cysteine hydrochloride is L-cysteine hydrochloride monohydrate. Its molecular formula is C3H7NO2S HCI H2O and molecular weight is 175.63. The chemical structure of L-cysteine hydrochloride monohydrate is depicted below:Cysteine hydrochloride is white crystalline powder soluble in water. Cysteine is sulfur-containing amino acid and is prone to oxidation when exposed to air in aqueous solution, which may convert cysteine to insoluble cystine resulting in precipitation over time.NOURESS contains no more than 145 mcg/L of aluminum.. chemical structure.

DOSAGE & ADMINISTRATION SECTION.

2 DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION. NOURESS is for intravenous infusion after dilution and admixing only. (2.1)See full prescribing information for information on preparation, administration, and instructions for use. (2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4)The recommended dosage in neonates is based upon the recommended daily protein (amino acid) requirements: 22 mg NOURESS/g amino acids. The corresponding volume is 0.44 mL NOURESS/g amino acids. (2.5). NOURESS is for intravenous infusion after dilution and admixing only. (2.1). See full prescribing information for information on preparation, administration, and instructions for use. (2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4). The recommended dosage in neonates is based upon the recommended daily protein (amino acid) requirements: 22 mg NOURESS/g amino acids. The corresponding volume is 0.44 mL NOURESS/g amino acids. (2.5). 2.1 Important Administration Information. NOURESS is for intravenous infusion after dilution and admixing use only. Prior to administration, NOURESS must be diluted and used as an admixture in parenteral nutrition solutions.The resulting solution is for intravenous infusion into central or peripheral vein. The choice of central or peripheral venous route should depend on the osmolarity of the final infusate. Solutions with osmolarity of 900 mOsm/L or greater must be infused through central catheter [see Warnings and Precautions (5.2)].. 2.2 Preparation and Administration Information. Prior to administration, NOURESS must be diluted and used as an admixture in parenteral nutrition solutions.NOURESS is to be prepared only in suitable work area such as laminar flow hood (or an equivalent clean air compounding area). The key factor in the preparation is careful aseptic technique to avoid inadvertent touch contamination during mixing of solutions and addition of other nutrients.NOURESS is for addition to amino acid solutions prior to further admixing with dextrose injection using parenteral nutrition container.Calcium and phosphate ratios must be considered. Excess addition of calcium and phosphate, especially in the form of mineral salts, may result in the formation of calcium phosphate precipitates [see Warnings and Precautions (5.1)]. Use dedicated line for parenteral nutrition solutions.Intravenous lipid emulsions can be infused concurrently into the same vein as NOURESS-containing amino acid and dextrose solutions by Y-connector located near the infusion site; flow rates of each solution should be controlled separately by infusion pumps. For administration, use 0.22 micron in-line filter.To prevent air embolism, use non-vented infusion set or close the vent on vented set, avoid multiple connections, do not connect flexible containers in series, fully evacuate residual gas in the container prior to administration, do not pressurize the flexible container to increase flow rates, and if administration is controlled by pumping device, turn off pump before the container runs dry.Visually inspect the diluted parenteral nutrition solution containing NOURESS for particulate matter and discoloration before admixing, after admixing, after removal from refrigeration, and prior to administration. The solution should be clear and there should be no precipitates. slight yellow color does not alter the quality and efficacy of this product.. Prior to administration, NOURESS must be diluted and used as an admixture in parenteral nutrition solutions.. NOURESS is to be prepared only in suitable work area such as laminar flow hood (or an equivalent clean air compounding area). The key factor in the preparation is careful aseptic technique to avoid inadvertent touch contamination during mixing of solutions and addition of other nutrients.. NOURESS is for addition to amino acid solutions prior to further admixing with dextrose injection using parenteral nutrition container.. Calcium and phosphate ratios must be considered. Excess addition of calcium and phosphate, especially in the form of mineral salts, may result in the formation of calcium phosphate precipitates [see Warnings and Precautions (5.1)]. Use dedicated line for parenteral nutrition solutions.. Intravenous lipid emulsions can be infused concurrently into the same vein as NOURESS-containing amino acid and dextrose solutions by Y-connector located near the infusion site; flow rates of each solution should be controlled separately by infusion pumps. For administration, use 0.22 micron in-line filter.. To prevent air embolism, use non-vented infusion set or close the vent on vented set, avoid multiple connections, do not connect flexible containers in series, fully evacuate residual gas in the container prior to administration, do not pressurize the flexible container to increase flow rates, and if administration is controlled by pumping device, turn off pump before the container runs dry.. Visually inspect the diluted parenteral nutrition solution containing NOURESS for particulate matter and discoloration before admixing, after admixing, after removal from refrigeration, and prior to administration. The solution should be clear and there should be no precipitates. slight yellow color does not alter the quality and efficacy of this product.. 2.3 Preparation Instructions for Admixing Using Parenteral Nutrition Container. Remove NOURESS vial from the carton and inspect for particulate matter.Transfer the required amount of NOURESS to an amino acid solution using strict aseptic techniques to avoid microbial contamination.The amino acid solution containing NOURESS can then be used to prepare admixtures in the parenteral nutrition container using strict aseptic techniques.Amino acids solution containing NOURESS may be mixed with dextrose injection. The following proper mixing sequence must be followed to minimize pH related problems:Transfer dextrose injection to the parental nutrition pooling containerTransfer phosphate saltTransfer NOURESS-containing amino acid solutionTransfer electrolytesTransfer trace elements Use gentle agitation during admixing to minimize localized concentration effects; shake containers gently after each addition.For automated compounding, refer to Instructions for Use of the applicable compounder.Because additives may be incompatible, evaluate all additions to the parenteral nutrition container for compatibility and stability of the resulting preparation. Consult with pharmacist, if available. Questions about compatibility may be directed to Avadel. If it is deemed advisable to introduce additives to the parenteral nutrition container, use aseptic technique.Inspect the final parenteral nutrition solution containing NOURESS to ensure that precipitates have not formed during mixing or on addition of additives. Discard if any precipitates are observed.Stability and StorageFor single use only. Discard unused portion of the vial of NOURESS.Use parenteral nutrition solution containing NOURESS promptly after mixing. Any storage of the admixture should be under refrigeration at 2C to 8C (36F to 46F) and limited to brief period of time, no longer than 24 hours. After removal from refrigeration, inspect for precipitates, use promptly, and complete the infusion within 24 hours. Discard if any precipitates are observed.Discard any remaining admixture.Protect parenteral nutrition solution from light.. Remove NOURESS vial from the carton and inspect for particulate matter.. Transfer the required amount of NOURESS to an amino acid solution using strict aseptic techniques to avoid microbial contamination.. The amino acid solution containing NOURESS can then be used to prepare admixtures in the parenteral nutrition container using strict aseptic techniques.. Amino acids solution containing NOURESS may be mixed with dextrose injection. The following proper mixing sequence must be followed to minimize pH related problems:Transfer dextrose injection to the parental nutrition pooling containerTransfer phosphate saltTransfer NOURESS-containing amino acid solutionTransfer electrolytesTransfer trace elements Transfer dextrose injection to the parental nutrition pooling container. Transfer phosphate salt. Transfer NOURESS-containing amino acid solution. Transfer electrolytes. Transfer trace elements. Use gentle agitation during admixing to minimize localized concentration effects; shake containers gently after each addition.. For automated compounding, refer to Instructions for Use of the applicable compounder.. Because additives may be incompatible, evaluate all additions to the parenteral nutrition container for compatibility and stability of the resulting preparation. Consult with pharmacist, if available. Questions about compatibility may be directed to Avadel. If it is deemed advisable to introduce additives to the parenteral nutrition container, use aseptic technique.. Inspect the final parenteral nutrition solution containing NOURESS to ensure that precipitates have not formed during mixing or on addition of additives. Discard if any precipitates are observed.. For single use only. Discard unused portion of the vial of NOURESS.. Use parenteral nutrition solution containing NOURESS promptly after mixing. Any storage of the admixture should be under refrigeration at 2C to 8C (36F to 46F) and limited to brief period of time, no longer than 24 hours. After removal from refrigeration, inspect for precipitates, use promptly, and complete the infusion within 24 hours. Discard if any precipitates are observed.. Discard any remaining admixture.. Protect parenteral nutrition solution from light.. 2.4 Dosing Considerations. The dosage of the final parenteral nutrition solution containing NOURESS must be based on the concentrations of all components in the solution and the recommended nutritional requirements [see Dosage and Administration (2.5)]. Consult the prescribing information of all added components to determine the recommended nutritional requirements.The dosage of NOURESS should be individualized based on the patients clinical condition (ability to adequately metabolize amino acids), body weight and nutritional/fluid requirements, as well as additional energy given orally/enterally to the patient. Prior to initiating parenteral nutrition, the following patient information should be reviewed: review of all medications, gastrointestinal function and laboratory data (such as electrolytes (including magnesium, calcium, and phosphorus), glucose, urea/creatinine, liver panel, and complete blood count).Prior to administration of parenteral nutrition solution containing NOURESS, correct severe fluid, electrolyte and acid-base disorders.. 2.5 Recommended Dosage for Neonates The recommended dosage and volume of NOURESS is based upon the recommended daily protein (amino acid) requirements. Table 1. Recommended Daily Dosage of NOURESS in Neonates (Preterm and Term Infants Less Than One Month of Age)a Protein is provided as amino acids.DosageProteina Requirement(g Amino Acids/kg/day)1 Dosage(mg NOURESS/g Amino Acids)Volume(mL NOURESS/g Amino Acids)Neonates3 to 4220.44NOURESS contains 50 mg/mL of cysteine hydrochloride (equivalent to 34.5 mg/mL of cysteine). Therefore, the recommended dosage of NOURESS provides 15 mg cysteine/gram of amino acids for neonates.

DOSAGE FORMS & STRENGTHS SECTION.

3 DOSAGE FORMS AND STRENGTHS. Injection: 500 mg/10 mL (50 mg/mL) cysteine hydrochloride, USP as clear, colorless, sterile solution in single-dose vial.. Injection: 500 mg/10 mL (50 mg/mL) cysteine hydrochloride, USP in single-dose vial. (3).

ADVERSE REACTIONS SECTION.

6 ADVERSE REACTIONS. The following serious adverse reactions are discussed in greater detail in other sections of the prescribing information:Pulmonary embolism due to pulmonary vascular precipitates [see Warnings and Precautions (5.1)] Vein damage and thrombosis [see Warnings and Precautions (5.2)] Increased BUN [see Warnings and Precautions (5.3)] Acid-base imbalance [see Warnings and Precautions (5.4)] Hepatobiliary disorders [see Warnings and Precautions (5.5)] Aluminum toxicity [see Warnings and Precautions (5.6)] Adverse reactions with the use of cysteine hydrochloride injection were identified in clinical studies or postmarketing reports. Because these reactions are reported voluntarily from population of uncertain size, it is not always possible to estimate their frequency reliably or to establish causal relationship to drug exposure.Metabolic acidosisLocal infusion site reactions, including warm sensation, erythema, phlebitis, and thrombosis at the infusion site Generalized flushing, fever, and nausea Pulmonary embolism due to pulmonary vascular precipitates [see Warnings and Precautions (5.1)] Vein damage and thrombosis [see Warnings and Precautions (5.2)] Increased BUN [see Warnings and Precautions (5.3)] Acid-base imbalance [see Warnings and Precautions (5.4)] Hepatobiliary disorders [see Warnings and Precautions (5.5)] Aluminum toxicity [see Warnings and Precautions (5.6)] Metabolic acidosis. Local infusion site reactions, including warm sensation, erythema, phlebitis, and thrombosis at the infusion site Generalized flushing, fever, and nausea Most common adverse reactions are local reactions (warm sensation, erythema, phlebitis, and thrombosis at the infusion site), generalized flushing, fever, nausea, and metabolic acidosis. (6)To report SUSPECTED ADVERSE REACTIONS, contact Avadel at 1-877-638-4579 or FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088 or www.fda.gov/medwatch.

CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY SECTION.

12 CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY. 12.1 Mechanism of Action. Endogenous cysteine is synthesized from methionine by the enzyme, cystathionase, via the trans-sulfuration pathway, and serves as precursor substrate for both glutathione and taurine. NOURESS provides cysteine to the systemic circulation of neonates who require parenteral nutrition and cannot synthesize adequate quantities of cysteine due to deficient cystathionase activity.

CONTRAINDICATIONS SECTION.

4 CONTRAINDICATIONS. NOURESS is contraindicated in:Patients with known hypersensitivity to one or more amino acids.Patients with inborn errors of amino acid metabolism due to risk of severe metabolic or neurologic complications.Patients with pulmonary edema or acidosis due to low cardiac output.. Patients with known hypersensitivity to one or more amino acids.. Patients with inborn errors of amino acid metabolism due to risk of severe metabolic or neurologic complications.. Patients with pulmonary edema or acidosis due to low cardiac output.. Hypersensitivity to one or more amino acids (4)Inborn errors of amino acid metabolism (4)Pulmonary edema or acidosis due to low cardiac output (4). Hypersensitivity to one or more amino acids (4). Inborn errors of amino acid metabolism (4). Pulmonary edema or acidosis due to low cardiac output (4).

INFORMATION FOR PATIENTS SECTION.

17 PATIENT COUNSELING INFORMATION. Inform caregivers or home healthcare providers of the following risks of NOURESS:Pulmonary embolism due to pulmonary vascular precipitates [see Warnings and Precautions (5.1)] Vein damage and thrombosis [see Warnings and Precautions (5.2)] Increased BUN [see Warnings and Precautions (5.3)] Acid-base imbalance [see Warnings and Precautions (5.4)] Hepatobiliary disorders [see Warnings and Precautions (5.5)] Aluminum toxicity [see Warnings and Precautions (5.6)] Monitoring and laboratory tests [see Warnings and Precautions (5.7)] Manufactured for:Avadel Legacy Pharmaceuticals, LLCChesterfield, MO 63005Rev. 12/19. Pulmonary embolism due to pulmonary vascular precipitates [see Warnings and Precautions (5.1)] Vein damage and thrombosis [see Warnings and Precautions (5.2)] Increased BUN [see Warnings and Precautions (5.3)] Acid-base imbalance [see Warnings and Precautions (5.4)] Hepatobiliary disorders [see Warnings and Precautions (5.5)] Aluminum toxicity [see Warnings and Precautions (5.6)] Monitoring and laboratory tests [see Warnings and Precautions (5.7)].

LACTATION SECTION.

8.2 Lactation. Risk Summary NOURESS is used as an additive to amino acid solutions to meet nutritional requirements of neonates requiring total parenteral nutrition and is not indicated for use in adults. There are no data on the presence of cysteine hydrochloride in human or animal milk or the effects on milk production. Data available on the effects of cysteine hydrochloride on infants, either directly or through breastmilk, do not suggest significant risk of adverse reactions from exposure.

MECHANISM OF ACTION SECTION.

12.1 Mechanism of Action. Endogenous cysteine is synthesized from methionine by the enzyme, cystathionase, via the trans-sulfuration pathway, and serves as precursor substrate for both glutathione and taurine. NOURESS provides cysteine to the systemic circulation of neonates who require parenteral nutrition and cannot synthesize adequate quantities of cysteine due to deficient cystathionase activity.

OVERDOSAGE SECTION.

10 OVERDOSAGE. In the event of overhydration or solute overload, re-evaluate the patient and institute appropriate corrective measures [see Warnings and Precautions (5.3, 5.4, 5.5, 5.8)].

PACKAGE LABEL.PRINCIPAL DISPLAY PANEL.

PRINCIPAL DISPLAY PANEL NDC: 76014-006-33 Vial Label. Vial Label.

PEDIATRIC USE SECTION.

8.4 Pediatric Use. NOURESS is indicated for use as an additive to amino acid solutions to meet the nutritional requirements of neonates, including preterm infants, requiring total parenteral nutrition. The safety profile for NOURESS use in neonates includes risks of acid-base imbalance and hepatobiliary dysfunction.Acid-base imbalance, including metabolic acidosis, and liver dysfunction may occur with NOURESS administration in preterm infants. Frequent clinical and laboratory assessments are necessary to monitor and manage fluid balance, electrolyte concentrations, liver tests, and acid-base balance during parenteral nutrition therapy [see Warnings and Precautions (5.4)].Hyperammonemia is of special significance in neonates. This reaction appears to be related to deficiency of the urea cycle amino acids of genetic or product origin. It is essential that blood ammonia be measured during treatment [see Warnings and Precautions (5.5)].Because of immature renal function, neonates including preterm infants, receiving prolonged parenteral nutrition with NOURESS may be at higher risk of aluminum toxicity [see Warnings and Precautions (5.7)].

PREGNANCY SECTION.

8.1 Pregnancy. Risk Summary NOURESS for use as an additive to amino acid solutions to meet nutritional requirements is not indicated for use in adults. Appropriate administration of NOURESS is not expected to cause major birth defects, miscarriage or adverse maternal or fetal outcomes. Animal reproduction studies have not been conducted with cysteine hydrochloride.

REFERENCES SECTION.

15 REFERENCES. Ayers P. et al. A.S.P.E.N. Parenteral Nutrition Handbook, 2nd ed. 2014 pg. 123 and 124.. Ayers P. et al. A.S.P.E.N. Parenteral Nutrition Handbook, 2nd ed. 2014 pg. 123 and 124.

SPL UNCLASSIFIED SECTION.

2.1 Important Administration Information. NOURESS is for intravenous infusion after dilution and admixing use only. Prior to administration, NOURESS must be diluted and used as an admixture in parenteral nutrition solutions.The resulting solution is for intravenous infusion into central or peripheral vein. The choice of central or peripheral venous route should depend on the osmolarity of the final infusate. Solutions with osmolarity of 900 mOsm/L or greater must be infused through central catheter [see Warnings and Precautions (5.2)].

USE IN SPECIFIC POPULATIONS SECTION.

8 USE IN SPECIFIC POPULATIONS. 8.1 Pregnancy. Risk Summary NOURESS for use as an additive to amino acid solutions to meet nutritional requirements is not indicated for use in adults. Appropriate administration of NOURESS is not expected to cause major birth defects, miscarriage or adverse maternal or fetal outcomes. Animal reproduction studies have not been conducted with cysteine hydrochloride.. 8.2 Lactation. Risk Summary NOURESS is used as an additive to amino acid solutions to meet nutritional requirements of neonates requiring total parenteral nutrition and is not indicated for use in adults. There are no data on the presence of cysteine hydrochloride in human or animal milk or the effects on milk production. Data available on the effects of cysteine hydrochloride on infants, either directly or through breastmilk, do not suggest significant risk of adverse reactions from exposure. 8.4 Pediatric Use. NOURESS is indicated for use as an additive to amino acid solutions to meet the nutritional requirements of neonates, including preterm infants, requiring total parenteral nutrition. The safety profile for NOURESS use in neonates includes risks of acid-base imbalance and hepatobiliary dysfunction.Acid-base imbalance, including metabolic acidosis, and liver dysfunction may occur with NOURESS administration in preterm infants. Frequent clinical and laboratory assessments are necessary to monitor and manage fluid balance, electrolyte concentrations, liver tests, and acid-base balance during parenteral nutrition therapy [see Warnings and Precautions (5.4)].Hyperammonemia is of special significance in neonates. This reaction appears to be related to deficiency of the urea cycle amino acids of genetic or product origin. It is essential that blood ammonia be measured during treatment [see Warnings and Precautions (5.5)].Because of immature renal function, neonates including preterm infants, receiving prolonged parenteral nutrition with NOURESS may be at higher risk of aluminum toxicity [see Warnings and Precautions (5.7)].

WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS SECTION.

5 WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS. Pulmonary Embolism due to Pulmonary Vascular Precipitates: If signs of pulmonary distress occur, stop the infusion and initiate medical evaluation. (5.1)Vein Damage and Thrombosis: Solutions with osmolarity of 900 mOsm/L or more must be infused through central catheter (2.1, 5.2)Increased Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN): Monitor laboratory parameters and discontinue if BUN exceeds normal postprandial limits and continues to increase. (5.3)Acid-Base Imbalance: Monitor laboratory parameters and supplement with electrolytes as needed. (5.4)Hepatobiliary Disorders: Neurocognitive delay possible in infants; monitor liver function parameters and ammonia levels. (5.5, 8.4)Aluminum Toxicity: Increased risk in patients with renal impairment, including preterm infants. (5.6, 8.4)Monitoring and Laboratory Tests: Monitor fluid and electrolytes, serum osmolarity, blood glucose, kidney and liver function, blood count, and coagulation parameters throughout treatment. (5.7). Pulmonary Embolism due to Pulmonary Vascular Precipitates: If signs of pulmonary distress occur, stop the infusion and initiate medical evaluation. (5.1). Vein Damage and Thrombosis: Solutions with osmolarity of 900 mOsm/L or more must be infused through central catheter (2.1, 5.2). Increased Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN): Monitor laboratory parameters and discontinue if BUN exceeds normal postprandial limits and continues to increase. (5.3). Acid-Base Imbalance: Monitor laboratory parameters and supplement with electrolytes as needed. (5.4). Hepatobiliary Disorders: Neurocognitive delay possible in infants; monitor liver function parameters and ammonia levels. (5.5, 8.4). Aluminum Toxicity: Increased risk in patients with renal impairment, including preterm infants. (5.6, 8.4). Monitoring and Laboratory Tests: Monitor fluid and electrolytes, serum osmolarity, blood glucose, kidney and liver function, blood count, and coagulation parameters throughout treatment. (5.7). 5.1 Pulmonary Embolism due to Pulmonary Vascular Precipitates. Pulmonary vascular precipitates causing pulmonary vascular emboli and pulmonary distress have been reported in patients receiving parenteral nutrition. In some fatal cases, pulmonary embolism occurred as result of calcium phosphate precipitates. Precipitation following passage through an in-line filter and suspected in vivo precipitate formation has also been reported. If signs of pulmonary distress occur, stop the parenteral nutrition infusion and initiate medical evaluation. In addition to inspection of the solution [see Dosage and Administration (2.1, 2.2)], the infusion set and catheter should also periodically be checked for precipitates.. 5.2 Vein Damage and Thrombosis. NOURESS must be diluted and used as an admixture in parenteral nutrition solutions. Solutions with an osmolarity of 900 mOsm/L or greater must be infused through central catheter [see Dosage and Administration (2.1)]. The infusion of hypertonic nutrient injections into peripheral vein may result in vein irritation, vein damage, and/or thrombosis. The primary complication of peripheral access is venous thrombophlebitis, which manifests as pain, erythema, tenderness or palpable cord. Remove the catheter as soon as possible, if thrombophlebitis develops.. 5.3 Increased Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN). Intravenous infusion of amino acids may induce rise in blood urea nitrogen (BUN), especially in patients with impaired hepatic or renal function. Appropriate laboratory tests should be performed periodically and infusion discontinued if BUN levels exceed normal postprandial limits and continue to rise. It should be noted that modest rise in BUN normally occurs as result of increased protein intake.Administration of amino acid solutions in the presence of impaired renal function may augment an increasing BUN, as does any protein dietary component.. 5.4 Acid-Base Imbalance. Administration of NOURESS may result in metabolic acidosis in neonates.Administration of amino acid solutions to patient with hepatic impairment may result in serum amino acid imbalances, metabolic alkalosis, prerenal azotemia, hyperammonemia, stupor and coma.Frequent clinical evaluation and laboratory determinations are necessary for proper monitoring of acid-base balance during parenteral nutrition therapy. Significant deviations from normal concentrations may require the use of additional electrolyte supplements.. 5.5 Hepatobiliary Disorders. Hepatobiliary disorders are known to develop in some patients, including neonates, without preexisting liver disease who receive parenteral nutrition, including cholecystitis, cholelithiasis, cholestasis, hepatic steatosis, fibrosis and cirrhosis, possibly leading to hepatic failure. The etiology of these disorders is thought to be multifactorial and may differ between patients.Instances of asymptomatic hyperammonemia have been reported in patients receiving parenteral nutrition without overt liver dysfunction. The mechanisms of this reaction are not clearly defined but may involve genetic defects and immature or subclinically impaired liver function [see Contraindications (4), Use in Specific Populations (8.4)].Hyperammonemia is of special significance in infants, as it can result in neurocognitive delays. Monitor liver function parameters and ammonia levels during treatment with NOURESS. Patients developing signs of hepatobiliary disorders should be assessed early by clinician knowledgeable in liver diseases in order to identify possible causative and contributory factors, and possible therapeutic and prophylactic interventions.. 5.6 Aluminum Toxicity. NOURESS contains aluminum that may be toxic.Aluminum may reach toxic levels with prolonged parenteral administration in patients with renal impairment. Neonates and preterm infants are particularly at risk for aluminum toxicity because their kidneys are immature, and they require large amounts of calcium and phosphate solutions, which also contain aluminum.Patients with renal impairment, including neonates and preterm infants, who receive greater than to mcg/kg/day of parenteral aluminum can accumulate aluminum to levels associated with central nervous system and bone toxicity. Tissue loading may occur at even lower rates of administration.Exposure to aluminum from NOURESS is not more than 0.25 mcg/kg/day when preterm and term neonates are administered the recommended maximum dosage of NOURESS (22 mg cysteine hydrochloride/g of amino acids and g of amino acids/kg/day) [see Dosage and Administration (2.5)]. When prescribing NOURESS for use in parenteral nutrition containing other small volume parenteral products, the total daily patient exposure to aluminum from the admixture should be considered and maintained at no more than mcg/kg/day [see Use in Specific Populations (8.4)].. 5.7 Monitoring and Laboratory Tests. Monitor fluid and electrolyte status, serum osmolarity, blood glucose, liver and kidney function, ammonia levels, blood count and coagulation parameters throughout treatment [see Dosage and Administration (2.4)].