palovarotene 🐶 Veterinary Use | Indications/Contra | FAERs-F | FAERs-M | Orange Bk | PK/Tox | Related Drugs | BioActivity |

Stem definitionDrug idCAS RN
arotinoid derivatives 5737 410528-02-8

Description:

MoleculeDescription

Molfile Inchi Smiles

Synonyms:

  • palovarotene
  • RO3300074
  • CLM-001
  • IPN60120
  • sohonos
n patients with FOP, abnormal bone formation, including heterotrophic ossification (HO), is driven by a gain-of-function mutation in the bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) type I receptor ALK2 (ACVR1).Palovarotene is an orally bioavailable retinoic acid receptor agonist, with particular selectivity at the gamma subtype of RAR. Through binding to RARgamma, palovarotene decreases the BMP/ALK2 downstream signaling pathway by inhibiting the phosphorylation of SMAD1/5/8, which reduces ALK2/SMAD-dependent chondrogenesis and osteocyte differentiation resulting in reduced endochondral bone formation.
  • Molecular weight: 414.55
  • Formula: C27H30N2O2
  • CLOGP: 6.15
  • LIPINSKI: 1
  • HAC: 4
  • HDO: 1
  • TPSA: 55.12
  • ALOGS:
  • ROTB: 5

  • Status: ONP

  • Legend:
    OFP - off patent
    OFM - off market
    ONP - on patent

Drug dosage:

None

ADMET properties:

None

Predicted pharmacokinetic/toxicological properties (PK-AZ):

PropertyDescriptionValueUnitConfidenceSimilarity
azlogd74 LogD at pH 7.4 3.607 High 1
caco2-efflux Caco-2 efflux ratio (BA/AB) 1.225 High 1
caco2-intrinsic-papp Caco-2 intrinsic apparent permeability 31.842 10^-6 cm/s High 1
dh-clint Dog hepatocyte intrinsic clearance 10.280 uL/min/10^6 cells High 1
dppb Dog plasma protein binding (% unbound) 0.270 % High 1
fcs-ppb Fetal calf serum protein binding (% unbound) 0.780 % High 1
herg hERG pIC50 4.953 pIC50 High 1
hh-clint Human hepatocyte intrinsic clearance 20.464 uL/min/10^6 cells High 1
hlm-clint Human liver microsomal intrinsic clearance 21.184 uL/min/mg protein High 1
hppb Human plasma protein binding (% unbound) 0.380 % High 1
kinase-safety-class ACVR2A,ACVR2B,AURKA,AXL,BRAF,BTK,CAMK2D,CDK5,CDK9,DYRK1B,EIF2AK3,ERBB2,GRK2,GSK3B,IKBKB,ITK,JAK2,MAP2K6,MAP3K7,MAPK10,MAPK7,MAPKAPK2,PDK1,PDK2,PDK4,PIK3CB,PIM2,PRKDC,STK33,SYK,TEK,TGFBR1,TTK 33
kinase-selectivity-class AXL,BRAF,EIF2AK3,EPHB4,GRK2,NTRK3,PDK4,STK33 8
mdck-mdr1-efflux MDCK-MDR1 efflux ratio 2.523 High 1
mh-clint Mouse hepatocyte intrinsic clearance 14.588 High 1
mppb Mouse plasma protein binding (% unbound) 0.420 High 1
nih-mdck-mdr1-efflux NIH MDCK-MDR1 efflux ratio 13.552 High 1
pfas-class PFAS structural alert (1 = True, 0 = False) 0
pppb Pig plasma protein binding (% unbound) 0.330 % High 1
rh-clint Rat hepatocyte intrinsic clearance 15.136 uL/min/10^6 cells High 1
rh-fuinc Rat hepatocyte fraction unbound in incubation 4.290 % High 1
rppb Rat plasma protein binding (% unbound) 0.270 % High 1
solubility-dd Solubility at pH 7.4 in DMSO 69.823 uM High 1

Approvals:

DateAgencyCompanyOrphan
Aug. 16, 2023 FDA IPSEN BIOPHARMACEUTICALS INC

FDA Adverse Event Reporting System (Female)

None

FDA Adverse Event Reporting System (Male)

None

FDA Adverse Event Reporting System (Geriatric)

None

FDA Adverse Event Reporting System (Pediatric)

None

Pharmacologic Action:

SourceCodeDescription
ATC M09AX11 MUSCULO-SKELETAL SYSTEM
OTHER DRUGS FOR DISORDERS OF THE MUSCULO-SKELETAL SYSTEM
OTHER DRUGS FOR DISORDERS OF THE MUSCULO-SKELETAL SYSTEM
Other drugs for disorders of the musculo-skeletal system
FDA CS M0018962 Retinoids
FDA EPC N0000175607 Retinoid
CHEBI has role CHEBI:66981 ophthalmology drug
CHEBI has role CHEBI:88336 retinoic acid receptor γ agonist

Related Drugs by ATC class:

M09AX Other drugs for disorders of the musculo-skeletal system 11 drugs

Drug Use | Suggest Off label Use Form| |View source of the data|

DiseaseRelationSNOMED_IDDOID
Progressive myositis ossificans indication 82725007 DOID:13374
Pregnancy, function contraindication 289908002




🐶 Veterinary Drug Use

None

🐶 Veterinary products

None

Acid dissociation constants calculated using MoKa v3.0.0

None

Orange Book patent data (new drug applications)

Formulation strengthTrade nameApplicantApplication numberApproval dateTypeDose formRoutePatent numberPatent expiration datePatent use
1.5MG SOHONOS IPSEN N215559 Aug. 16, 2023 RX CAPSULE ORAL 10292954 Aug. 31, 2031 REDUCTION OF HETEROTOPIC OSSIFICATION IN PATIENTS WITH FIBRODYSPLASIA (MYOSITIS) OSSIFICANS PROGRESSIVA
1.5MG SOHONOS IPSEN N215559 Aug. 16, 2023 RX CAPSULE ORAL 12023312 Aug. 31, 2031 REDUCTION OF HETEROTOPIC OSSIFICATION IN PATIENTS WITH FIBRODYSPLASIA OSSIFICANS (MYOSITIS) PROGRESSIVA
1.5MG SOHONOS IPSEN N215559 Aug. 16, 2023 RX CAPSULE ORAL 9314439 Aug. 31, 2031 REDUCTION OF HETEROTOPIC OSSIFICATION IN PATIENTS WITH FIBRODYSPLASIA (MYOSITIS) OSSIFICANS PROGRESSIVA
1.5MG SOHONOS IPSEN N215559 Aug. 16, 2023 RX CAPSULE ORAL 9789074 Aug. 31, 2031 REDUCTION OF HETEROTOPIC OSSIFICATION IN PATIENTS WITH FIBRODYSPLASIA (MYOSITIS) OSSIFICANS PROGRESSIVA
10MG SOHONOS IPSEN N215559 Aug. 16, 2023 RX CAPSULE ORAL 10292954 Aug. 31, 2031 REDUCTION OF HETEROTOPIC OSSIFICATION IN PATIENTS WITH FIBRODYSPLASIA (MYOSITIS) OSSIFICANS PROGRESSIVA
10MG SOHONOS IPSEN N215559 Aug. 16, 2023 RX CAPSULE ORAL 12023312 Aug. 31, 2031 REDUCTION OF HETEROTOPIC OSSIFICATION IN PATIENTS WITH FIBRODYSPLASIA OSSIFICANS (MYOSITIS) PROGRESSIVA
10MG SOHONOS IPSEN N215559 Aug. 16, 2023 RX CAPSULE ORAL 9314439 Aug. 31, 2031 REDUCTION OF HETEROTOPIC OSSIFICATION IN PATIENTS WITH FIBRODYSPLASIA (MYOSITIS) OSSIFICANS PROGRESSIVA
10MG SOHONOS IPSEN N215559 Aug. 16, 2023 RX CAPSULE ORAL 9789074 Aug. 31, 2031 REDUCTION OF HETEROTOPIC OSSIFICATION IN PATIENTS WITH FIBRODYSPLASIA (MYOSITIS) OSSIFICANS PROGRESSIVA
1MG SOHONOS IPSEN N215559 Aug. 16, 2023 RX CAPSULE ORAL 10292954 Aug. 31, 2031 REDUCTION OF HETEROTOPIC OSSIFICATION IN PATIENTS WITH FIBRODYSPLASIA (MYOSITIS) OSSIFICANS PROGRESSIVA
1MG SOHONOS IPSEN N215559 Aug. 16, 2023 RX CAPSULE ORAL 12023312 Aug. 31, 2031 REDUCTION OF HETEROTOPIC OSSIFICATION IN PATIENTS WITH FIBRODYSPLASIA OSSIFICANS (MYOSITIS) PROGRESSIVA
1MG SOHONOS IPSEN N215559 Aug. 16, 2023 RX CAPSULE ORAL 9314439 Aug. 31, 2031 REDUCTION OF HETEROTOPIC OSSIFICATION IN PATIENTS WITH FIBRODYSPLASIA (MYOSITIS) OSSIFICANS PROGRESSIVA
1MG SOHONOS IPSEN N215559 Aug. 16, 2023 RX CAPSULE ORAL 9789074 Aug. 31, 2031 REDUCTION OF HETEROTOPIC OSSIFICATION IN PATIENTS WITH FIBRODYSPLASIA (MYOSITIS) OSSIFICANS PROGRESSIVA
2.5MG SOHONOS IPSEN N215559 Aug. 16, 2023 RX CAPSULE ORAL 10292954 Aug. 31, 2031 REDUCTION OF HETEROTOPIC OSSIFICATION IN PATIENTS WITH FIBRODYSPLASIA (MYOSITIS) OSSIFICANS PROGRESSIVA
2.5MG SOHONOS IPSEN N215559 Aug. 16, 2023 RX CAPSULE ORAL 12023312 Aug. 31, 2031 REDUCTION OF HETEROTOPIC OSSIFICATION IN PATIENTS WITH FIBRODYSPLASIA OSSIFICANS (MYOSITIS) PROGRESSIVA
2.5MG SOHONOS IPSEN N215559 Aug. 16, 2023 RX CAPSULE ORAL 9314439 Aug. 31, 2031 REDUCTION OF HETEROTOPIC OSSIFICATION IN PATIENTS WITH FIBRODYSPLASIA (MYOSITIS) OSSIFICANS PROGRESSIVA
2.5MG SOHONOS IPSEN N215559 Aug. 16, 2023 RX CAPSULE ORAL 9789074 Aug. 31, 2031 REDUCTION OF HETEROTOPIC OSSIFICATION IN PATIENTS WITH FIBRODYSPLASIA (MYOSITIS) OSSIFICANS PROGRESSIVA
5MG SOHONOS IPSEN N215559 Aug. 16, 2023 RX CAPSULE ORAL 10292954 Aug. 31, 2031 REDUCTION OF HETEROTOPIC OSSIFICATION IN PATIENTS WITH FIBRODYSPLASIA (MYOSITIS) OSSIFICANS PROGRESSIVA
5MG SOHONOS IPSEN N215559 Aug. 16, 2023 RX CAPSULE ORAL 12023312 Aug. 31, 2031 REDUCTION OF HETEROTOPIC OSSIFICATION IN PATIENTS WITH FIBRODYSPLASIA OSSIFICANS (MYOSITIS) PROGRESSIVA
5MG SOHONOS IPSEN N215559 Aug. 16, 2023 RX CAPSULE ORAL 9314439 Aug. 31, 2031 REDUCTION OF HETEROTOPIC OSSIFICATION IN PATIENTS WITH FIBRODYSPLASIA (MYOSITIS) OSSIFICANS PROGRESSIVA
5MG SOHONOS IPSEN N215559 Aug. 16, 2023 RX CAPSULE ORAL 9789074 Aug. 31, 2031 REDUCTION OF HETEROTOPIC OSSIFICATION IN PATIENTS WITH FIBRODYSPLASIA (MYOSITIS) OSSIFICANS PROGRESSIVA
1.5MG SOHONOS IPSEN N215559 Aug. 16, 2023 RX CAPSULE ORAL 10864194 June 8, 2037 REDUCTION OF HETEROTOPIC OSSIFICATION IN PATIENTS WITH FIBRODYSPLASIA (MYOSITIS) OSSIFICANS PROGRESSIVA
1.5MG SOHONOS IPSEN N215559 Aug. 16, 2023 RX CAPSULE ORAL 11622959 June 8, 2037 REDUCTION OF HETEROTOPIC OSSIFICATION IN PATIENTS WITH FIBRODYSPLASIA (MYOSITIS) OSSIFICANS PROGRESSIVA
1.5MG SOHONOS IPSEN N215559 Aug. 16, 2023 RX CAPSULE ORAL 12138245 June 8, 2037 REDUCTION OF HETEROTOPIC OSSIFICATION IN PATIENTS WITH FIBRODYSPLASIS (MYOSITIS) OSSIFICANS PROGRESSIVA
1.5MG SOHONOS IPSEN N215559 Aug. 16, 2023 RX CAPSULE ORAL 12201614 June 8, 2037 REDUCTION OF HETEROTOPIC OSSIFICATION IN PATIENTS WITH FIBRODYSPLASIS (MYOSITIS) OSSIFICANS PROGRESSIVA
1.5MG SOHONOS IPSEN N215559 Aug. 16, 2023 RX CAPSULE ORAL 12458626 June 8, 2037 REDUCTION OF HETEROTOPIC OSSIFICATION IN PATIENTS WITH FIBRODYSPLASIA (MYOSITIS) OSSIFICANS PROGRESSIVA
10MG SOHONOS IPSEN N215559 Aug. 16, 2023 RX CAPSULE ORAL 10864194 June 8, 2037 REDUCTION OF HETEROTOPIC OSSIFICATION IN PATIENTS WITH FIBRODYSPLASIA (MYOSITIS) OSSIFICANS PROGRESSIVA
10MG SOHONOS IPSEN N215559 Aug. 16, 2023 RX CAPSULE ORAL 11622959 June 8, 2037 REDUCTION OF HETEROTOPIC OSSIFICATION IN PATIENTS WITH FIBRODYSPLASIA (MYOSITIS) OSSIFICANS PROGRESSIVA
10MG SOHONOS IPSEN N215559 Aug. 16, 2023 RX CAPSULE ORAL 12138245 June 8, 2037 REDUCTION OF HETEROTOPIC OSSIFICATION IN PATIENTS WITH FIBRODYSPLASIS (MYOSITIS) OSSIFICANS PROGRESSIVA
10MG SOHONOS IPSEN N215559 Aug. 16, 2023 RX CAPSULE ORAL 12201614 June 8, 2037 REDUCTION OF HETEROTOPIC OSSIFICATION IN PATIENTS WITH FIBRODYSPLASIS (MYOSITIS) OSSIFICANS PROGRESSIVA
10MG SOHONOS IPSEN N215559 Aug. 16, 2023 RX CAPSULE ORAL 12458626 June 8, 2037 REDUCTION OF HETEROTOPIC OSSIFICATION IN PATIENTS WITH FIBRODYSPLASIA (MYOSITIS) OSSIFICANS PROGRESSIVA
1MG SOHONOS IPSEN N215559 Aug. 16, 2023 RX CAPSULE ORAL 10864194 June 8, 2037 REDUCTION OF HETEROTOPIC OSSIFICATION IN PATIENTS WITH FIBRODYSPLASIA (MYOSITIS) OSSIFICANS PROGRESSIVA
1MG SOHONOS IPSEN N215559 Aug. 16, 2023 RX CAPSULE ORAL 11622959 June 8, 2037 REDUCTION OF HETEROTOPIC OSSIFICATION IN PATIENTS WITH FIBRODYSPLASIA (MYOSITIS) OSSIFICANS PROGRESSIVA
1MG SOHONOS IPSEN N215559 Aug. 16, 2023 RX CAPSULE ORAL 12138245 June 8, 2037 REDUCTION OF HETEROTOPIC OSSIFICATION IN PATIENTS WITH FIBRODYSPLASIS (MYOSITIS) OSSIFICANS PROGRESSIVA
1MG SOHONOS IPSEN N215559 Aug. 16, 2023 RX CAPSULE ORAL 12201614 June 8, 2037 REDUCTION OF HETEROTOPIC OSSIFICATION IN PATIENTS WITH FIBRODYSPLASIS (MYOSITIS) OSSIFICANS PROGRESSIVA
1MG SOHONOS IPSEN N215559 Aug. 16, 2023 RX CAPSULE ORAL 12458626 June 8, 2037 REDUCTION OF HETEROTOPIC OSSIFICATION IN PATIENTS WITH FIBRODYSPLASIA (MYOSITIS) OSSIFICANS PROGRESSIVA
2.5MG SOHONOS IPSEN N215559 Aug. 16, 2023 RX CAPSULE ORAL 10864194 June 8, 2037 REDUCTION OF HETEROTOPIC OSSIFICATION IN PATIENTS WITH FIBRODYSPLASIA (MYOSITIS) OSSIFICANS PROGRESSIVA
2.5MG SOHONOS IPSEN N215559 Aug. 16, 2023 RX CAPSULE ORAL 11622959 June 8, 2037 REDUCTION OF HETEROTOPIC OSSIFICATION IN PATIENTS WITH FIBRODYSPLASIA (MYOSITIS) OSSIFICANS PROGRESSIVA
2.5MG SOHONOS IPSEN N215559 Aug. 16, 2023 RX CAPSULE ORAL 12138245 June 8, 2037 REDUCTION OF HETEROTOPIC OSSIFICATION IN PATIENTS WITH FIBRODYSPLASIS (MYOSITIS) OSSIFICANS PROGRESSIVA
2.5MG SOHONOS IPSEN N215559 Aug. 16, 2023 RX CAPSULE ORAL 12201614 June 8, 2037 REDUCTION OF HETEROTOPIC OSSIFICATION IN PATIENTS WITH FIBRODYSPLASIS (MYOSITIS) OSSIFICANS PROGRESSIVA
2.5MG SOHONOS IPSEN N215559 Aug. 16, 2023 RX CAPSULE ORAL 12458626 June 8, 2037 REDUCTION OF HETEROTOPIC OSSIFICATION IN PATIENTS WITH FIBRODYSPLASIA (MYOSITIS) OSSIFICANS PROGRESSIVA
5MG SOHONOS IPSEN N215559 Aug. 16, 2023 RX CAPSULE ORAL 10864194 June 8, 2037 REDUCTION OF HETEROTOPIC OSSIFICATION IN PATIENTS WITH FIBRODYSPLASIA (MYOSITIS) OSSIFICANS PROGRESSIVA
5MG SOHONOS IPSEN N215559 Aug. 16, 2023 RX CAPSULE ORAL 11622959 June 8, 2037 REDUCTION OF HETEROTOPIC OSSIFICATION IN PATIENTS WITH FIBRODYSPLASIA (MYOSITIS) OSSIFICANS PROGRESSIVA
5MG SOHONOS IPSEN N215559 Aug. 16, 2023 RX CAPSULE ORAL 12138245 June 8, 2037 REDUCTION OF HETEROTOPIC OSSIFICATION IN PATIENTS WITH FIBRODYSPLASIS (MYOSITIS) OSSIFICANS PROGRESSIVA
5MG SOHONOS IPSEN N215559 Aug. 16, 2023 RX CAPSULE ORAL 12201614 June 8, 2037 REDUCTION OF HETEROTOPIC OSSIFICATION IN PATIENTS WITH FIBRODYSPLASIS (MYOSITIS) OSSIFICANS PROGRESSIVA
5MG SOHONOS IPSEN N215559 Aug. 16, 2023 RX CAPSULE ORAL 12458626 June 8, 2037 REDUCTION OF HETEROTOPIC OSSIFICATION IN PATIENTS WITH FIBRODYSPLASIA (MYOSITIS) OSSIFICANS PROGRESSIVA

Orange Book exclusivity data (new drug applications)

Formulation strengthTrade nameApplicantApplication numberApproval dateTypeDose formRouteExclusivity dateDescription
1.5MG SOHONOS IPSEN N215559 Aug. 16, 2023 RX CAPSULE ORAL Aug. 16, 2028 NEW CHEMICAL ENTITY
10MG SOHONOS IPSEN N215559 Aug. 16, 2023 RX CAPSULE ORAL Aug. 16, 2028 NEW CHEMICAL ENTITY
1MG SOHONOS IPSEN N215559 Aug. 16, 2023 RX CAPSULE ORAL Aug. 16, 2028 NEW CHEMICAL ENTITY
2.5MG SOHONOS IPSEN N215559 Aug. 16, 2023 RX CAPSULE ORAL Aug. 16, 2028 NEW CHEMICAL ENTITY
5MG SOHONOS IPSEN N215559 Aug. 16, 2023 RX CAPSULE ORAL Aug. 16, 2028 NEW CHEMICAL ENTITY
1.5MG SOHONOS IPSEN N215559 Aug. 16, 2023 RX CAPSULE ORAL Aug. 16, 2030 FOR THE REDUCTION IN VOLUME OF NEW HETEROTOPIC OSSIFICATION IN ADULTS AND PEDIATRIC PATIENTS AGED 8 YEARS AND OLDER FOR FEMALES AND 10 YEARS AND OLDER FOR MALES WITH FIBRODYSPLASIA OSSIFICANS PROGRESSIVA (FOP)
10MG SOHONOS IPSEN N215559 Aug. 16, 2023 RX CAPSULE ORAL Aug. 16, 2030 FOR THE REDUCTION IN VOLUME OF NEW HETEROTOPIC OSSIFICATION IN ADULTS AND PEDIATRIC PATIENTS AGED 8 YEARS AND OLDER FOR FEMALES AND 10 YEARS AND OLDER FOR MALES WITH FIBRODYSPLASIA OSSIFICANS PROGRESSIVA (FOP)
1MG SOHONOS IPSEN N215559 Aug. 16, 2023 RX CAPSULE ORAL Aug. 16, 2030 FOR THE REDUCTION IN VOLUME OF NEW HETEROTOPIC OSSIFICATION IN ADULTS AND PEDIATRIC PATIENTS AGED 8 YEARS AND OLDER FOR FEMALES AND 10 YEARS AND OLDER FOR MALES WITH FIBRODYSPLASIA OSSIFICANS PROGRESSIVA (FOP)
2.5MG SOHONOS IPSEN N215559 Aug. 16, 2023 RX CAPSULE ORAL Aug. 16, 2030 FOR THE REDUCTION IN VOLUME OF NEW HETEROTOPIC OSSIFICATION IN ADULTS AND PEDIATRIC PATIENTS AGED 8 YEARS AND OLDER FOR FEMALES AND 10 YEARS AND OLDER FOR MALES WITH FIBRODYSPLASIA OSSIFICANS PROGRESSIVA (FOP)
5MG SOHONOS IPSEN N215559 Aug. 16, 2023 RX CAPSULE ORAL Aug. 16, 2030 FOR THE REDUCTION IN VOLUME OF NEW HETEROTOPIC OSSIFICATION IN ADULTS AND PEDIATRIC PATIENTS AGED 8 YEARS AND OLDER FOR FEMALES AND 10 YEARS AND OLDER FOR MALES WITH FIBRODYSPLASIA OSSIFICANS PROGRESSIVA (FOP)

Bioactivity Summary:

TargetClassPharosUniProtActionTypeActivity value
(-log[M])
Mechanism
action
Bioact sourceMoA source
Retinoic acid receptor gamma Nuclear hormone receptor AGONIST IC50 6.35 DRUG LABEL DRUG LABEL

External reference:

IDSource
CHEBI:188559 CHEBI
CHEMBL2105648 ChEMBL_ID
C546535 MESH_SUPPLEMENTAL_RECORD_UI
8276 IUPHAR_LIGAND_ID
DB05467 DRUGBANK_ID
1783991000168109 SNOMEDCT_US
4042535 VANDF
C2745017 UMLSCUI
9025 INN_ID
10295295 PUBCHEM_CID
360106 MMSL
40772 MMSL
d09902 MMSL
019110 NDDF
D09365 KEGG_DRUG
28K6I5M16G UNII
2663954 RXNORM
28K6I5M16G INXIGHT DRUGS

Pharmaceutical products:

ProductCategoryIngredientsNDCFormQuantityRouteMarketingLabel
SOHONOS HUMAN PRESCRIPTION DRUG LABEL 1 15054-0010 CAPSULE 1 mg ORAL NDA 32 sections
SOHONOS HUMAN PRESCRIPTION DRUG LABEL 1 15054-0015 CAPSULE 1.50 mg ORAL NDA 32 sections
SOHONOS HUMAN PRESCRIPTION DRUG LABEL 1 15054-0025 CAPSULE 2.50 mg ORAL NDA 32 sections
SOHONOS HUMAN PRESCRIPTION DRUG LABEL 1 15054-0050 CAPSULE 5 mg ORAL NDA 32 sections
SOHONOS HUMAN PRESCRIPTION DRUG LABEL 1 15054-0100 CAPSULE 10 mg ORAL NDA 32 sections