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Stem definition	Drug id	CAS RN
	56	59-66-5

Description:

Molecule	Description
Molfile Inchi Smiles Synonyms: acetazolamide acetamox acetazolamid cidamex nephramide acetazolamide sodium	One of the CARBONIC ANHYDRASE INHIBITORS that is sometimes effective against absence seizures. It is sometimes useful also as an adjunct in the treatment of tonic-clonic, myoclonic, and atonic seizures, particularly in women whose seizures occur or are exacerbated at specific times in the menstrual cycle. However, its usefulness is transient often because of rapid development of tolerance. Its antiepileptic effect may be due to its inhibitory effect on brain carbonic anhydrase, which leads to an increased transneuronal chloride gradient, increased chloride current, and increased inhibition. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1991, p337) Molecular weight: 222.24 Formula: C4H6N4O3S2 CLOGP: -0.98 LIPINSKI: 0 HAC: 7 HDO: 2 TPSA: 115.04 ALOGS: -1.90 ROTB: 2 Status: OFP Legend: OFP - off patent OFM - off market ONP - on patent

Molecule

Description

Molfile Inchi Smiles

Synonyms:

acetazolamide
acetamox
acetazolamid
cidamex
nephramide
acetazolamide sodium

One of the CARBONIC ANHYDRASE INHIBITORS that is sometimes effective against absence seizures. It is sometimes useful also as an adjunct in the treatment of tonic-clonic, myoclonic, and atonic seizures, particularly in women whose seizures occur or are exacerbated at specific times in the menstrual cycle. However, its usefulness is transient often because of rapid development of tolerance. Its antiepileptic effect may be due to its inhibitory effect on brain carbonic anhydrase, which leads to an increased transneuronal chloride gradient, increased chloride current, and increased inhibition. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1991, p337)

Molecular weight: 222.24
Formula: C4H6N4O3S2
CLOGP: -0.98
LIPINSKI: 0
HAC: 7
HDO: 2
TPSA: 115.04
ALOGS: -1.90
ROTB: 2

Status: OFP

Legend:
OFP - off patent
OFM - off market
ONP - on patent

Drug dosage:

Dose	Unit	Route
0.75	g	O
0.75	g	P

ADMET properties:

Property	Value	Reference
BDDCS (Biopharmaceutical Drug Disposition Classification System)	3	Bocci G, Oprea TI, Benet LZ
S (Water solubility)	0.64 mg/mL	Benet LZ, Broccatelli F, Oprea TI
EoM (Fraction excreted unchanged in urine)	90 %	Benet LZ, Broccatelli F, Oprea TI
MRTD (Maximum Recommended Therapeutic Daily Dose)	75.14 µM/kg/day	Contrera JF, Matthews EJ, Kruhlak NL, Benz RD
BA (Bioavailability)	99 %	Kim MT, Sedykh A, Chakravarti SK, Saiakhov RD, Zhu H
Vd (Volume of distribution)	0.37 L/kg	Lombardo F, Berellini G, Obach RS
CL (Clearance)	0.65 mL/min/kg	Lombardo F, Berellini G, Obach RS
fu (Fraction unbound in plasma)	0.04 %	Lombardo F, Berellini G, Obach RS
t_half (Half-life)	13 hours	Lombardo F, Berellini G, Obach RS

Predicted pharmacokinetic/toxicological properties (PK-AZ):

Property	Description	Value
kinase-safety-class	ACVR2A,ACVR2B,AURKA,AXL,BRAF,CAMK2B,CAMK2D,CDK5,CDK9,DDR1,DYRK1B,EIF2AK3,ERBB2,FLT3,GRK2,ITK,MAP3K1,MAP3K21,MAPK10,MAPK7,MARK4,MTOR,PDK1,PDK2,PIK3CA,PIK3CD,PIK3CG,PRKDC,SIK2,STK33,TEK	31
kinase-selectivity-class	DYRK1B,GRK2,MAPK7,PDK1	4
pfas-class	PFAS structural alert (1 = True, 0 = False)	0

Approvals:

Date	Agency	Company	Orphan
July 27, 1953	FDA	TEVA BRANDED PHARM

FDA Adverse Event Reporting System (Female)

MedDRA adverse event term	Likelihood ratio	Likelihood ratio threshold	Patients taking drug having adverse event	Patients taking drug not having adverse event	Patients not taking drug having adverse event	Patients not taking drug not having adverse event
Metabolic acidosis	184.27	16.01	104	11266	55572	90561505
Idiopathic intracranial hypertension	176.77	16.01	48	11322	3533	90613544
Angle closure glaucoma	169.36	16.01	44	11326	2731	90614346
Intraocular pressure increased	148.41	16.01	49	11321	7044	90610033
Off label use	142.97	16.01	378	10992	1101874	89515203
Papilloedema	142.89	16.01	43	11327	4572	90612505
Hair follicle tumour benign	135.44	16.01	26	11344	392	90616685
Choroidal effusion	107.90	16.01	24	11346	765	90616312
Intracranial pressure increased	103.33	16.01	37	11333	6774	90610303
Hypokalaemia	102.73	16.01	103	11267	131013	90486064
Choroidal detachment	100.02	16.01	19	11351	270	90616807
Glaucoma	80.26	16.01	43	11327	20712	90596365
Sickle cell anaemia with crisis	79.15	16.01	31	11339	7266	90609811
Drug ineffective for unapproved indication	76.81	16.01	65	11305	66579	90550498
Drug ineffective	74.69	16.01	356	11014	1383942	89233135
Intellectual disability	62.35	16.01	17	11353	1269	90615808
Complications of bone marrow transplant	57.18	16.01	13	11357	458	90616619
Hydrocephalus	56.08	16.01	23	11347	6071	90611006
Fat embolism syndrome	55.91	16.01	9	11361	44	90617033
Corneal oedema	55.78	16.01	17	11353	1884	90615193
Photophobia	55.24	16.01	34	11336	21235	90595842
Dysphoria	52.49	16.01	22	11348	6132	90610945
Hepatosplenic T-cell lymphoma	52.36	16.01	13	11357	671	90616406
Non-cardiogenic pulmonary oedema	49.34	16.01	14	11356	1210	90615867
Visual impairment	48.89	16.01	71	11299	132294	90484783
Haemorrhagic diathesis	47.96	16.01	20	11350	5504	90611573
Retinal detachment	47.08	16.01	21	11349	6801	90610276
Acute generalised exanthematous pustulosis	46.37	16.01	26	11344	13677	90603400
Macular detachment	43.06	16.01	8	11362	100	90616977
Meningitis	42.71	16.01	21	11349	8460	90608617
Symptom masked	42.61	16.01	12	11358	1009	90616068
Appetite disorder	41.24	16.01	21	11349	9112	90607965
Flat anterior chamber of eye	40.86	16.01	7	11363	53	90617024
Oral pain	39.96	16.01	33	11337	32650	90584427
Aggression	39.18	16.01	30	11340	26638	90590439
Disseminated blastomycosis	38.42	16.01	7	11363	78	90616999
Arthritis infective	37.91	16.01	19	11351	7973	90609104
Brain stem microhaemorrhage	37.86	16.01	6	11364	26	90617051
Hypotony of eye	37.10	16.01	8	11362	220	90616857
Cerebellar microhaemorrhage	36.99	16.01	6	11364	31	90617046
Secondary adrenocortical insufficiency	36.70	16.01	13	11357	2305	90614772
Skin warm	35.66	16.01	18	11352	7669	90609408
Drug clearance decreased	35.28	16.01	12	11358	1886	90615191
Numb chin syndrome	35.19	16.01	6	11364	44	90617033
Hypercapnia	35.03	16.01	17	11353	6660	90610417
Visual field defect	33.89	16.01	17	11353	7149	90609928
Thinking abnormal	31.09	16.01	19	11351	11713	90605364
Vision blurred	30.74	16.01	52	11318	110241	90506836
Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis	28.99	16.01	11	11359	2365	90614712
Lens dislocation	28.83	16.01	5	11365	41	90617036
Ophthalmic vein thrombosis	28.53	16.01	7	11363	344	90616733
Uveitis	28.11	16.01	20	11350	15883	90601194
Iridocyclitis	27.62	16.01	12	11358	3649	90613428
Infusion related reaction	27.54	16.01	9	11361	416771	90200306
Myopia	27.45	16.01	10	11360	1922	90615155
Acute respiratory failure	26.94	16.01	30	11340	42888	90574189
Retinopathy haemorrhagic	26.93	16.01	4	11366	10	90617067
Persecutory delusion	25.80	16.01	11	11359	3197	90613880
Cerebrospinal fluid leakage	25.62	16.01	9	11361	1558	90615519
Hallucination	25.24	16.01	36	11334	65923	90551154
Product contamination microbial	24.75	16.01	6	11364	280	90616797
Lactic acidosis	24.60	16.01	31	11339	50432	90566645
Tenderness	24.56	16.01	23	11347	26845	90590232
Swelling	24.44	16.01	11	11359	419047	90198030
Retroperitoneal oedema	24.16	16.01	4	11366	24	90617053
Discomfort	24.14	16.01	3	11367	274332	90342745
Arthropathy	24.03	16.01	8	11362	366234	90250843
Nephrocalcinosis	23.73	16.01	8	11362	1224	90615853
Psychiatric decompensation	23.73	16.01	9	11361	1934	90615143
Pericarditis	23.66	16.01	3	11367	270148	90346929
Osteopenia	23.58	16.01	21	11349	22981	90594096
Hepatic enzyme increased	23.46	16.01	8	11362	360728	90256349
Meningitis aseptic	23.32	16.01	13	11357	6760	90610317
Joint space narrowing	23.29	16.01	7	11363	740	90616337
Hyphaema	23.28	16.01	6	11364	360	90616717
Transmission of an infectious agent via product	23.07	16.01	5	11365	141	90616936
Myasthenic syndrome	22.88	16.01	6	11364	386	90616691
Blindness	22.87	16.01	22	11348	26546	90590531
CSF pressure increased	22.77	16.01	5	11365	150	90616927
Sneezing	22.50	16.01	23	11347	29846	90587231
Toxic leukoencephalopathy	22.37	16.01	7	11363	846	90616231
Therapy partial responder	22.35	16.01	20	11350	22023	90595054
Peripheral swelling	22.34	16.01	12	11358	413094	90203983
Systemic lupus erythematosus	21.90	16.01	9	11361	361887	90255190
Malignant glaucoma	21.87	16.01	3	11367	3	90617074
Encephalopathy	21.80	16.01	28	11342	46416	90570661
Diplopia	21.43	16.01	22	11348	28692	90588385
Visual acuity reduced	21.32	16.01	20	11350	23390	90593687
Product use in unapproved indication	21.25	16.01	91	11279	336145	90280932
Iris neovascularisation	21.25	16.01	4	11366	54	90617023
Glossodynia	21.15	16.01	7	11363	321772	90295305
Short stature	20.82	16.01	7	11363	1063	90616014
Hypersensitivity	20.78	16.01	16	11354	454661	90162416
Cross sensitivity reaction	20.37	16.01	9	11361	2848	90614229
Cerebral microhaemorrhage	20.37	16.01	5	11365	246	90616831
Therapeutic product effect decreased	20.16	16.01	5	11365	277566	90339511
Dropped head syndrome	20.10	16.01	5	11365	260	90616817
Cataract	20.10	16.01	34	11336	72058	90545019
Ocular surface disease	20.06	16.01	4	11366	74	90617003
Psychotic disorder	19.89	16.01	22	11348	31208	90585869
Eye pain	19.75	16.01	26	11344	44142	90572935
Therapy non-responder	19.64	16.01	49	11321	136655	90480422
Mobility decreased	19.24	16.01	4	11366	250730	90366347
Somatostatin receptor scan abnormal	19.13	16.01	3	11367	12	90617065
Multiple-drug resistance	19.10	16.01	12	11358	7764	90609313
Retinal pigmentation	18.92	16.01	4	11366	100	90616977
Meningitis fungal	18.92	16.01	4	11366	100	90616977
Ocular pemphigoid	18.80	16.01	4	11366	103	90616974
Respiratory alkalosis	18.75	16.01	9	11361	3439	90613638
Optic atrophy	18.23	16.01	7	11363	1554	90615523
Hyperventilation	18.09	16.01	11	11359	6717	90610360
Acidosis	17.99	16.01	14	11356	12722	90604355
Nasal flaring	17.98	16.01	3	11367	19	90617058
Acidosis hyperchloraemic	17.91	16.01	6	11364	900	90616177
Corneal opacity	17.88	16.01	6	11364	905	90616172
Contraindicated product administered	17.75	16.01	9	11361	320130	90296947
Iris adhesions	17.74	16.01	5	11365	422	90616655
Retinal vascular occlusion	17.58	16.01	5	11365	436	90616641
Vitreous disorder	17.56	16.01	4	11366	142	90616935
Renal impairment	17.53	16.01	40	11330	105381	90511696
Hypertension	17.46	16.01	19	11351	457513	90159564
Condition aggravated	17.41	16.01	131	11239	595414	90021663
Histology abnormal	17.30	16.01	4	11366	152	90616925
Optic disc haemorrhage	17.15	16.01	4	11366	158	90616919
Optic neuritis	16.71	16.01	12	11358	9666	90607411
Acute chest syndrome	16.52	16.01	6	11364	1142	90615935
Conjunctival hyperaemia	16.42	16.01	8	11362	3161	90613916
Stomatitis	16.34	16.01	7	11363	274691	90342386
Presyncope	16.24	16.01	20	11350	31785	90585292
Alkalosis	16.19	16.01	5	11365	579	90616498
Hypophosphataemia	16.10	16.01	14	11356	14840	90602237
Bacterial endophthalmitis	16.10	16.01	4	11366	207	90616870
Ocular discomfort	16.07	16.01	10	11360	6360	90610717

FDA Adverse Event Reporting System (Male)

MedDRA adverse event term	Likelihood ratio	Likelihood ratio threshold	Patients taking drug having adverse event	Patients taking drug not having adverse event	Patients not taking drug having adverse event	Patients not taking drug not having adverse event
Choroidal effusion	195.05	19.06	34	6175	244	42614882
Intraocular pressure increased	182.47	19.06	58	6151	6375	42608751
Metabolic acidosis	151.15	19.06	94	6115	51764	42563362
Choroidal detachment	148.46	19.06	30	6179	510	42614616
Angle closure glaucoma	90.98	19.06	23	6186	1099	42614027
Toxic epidermal necrolysis	89.43	19.06	53	6156	26697	42588429
Off label use	75.62	19.06	233	5976	638102	41977024
Hypotony maculopathy	68.49	19.06	11	6198	44	42615082
Corneal oedema	61.09	19.06	18	6191	1530	42613596
Acute myopia	59.99	19.06	9	6200	20	42615106
Drug ineffective	56.72	19.06	210	5999	629987	41985139
Hyphaema	54.64	19.06	14	6195	706	42614420
Visual acuity reduced	54.04	19.06	33	6176	17517	42597609
Drug ineffective for unapproved indication	51.24	19.06	47	6162	46116	42569010
Intraocular pressure decreased	49.13	19.06	9	6200	88	42615038
Congenital emphysema	47.01	19.06	6	6203	0	42615126
Drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms	47.01	19.06	43	6166	42032	42573094
Glaucoma	43.20	19.06	22	6187	8226	42606900
Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody positive	42.84	19.06	18	6191	4347	42610779
Mycotic allergy	40.87	19.06	18	6191	4873	42610253
Conjunctivitis allergic	40.67	19.06	19	6190	5892	42609234
Mite allergy	40.33	19.06	18	6191	5028	42610098
Dust allergy	39.38	19.06	18	6191	5314	42609812
Spirometry abnormal	36.83	19.06	17	6192	5129	42609997
Neuritis	36.73	19.06	18	6191	6202	42608924
Pulmonary vasculitis	36.61	19.06	18	6191	6248	42608878
Neurological symptom	36.54	19.06	21	6188	9970	42605156
Total lung capacity abnormal	35.99	19.06	16	6193	4427	42610699
Ocular surface disease	35.27	19.06	7	6202	108	42615018
Eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis	33.86	19.06	19	6190	8619	42606507
Forced expiratory volume decreased	33.26	19.06	18	6191	7612	42607514
Crystalluria	30.82	19.06	9	6200	741	42614385
Normochromic normocytic anaemia	30.43	19.06	18	6191	9013	42606113
Idiopathic intracranial hypertension	29.92	19.06	9	6200	821	42614305
Bacterial endophthalmitis	28.71	19.06	6	6203	121	42615005
Condition aggravated	28.50	19.06	93	6116	260661	42354465
Iridocyclitis	28.17	19.06	11	6198	2200	42612926
Burkholderia test positive	27.83	19.06	9	6200	1041	42614085
Acute kidney injury	27.58	19.06	116	6093	367221	42247905
Corneal opacity	27.41	19.06	8	6201	657	42614469
Ocular hypertension	27.10	19.06	9	6200	1132	42613994
Vitreous haemorrhage	25.86	19.06	11	6198	2736	42612390
Respiratory acidosis	25.02	19.06	14	6195	6317	42608809
Hypochloraemia	24.74	19.06	8	6201	925	42614201
Respiratory symptom	24.62	19.06	17	6192	11089	42604037
Capillaritis	24.61	19.06	10	6199	2218	42612908
Pulmonary alveolar haemorrhage	24.51	19.06	19	6190	14797	42600329
Retinopathy	24.38	19.06	10	6199	2271	42612855
Hypoxia	23.67	19.06	39	6170	69747	42545379
Optic neuropathy	23.45	19.06	10	6199	2502	42612624
Visual impairment	23.24	19.06	30	6179	43083	42572043
Intracranial pressure increased	23.12	19.06	12	6197	4662	42610464
Acidosis hyperchloraemic	22.91	19.06	7	6202	673	42614453
Trabeculectomy	22.90	19.06	4	6205	29	42615097
Nodule	22.77	19.06	17	6192	12517	42602609
Arteriosclerosis coronary artery	22.64	19.06	20	6189	18657	42596469
Product contamination microbial	22.23	19.06	7	6202	743	42614383
Retinopathy sickle cell	21.42	19.06	3	6206	3	42615123
Punctate keratitis	21.29	19.06	6	6203	435	42614691
Arteriosclerosis	21.28	19.06	19	6190	17970	42597156
Transmission of an infectious agent via product	21.01	19.06	5	6204	185	42614941
Cavernous sinus thrombosis	20.99	19.06	5	6204	186	42614940
Corneal decompensation	20.94	19.06	4	6205	50	42615076
Photocoagulation	20.79	19.06	4	6205	52	42615074
Uveal melanoma	20.21	19.06	3	6206	6	42615120
Eye pain	20.17	19.06	18	6191	17012	42598114
Vision blurred	19.55	19.06	31	6178	53668	42561458
Blindness	19.33	19.06	18	6191	17960	42597166

FDA Adverse Event Reporting System (Geriatric)

MedDRA adverse event term	Likelihood ratio	Likelihood ratio threshold	Patients taking drug having adverse event	Patients taking drug not having adverse event	Patients not taking drug having adverse event	Patients not taking drug not having adverse event
Intraocular pressure increased	271.44	15.35	89	16006	10787	110562417
Choroidal effusion	265.97	15.35	53	16042	837	110572367
Choroidal detachment	261.21	15.35	51	16044	721	110572483
Angle closure glaucoma	245.99	15.35	64	16031	3435	110569769
Metabolic acidosis	243.99	15.35	162	15933	99582	110473622
Off label use	193.38	15.35	564	15531	1499621	109073583
Idiopathic intracranial hypertension	165.01	15.35	48	16047	3904	110569300
Hair follicle tumour benign	135.32	15.35	27	16068	429	110572775
Papilloedema	127.79	15.35	46	16049	7363	110565841
Drug ineffective	123.09	15.35	490	15605	1520050	109053154
Corneal oedema	108.38	15.35	33	16062	3140	110570064
Intracranial pressure increased	105.29	15.35	44	16051	10491	110562713
Hypokalaemia	104.98	15.35	131	15964	182317	110390887
Drug ineffective for unapproved indication	101.34	15.35	98	15997	102740	110470464
Glaucoma	86.88	15.35	49	16046	22468	110550736
Hypotony maculopathy	80.52	15.35	12	16083	25	110573179
Toxic epidermal necrolysis	77.48	15.35	65	16030	56662	110516542
Hyphaema	76.60	15.35	20	16075	1087	110572117
Photophobia	65.69	15.35	43	16052	25728	110547476
Acute myopia	59.71	15.35	12	16083	198	110573006
Visual acuity reduced	59.31	15.35	44	16051	32129	110541075
Non-cardiogenic pulmonary oedema	56.69	15.35	18	16077	1966	110571238
Visual impairment	56.64	15.35	83	16012	134345	110438859
Ocular surface disease	55.23	15.35	11	16084	173	110573031
Sickle cell anaemia with crisis	54.52	15.35	27	16068	9518	110563686
Complications of bone marrow transplant	50.94	15.35	13	16082	645	110572559
Hypercapnia	50.54	15.35	27	16068	11132	110562072
Intellectual disability	48.57	15.35	16	16079	1963	110571241
Transmission of an infectious agent via product	48.18	15.35	10	16085	195	110573009
Hydrocephalus	46.70	15.35	25	16070	10350	110562854
Hepatosplenic T-cell lymphoma	45.46	15.35	13	16082	994	110572210
Dysphoria	45.28	15.35	21	16074	6407	110566797
Fat embolism syndrome	45.16	15.35	9	16086	142	110573062
Retinal detachment	45.11	15.35	25	16070	11075	110562129
Product contamination microbial	44.40	15.35	13	16082	1081	110572123
Drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms	44.07	15.35	57	16038	82038	110491166
Bacterial endophthalmitis	43.08	15.35	10	16085	332	110572872
Corneal opacity	42.68	15.35	13	16082	1238	110571966
Retinopathy	42.59	15.35	18	16077	4411	110568793
Visual field defect	41.80	15.35	23	16072	10049	110563155
Macular detachment	40.42	15.35	9	16086	247	110572957
Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody positive	40.23	15.35	18	16077	5058	110568146
Vision blurred	39.66	15.35	69	16026	128953	110444251
Acidosis hyperchloraemic	39.64	15.35	13	16082	1573	110571631
Myopia	38.78	15.35	14	16081	2257	110570947
Flat anterior chamber of eye	38.21	15.35	8	16087	163	110573041
Mite allergy	37.92	15.35	18	16077	5785	110567419
Conjunctivitis allergic	37.80	15.35	19	16076	6912	110566292
Mycotic allergy	37.48	15.35	18	16077	5936	110567268
Dust allergy	37.35	15.35	18	16077	5983	110567221
Intraocular pressure decreased	37.33	15.35	8	16087	183	110573021
Drug clearance decreased	37.14	15.35	16	16079	4106	110569098
Appetite disorder	36.98	15.35	21	16074	9748	110563456
Brain stem microhaemorrhage	36.61	15.35	6	16089	28	110573176
Haemorrhagic diathesis	36.36	15.35	19	16076	7489	110565715
Iridocyclitis	36.03	15.35	17	16078	5391	110567813
Pulmonary vasculitis	35.82	15.35	18	16077	6542	110566662
Spirometry abnormal	35.77	15.35	17	16078	5480	110567724
Total lung capacity abnormal	35.52	15.35	16	16079	4567	110568637
Vitreous haemorrhage	35.39	15.35	16	16079	4604	110568600
Hypotony of eye	34.89	15.35	9	16086	466	110572738
Neurological symptom	34.87	15.35	24	16071	15584	110557620
Ophthalmic vein thrombosis	34.84	15.35	8	16087	253	110572951
Cerebellar microhaemorrhage	34.67	15.35	6	16089	41	110573163
Blindness	34.57	15.35	34	16061	36325	110536879
Numb chin syndrome	33.95	15.35	6	16089	47	110573157
Neuritis	33.78	15.35	18	16077	7381	110565823
Symptom masked	33.56	15.35	12	16083	1883	110571321
Condition aggravated	33.05	15.35	201	15894	734635	109838569
Meningitis	30.98	15.35	20	16075	11682	110561522
Eye pain	30.42	15.35	37	16058	50062	110523142
Eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis	30.12	15.35	19	16076	10667	110562537
Acute generalised exanthematous pustulosis	29.93	15.35	25	16070	21639	110551565
Crystalluria	29.46	15.35	10	16085	1345	110571859
Forced expiratory volume decreased	28.82	15.35	20	16075	13156	110560048
Acute chest syndrome	28.71	15.35	11	16084	2092	110571112
Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis	28.62	15.35	12	16083	2883	110570321
Arthritis infective	28.04	15.35	18	16077	10411	110562793
Respiratory acidosis	27.95	15.35	20	16075	13806	110559398
Retinal vascular occlusion	27.87	15.35	8	16087	620	110572584
Malignant glaucoma	27.68	15.35	4	16091	6	110573198
Skin warm	27.60	15.35	17	16078	9153	110564051
Iris adhesions	27.49	15.35	8	16087	651	110572553
Ocular hypertension	27.27	15.35	11	16084	2397	110570807
Acidosis	27.06	15.35	24	16071	22507	110550697
Secondary adrenocortical insufficiency	26.69	15.35	13	16082	4421	110568783
Normochromic normocytic anaemia	26.66	15.35	19	16076	13038	110560166
Metabolic alkalosis	26.64	15.35	14	16081	5581	110567623
Oral pain	26.64	15.35	30	16065	37414	110535790
Trabeculectomy	26.29	15.35	5	16090	61	110573143
Somnolence	26.28	15.35	99	15996	297350	110275854
Lens dislocation	26.28	15.35	6	16089	185	110573019
Product use in unapproved indication	25.83	15.35	131	15964	447246	110125958
Uveitis	25.83	15.35	23	16072	21687	110551517
Therapy non-responder	25.78	15.35	65	16030	157242	110415962
Disseminated blastomycosis	25.25	15.35	7	16088	478	110572726
Infusion related reaction	25.16	15.35	12	16083	381150	110192054
Retinopathy sickle cell	25.14	15.35	5	16090	78	110573126
Hypocapnia	24.84	15.35	8	16087	914	110572290
Hepatic enzyme increased	24.63	15.35	8	16087	320884	110252320
Arthropathy	24.23	15.35	6	16089	287516	110285688
Endophthalmitis	24.19	15.35	15	16080	8172	110565032
Multiple-drug resistance	24.16	15.35	18	16077	13217	110559987
Retroperitoneal oedema	24.01	15.35	4	16091	21	110573183
Capillaritis	23.74	15.35	10	16085	2429	110570775
Retinopathy haemorrhagic	23.69	15.35	5	16090	106	110573098
Therapy partial responder	23.52	15.35	28	16067	37033	110536171
Peripheral swelling	23.37	15.35	15	16080	404019	110169185
Punctate keratitis	22.75	15.35	8	16087	1196	110572008
Drug resistance	22.56	15.35	34	16061	56340	110516864
Thinking abnormal	22.02	15.35	18	16077	15122	110558082
Vitreous disorder	22.01	15.35	6	16089	385	110572819
Encephalopathy	21.90	15.35	41	16054	81014	110492190
Meningitis aseptic	21.63	15.35	15	16080	9855	110563349
Anterior chamber disorder	21.54	15.35	5	16090	166	110573038
Osteopenia	21.54	15.35	21	16074	22188	110551016
Joint space narrowing	21.40	15.35	7	16088	840	110572364
Pulmonary alveolar haemorrhage	21.34	15.35	20	16075	20130	110553074
Neurological decompensation	21.33	15.35	13	16082	6870	110566334
Aggression	21.31	15.35	34	16061	59176	110514028
Respiratory alkalosis	20.85	15.35	12	16083	5709	110567495
Diplopia	20.80	15.35	28	16067	41866	110531338
Therapeutic product effect decreased	20.78	15.35	5	16090	244311	110328893
Photocoagulation	20.72	15.35	4	16091	53	110573151
Neutropenia	20.21	15.35	15	16080	374605	110198599
Respiratory symptom	20.14	15.35	17	16078	14928	110558276
Corneal disorder	19.91	15.35	9	16086	2588	110570616
Optic disc haemorrhage	19.71	15.35	5	16090	242	110572962
Loss of consciousness	19.59	15.35	68	16027	196238	110376966
Nephrocalcinosis	19.56	15.35	8	16087	1806	110571398
Hypersensitivity	19.54	15.35	18	16077	403980	110169224
CSF pressure increased	19.25	15.35	5	16090	266	110572938
Burkholderia test positive	19.24	15.35	6	16089	618	110572586
Discomfort	19.05	15.35	4	16091	214703	110358501
Acute respiratory failure	19.01	15.35	37	16058	75223	110497981
Swelling	19.01	15.35	14	16081	351027	110222177
Corneal decompensation	18.90	15.35	4	16091	86	110573118
Prostaglandin analogue periorbitopathy	18.89	15.35	3	16092	11	110573193
Impaired healing	18.88	15.35	3	16092	196714	110376490
Cataract	18.78	15.35	38	16057	79447	110493757
Cataract subcapsular	18.67	15.35	7	16088	1254	110571950
Eye disorder	18.61	15.35	22	16073	28884	110544320
Sinusitis	18.59	15.35	10	16085	296678	110276526
Treatment noncompliance	18.58	15.35	36	16059	72954	110500250
Tenderness	18.29	15.35	22	16073	29415	110543789
Cerebrospinal fluid leakage	18.25	15.35	8	16087	2140	110571064
Somatostatin receptor scan abnormal	18.13	15.35	3	16092	15	110573189
Conjunctival hyperaemia	18.03	15.35	11	16084	5820	110567384
Arteriosclerosis coronary artery	17.65	15.35	20	16075	25098	110548106
Acute kidney injury	17.65	15.35	155	15940	635275	109937929
Optic neuropathy	17.59	15.35	10	16085	4648	110568556
Blood cholesterol increased	17.33	15.35	3	16092	184782	110388422
Hypertension	17.12	15.35	30	16065	510054	110063150
Menometrorrhagia	17.04	15.35	6	16089	900	110572304
Sneezing	16.83	15.35	22	16073	31962	110541242
Cavernous sinus thrombosis	16.52	15.35	5	16090	466	110572738
Cerebral microhaemorrhage	16.52	15.35	5	16090	466	110572738
Brain stem haematoma	16.51	15.35	4	16091	160	110573044
Ocular discomfort	16.47	15.35	12	16083	8521	110564683
Drug abuse	16.38	15.35	3	16092	177408	110395796
Cystoid macular oedema	16.23	15.35	8	16087	2792	110570412
Arteriosclerosis	16.20	15.35	19	16076	24748	110548456
Visual acuity tests abnormal	16.16	15.35	4	16091	175	110573029
Intraventricular haemorrhage	16.04	15.35	10	16085	5497	110567707
Hyperventilation	15.96	15.35	12	16083	8935	110564269
Dropped head syndrome	15.77	15.35	5	16090	543	110572661
Keratic precipitates	15.70	15.35	5	16090	551	110572653
Open angle glaucoma	15.54	15.35	5	16090	569	110572635

FDA Adverse Event Reporting System (Pediatric)

None

Pharmacologic Action:

Source	Code	Description
ATC	S01EC01	SENSORY ORGANS OPHTHALMOLOGICALS ANTIGLAUCOMA PREPARATIONS AND MIOTICS Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors
FDA CS	M0020790	Sulfonamides
FDA MoA	N0000000235	Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors
FDA EPC	N0000175517	Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitor
MeSH PA	D000927	Anticonvulsants
MeSH PA	D002257	Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors
MeSH PA	D004232	Diuretics
MeSH PA	D004791	Enzyme Inhibitors
MeSH PA	D045283	Natriuretic Agents
CHEBI has role	CHEBI:23018	EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor
CHEBI has role	CHEBI:33282	antibacterial agent
CHEBI has role	CHEBI:35476	antipsychotic agent
CHEBI has role	CHEBI:35480	analgesic
CHEBI has role	CHEBI:35498	diuretic
CHEBI has role	CHEBI:35526	hypoglycemic agent
CHEBI has role	CHEBI:35554	cardiovascular drug
CHEBI has role	CHEBI:35610	antineoplastic agent
CHEBI has role	CHEBI:35623	anticonvulsant
CHEBI has role	CHEBI:35674	antihypertensive agent
CHEBI has role	CHEBI:35705	immunosuppressive agent
CHEBI has role	CHEBI:39456	antiglaucoma drug
CHEBI has role	CHEBI:50514	vasoconstrictor agent
CHEBI has role	CHEBI:66981	ophthalmology drug
CHEBI has role	CHEBI:231911	renoprotective agent

Related Drugs by ATC class:

S01EC Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors 4 drugs

brinzolamide dichlorphenamide dorzolamide methazolamide

Drug Use | Suggest Off label Use Form| |View source of the data|

Disease	Relation	SNOMED_ID	DOID
Malignant glaucoma	indication	10100008
Anoxia due to high altitude	indication	42883007
Absence seizure	indication	79631006
Open-angle glaucoma	indication	84494001	DOID:1067
Secondary glaucoma	indication	95717004
Edema	indication	267038008
Peripheral edema	indication	271809000
Angle-closure glaucoma	indication	392291006	DOID:13550
Peripheral Edema due to Chronic Heart Failure	indication
Metabolic alkalosis	off-label use	1388004
Myoclonic seizure	off-label use	37356005
Idiopathic intracranial hypertension	off-label use	68267002	DOID:11459
Benign intracranial hypertension	off-label use	68267002	DOID:11459
Familial hypokalemic periodic paralysis	off-label use	82732003	DOID:14452
Epilepsy	off-label use	84757009	DOID:1826
Obstructive hydrocephalus	off-label use	230746009	DOID:14159
Familial periodic paralysis	off-label use	267607008	DOID:1029
Tonic-clonic epilepsy	off-label use	352818000	DOID:7725
Simple partial seizure	off-label use	117891000119100
Urine Alkalinization	off-label use
Hydrocephalus due to Intraventricular Hemorrhage	off-label use
Mixed Epilepsy	off-label use
Renal tubular acidosis	contraindication	1776003	DOID:14219
Respiratory acidosis	contraindication	12326000
Hyperkalemia	contraindication	14140009
Metabolic acidosis, normal anion gap, acidifying salts	contraindication	18104000
Diabetes mellitus type 2	contraindication	44054006	DOID:9352
Diabetes mellitus type 1	contraindication	46635009	DOID:9744
Acute nephropathy	contraindication	58574008
Hepatic failure	contraindication	59927004
Decreased respiratory function	contraindication	80954004
Hyponatremia	contraindication	89627008
Gout	contraindication	90560007	DOID:13189
Kidney disease	contraindication	90708001	DOID:557
Disease of blood AND/OR blood-forming organ	contraindication	191124002	DOID:74
Disease of liver	contraindication	235856003	DOID:409
Disorder of electrolytes	contraindication	237840007
Primary adrenocortical insufficiency	contraindication	373662000
Recurrent Calcium Renal Calculi	contraindication

🐶 Veterinary Drug Use

Species	Use	Relation
Dogs	Mild congestive heart failure	Indication
Dogs	Rapid reduction of intraocular pressure	Indication

🐶 Veterinary products

Product	Applicant	Ingredients
Vetamox Soluble Powder	Zoetis Inc.	1

Acid dissociation constants calculated using MoKa v3.0.0

Dissociation level	Dissociation constant	Type (acidic/basic)
pKa1	8.04	acidic
pKa2	9.21	acidic
pKa3	1.84	Basic

Orange Book patent data (new drug applications)

None

Orange Book exclusivity data (new drug applications)

None

Bioactivity Summary:

Target	Class	Pharos	UniProt	Action	Type	Activity value (-log[M])	Bioact source	MoA source
Carbonic anhydrase 12	Enzyme	O43570	CAH12_HUMAN	INHIBITOR	Ki	8.60	CHEMBL	CHEMBL
Carbonic anhydrase 1	Enzyme	P00915	CAH1_HUMAN	INHIBITOR	Ki	7.92	CHEMBL	CHEMBL
Carbonic anhydrase 4	Enzyme	P22748	CAH4_HUMAN	INHIBITOR	Ki	7.96	CHEMBL	CHEMBL
Carbonic anhydrase 2	Enzyme	P00918	CAH2_HUMAN	INHIBITOR	Ki	8.48	CHEMBL	CHEMBL
Carbonic anhydrase 5A, mitochondrial	Enzyme	P35218	CAH5A_HUMAN		Ki	7.22	CHEMBL
Carbonic anhydrase 5B, mitochondrial	Enzyme	Q9Y2D0	CAH5B_HUMAN		Ki	7.27	CHEMBL
Carbonic anhydrase 7	Enzyme	P43166	CAH7_HUMAN		Ki	8.60	CHEMBL
Carbonic anhydrase 3	Enzyme	P07451	CAH3_HUMAN		Ki	8.51	CHEMBL
Carbonic anhydrase 6	Enzyme	P23280	CAH6_HUMAN		Ki	7.96	CHEMBL
Carbonic anhydrase 14	Enzyme	Q9ULX7	CAH14_HUMAN		Ki	7.39	CHEMBL
Carbonic anhydrase 13	Enzyme	Q8N1Q1	CAH13_HUMAN		Ki	8.24	CHEMBL
Carbonic anhydrase	Enzyme	O43570 P00915 P00918 P07451 P22748 P23280 P35218 P43166 Q16790 Q8N1Q1 Q9ULX7 Q9Y2D0	CAH12_HUMAN CAH1_HUMAN CAH2_HUMAN CAH3_HUMAN CAH4_HUMAN CAH6_HUMAN CAH5A_HUMAN CAH7_HUMAN CAH9_HUMAN CAH13_HUMAN CAH14_HUMAN CAH5B_HUMAN		Ki	9.10	CHEMBL
Carbonic anhydrase V	Enzyme	P35218 Q9Y2D0	CAH5A_HUMAN CAH5B_HUMAN		Ki	8.74	CHEMBL
Carbonic anhydrase-related protein 11	Enzyme	O75493	CAH11_HUMAN		Ki	8.24	CHEMBL
Carbonic anhydrase 9	Enzyme	Q16790	CAH9_HUMAN		Ki	8.05	CHEMBL
Aquaporin-1	Transporter	P29972	AQP1_HUMAN				WOMBAT-PK
Carbonic anhydrase	Enzyme		CYNT_HELPY		Ki	7.70	CHEMBL
Carbonic anhydrase 13	Enzyme		CAH13_MOUSE		Ki	7.77	CHEMBL
Carbonic anhydrase 4	Enzyme		CAH4_BOVIN		Ki	7.15	CHEMBL
Carbonic anhydrase 7	Enzyme		CAH7_MOUSE		Ki	7.80	CHEMBL
Carbonic anhydrase	Enzyme		CAH_METTE		Ki	7.22	CHEMBL
Carbonic anhydrase	Enzyme		Q50565_METTH		Ki	4.92	CHEMBL
Carbonic anhydrase 15	Enzyme		CAH15_MOUSE		Ki	7.14	CHEMBL
Carbonic anhydrase	Enzyme		CAN_YEAST		Ki	7.09	CHEMBL
Carbonic anhydrase	Enzyme		CAN_CANAL		Ki	7.40	CHEMBL
Probable transmembrane carbonic anhydrase (Carbonate dehydratase) (Carbonic dehydratase); Transmembrane carbonic anhydrase	Enzyme		P96878_MYCTU		Ki	7.92	CHEMBL
Carbonic anhydrase	Enzyme		Q6FTL6_CANGA		Ki	7.96	CHEMBL
Alpha carbonic anhydrase	Enzyme		B5SU02_9CNID		Ki	7.80	CHEMBL
Endochitinase	Enzyme		CHIT_YEAST		Ki	4.68	CHEMBL
Carbonic anhydrase	Enzyme		C0IX24_9CNID		Ki	7.13	CHEMBL
Carbonic anhydrase 2	Enzyme		Q3I4V7_CRYNV		Ki	8	CHEMBL
Carbonic anhydrase	Enzyme		Q2PCB5_DICLA		Ki	5.24	CHEMBL
Astrosclerin-3	Enzyme		A6YCJ1_9METZ		Ki	7.29	CHEMBL
Beta-carbonic anhydrase 1	Enzyme		MTCA1_MYCTU		Ki	6.60	CHEMBL
Delta carbonic anhydrase	Enzyme		Q5U9J1_THAWE		Ki	7.08	CHEMBL
Carbonic anhydrase 2	Enzyme		MTCA2_MYCTU		Ki	8.05	CHEMBL
Carbonic anhydrase 2	Enzyme		CAH2_BOVIN		IC50	6.02	CHEMBL
Carbonic anhydrase	Enzyme		CAH2_BOVIN CAH6_BOVIN CAH3_BOVIN CAH4_BOVIN		IC50	7.80	CHEMBL
Carbonic anhydrase	Enzyme		CAHX_FLABI		Ki	7.57	CHEMBL
Carbonic anhydrase 3	Enzyme		CAH3_BOVIN		Ki	4.08	CHEMBL
Carbonic anhydrase	Enzyme		Q5TU56_ANOGA		Ki	7.56	CHEMBL
Carbonic anhydrase	Enzyme		Q9HVB9_PSEAE		Ki	7.12	CHEMBL
Carbonic anhydrase, alpha family	Enzyme		Q31FD6_HYDCU		Ki	8.37	CHEMBL
Carbonate dehydratase	Enzyme		B2V8E3_SULSY		Ki	8.35	CHEMBL
Carbonic anhydrase 2, isoform A; LD26647p	Enzyme		Q9VTU8_DROME		Ki	7.11	CHEMBL
Carbonic anhydrase 1; GH09688p	Enzyme		Q9V396_DROME		Ki	6.97	CHEMBL

External reference:

ID	Source
4017898	VUID
N0000146250	NUI
D00218	KEGG_DRUG
1424-27-7	SECONDARY_CAS_RN
167	RXNORM
C0000981	UMLSCUI
CHEBI:27690	CHEBI
CHEMBL20	ChEMBL_ID
DB00819	DRUGBANK_ID
CHEMBL1200814	ChEMBL_ID
D000086	MESH_DESCRIPTOR_UI
1986	PUBCHEM_CID
6792	IUPHAR_LIGAND_ID
481	INN_ID
O3FX965V0I	UNII
2596	MMSL
4121	MMSL
814	MMSL
d00161	MMSL
AZM	PDB_CHEM_ID
4017898	VANDF
4017899	VANDF
002286	NDDF
002287	NDDF
33664007	SNOMEDCT_US
372709008	SNOMEDCT_US
72469007	SNOMEDCT_US
O3FX965V0I	INXIGHT DRUGS

Pharmaceutical products:

Product	Category	Ingredients	NDC	Form	Quantity	Route	Marketing	Label
AcetaZOLAMIDE	HUMAN PRESCRIPTION DRUG LABEL	1	0143-9006	INJECTION, POWDER, LYOPHILIZED, FOR SOLUTION	500 mg	INTRAVENOUS	ANDA	20 sections
AcetaZOLAMIDE	HUMAN PRESCRIPTION DRUG LABEL	1	0143-9006	INJECTION, POWDER, LYOPHILIZED, FOR SOLUTION	500 mg	INTRAVENOUS	ANDA	20 sections
AcetaZOLAMIDE	HUMAN PRESCRIPTION DRUG LABEL	1	0143-9503	INJECTION, POWDER, LYOPHILIZED, FOR SOLUTION	500 mg	INTRAVENOUS	ANDA	20 sections
acetazolamide	HUMAN PRESCRIPTION DRUG LABEL	1	0904-6663	TABLET	250 mg	ORAL	ANDA	19 sections
AcetaZOLAMIDE	HUMAN PRESCRIPTION DRUG LABEL	1	10135-567	TABLET	250 mg	ORAL	ANDA	18 sections
Acetazolamide	HUMAN PRESCRIPTION DRUG LABEL	1	10135-772	TABLET	125 mg	ORAL	ANDA	21 sections
Acetazolamide	HUMAN PRESCRIPTION DRUG LABEL	1	10135-773	TABLET	250 mg	ORAL	ANDA	21 sections
Acetazolamide	HUMAN PRESCRIPTION DRUG LABEL	1	10135-830	TABLET	125 mg	ORAL	ANDA	11 sections
Acetazolamide	HUMAN PRESCRIPTION DRUG LABEL	1	10135-831	TABLET	250 mg	ORAL	ANDA	11 sections
acetazolamide	HUMAN PRESCRIPTION DRUG LABEL	1	16729-331	CAPSULE, EXTENDED RELEASE	500 mg	ORAL	ANDA	21 sections
acetazolamide	HUMAN PRESCRIPTION DRUG LABEL	1	23155-287	TABLET	125 mg	ORAL	ANDA	18 sections
acetazolamide	HUMAN PRESCRIPTION DRUG LABEL	1	23155-288	TABLET	250 mg	ORAL	ANDA	18 sections
Acetazolamide	HUMAN PRESCRIPTION DRUG LABEL	1	23155-313	INJECTION, POWDER, LYOPHILIZED, FOR SOLUTION	500 mg	INTRAVENOUS	ANDA	16 sections
Acetazolamide	HUMAN PRESCRIPTION DRUG LABEL	1	23155-787	CAPSULE, EXTENDED RELEASE	500 mg	ORAL	ANDA	12 sections
Acetazolamide	HUMAN PRESCRIPTION DRUG LABEL	1	23155-831	INJECTION, POWDER, LYOPHILIZED, FOR SOLUTION	500 mg	INTRAVENOUS	ANDA	16 sections
Acetazolamide	HUMAN PRESCRIPTION DRUG LABEL	1	25021-839	INJECTION, POWDER, FOR SOLUTION	500 mg	INTRAVENOUS	ANDA	22 sections
Acetazolamide	Human Prescription Drug Label	1	27241-132	TABLET	125 mg	ORAL	ANDA	20 sections
Acetazolamide	Human Prescription Drug Label	1	27241-133	TABLET	250 mg	ORAL	ANDA	20 sections
Acetazolamide	HUMAN PRESCRIPTION DRUG LABEL	1	29033-030	CAPSULE, EXTENDED RELEASE	500 mg	ORAL	ANDA	22 sections
Acetazolamide	HUMAN PRESCRIPTION DRUG LABEL	1	39822-0190	INJECTION, POWDER, LYOPHILIZED, FOR SOLUTION	500 mg	INTRAVENOUS	ANDA	21 sections
acetazolamide	HUMAN PRESCRIPTION DRUG LABEL	1	42291-089	TABLET	125 mg	ORAL	ANDA	19 sections
acetazolamide	HUMAN PRESCRIPTION DRUG LABEL	1	42291-090	TABLET	250 mg	ORAL	ANDA	19 sections
ACETAZOLAMIDE EXTENDED-RELEASE	HUMAN PRESCRIPTION DRUG LABEL	1	42571-243	CAPSULE	500 mg	ORAL	ANDA	21 sections
Acetazolamide	Human Prescription Drug Label	1	46708-349	CAPSULE, EXTENDED RELEASE	500 mg	ORAL	ANDA	21 sections
AcetaZOLAMIDE	HUMAN PRESCRIPTION DRUG LABEL	1	50090-3003	TABLET	250 mg	ORAL	ANDA	19 sections
Acetazolamide	HUMAN PRESCRIPTION DRUG LABEL	1	50090-3132	CAPSULE, EXTENDED RELEASE	500 mg	ORAL	ANDA	11 sections
Acetazolamide	HUMAN PRESCRIPTION DRUG LABEL	1	50090-5593	TABLET	250 mg	ORAL	ANDA	17 sections
ACETAZOLAMIDE EXTENDED-RELEASE	HUMAN PRESCRIPTION DRUG LABEL	1	50090-5608	CAPSULE	500 mg	ORAL	ANDA	21 sections
acetazolamide	HUMAN PRESCRIPTION DRUG LABEL	1	50090-5617	TABLET	125 mg	ORAL	ANDA	18 sections
Acetazolamide	HUMAN PRESCRIPTION DRUG LABEL	1	50090-5945	CAPSULE, EXTENDED RELEASE	500 mg	ORAL	ANDA	12 sections

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acetazolamide 🐶 Veterinary Use | Indications/Contra | FAERs-F | FAERs-M | Orange Bk | PK/Tox | Related Drugs | BioActivity |

Description:

Drug dosage:

ADMET properties:

Predicted pharmacokinetic/toxicological properties (PK-AZ):

Approvals:

FDA Adverse Event Reporting System (Female)

FDA Adverse Event Reporting System (Male)

FDA Adverse Event Reporting System (Geriatric)

FDA Adverse Event Reporting System (Pediatric)

Pharmacologic Action:

Related Drugs by ATC class:

Drug Use | Suggest Off label Use Form| |View source of the data|

🐶 Veterinary Drug Use

🐶 Veterinary products

Acid dissociation constants calculated using MoKa v3.0.0

Orange Book patent data (new drug applications)

Orange Book exclusivity data (new drug applications)

Bioactivity Summary:

External reference:

Pharmaceutical products: