ranolazine 🐶 Veterinary Use | Indications/Contra | FAERs-F | FAERs-M | Orange Bk | PK/Tox | Related Drugs | BioActivity |

Stem definitionDrug idCAS RN
2359 95635-55-5

Description:

MoleculeDescription

Molfile Inchi Smiles

Synonyms:

  • ranolazine hydrochloride
  • ranolazine
  • ranexa
  • renexa
  • ranolazine HCl
An acetanilide and piperazine derivative that functions as a SODIUM CHANNEL BLOCKER and prevents the release of enzymes during MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA. It is used in the treatment of ANGINA PECTORIS.
  • Molecular weight: 427.55
  • Formula: C24H33N3O4
  • CLOGP: 1.01
  • LIPINSKI: 0
  • HAC: 7
  • HDO: 2
  • TPSA: 74.27
  • ALOGS: -3.59
  • ROTB: 9

  • Status: OFP

  • Legend:
    OFP - off patent
    OFM - off market
    ONP - on patent

Drug dosage:

DoseUnitRoute
1.50 g O

ADMET properties:

PropertyValueReference
BDDCS (Biopharmaceutical Drug Disposition Classification System) 2 Benet LZ, Broccatelli F, Oprea TI
EoM (Fraction excreted unchanged in urine) 6 % Benet LZ, Broccatelli F, Oprea TI
BA (Bioavailability) 42.50 % Kim MT, Sedykh A, Chakravarti SK, Saiakhov RD, Zhu H
Vd (Volume of distribution) 1.20 L/kg Lombardo F, Berellini G, Obach RS
CL (Clearance) 9.50 mL/min/kg Lombardo F, Berellini G, Obach RS
fu (Fraction unbound in plasma) 0.38 % Lombardo F, Berellini G, Obach RS
t_half (Half-life) 1.80 hours Lombardo F, Berellini G, Obach RS

Predicted pharmacokinetic/toxicological properties (PK-AZ):

PropertyDescriptionValueUnitConfidenceSimilarity
kinase-safety-class ACVR2A,ACVR2B,AXL,BRAF,BTK,CAMK2B,CAMK2D,CDK4,CDK5,CDK9,DDR1,DYRK1B,EIF2AK3,EPHB4,ERBB2,FLT3,GRK2,ITK,JAK2,MAP3K21,MAP3K7,MAPK7,MAPKAPK2,MET,MTOR,NTRK2,PDK2,PDK4,PDPK1,PIK3CB,PIM2,PRKDC,SIK2,SIK3,STK33,TEK,TGFBR1 37
kinase-selectivity-class AXL,BRAF,DDR1,ERBB2,GRK2,MAPK7,PDK4,PIK3CD,SIK2 9
pfas-class PFAS structural alert (1 = True, 0 = False) 0
rat-kpuu-brain Rat brain Kpuu 0.058 % High 1

Approvals:

DateAgencyCompanyOrphan
Jan. 27, 2006 FDA GILEAD

FDA Adverse Event Reporting System (Female)

MedDRA adverse event termLikelihood ratioLikelihood ratio thresholdPatients taking drug having adverse eventPatients taking drug not having adverse eventPatients not taking drug having adverse eventPatients not taking drug not having adverse event
Bradycardia 120.83 18.52 80 7633 83767 90536967
Electrocardiogram QT prolonged 118.85 18.52 75 7638 72381 90548353
Drug interaction 74.52 18.52 104 7609 276349 90344385
Tonic clonic movements 68.76 18.52 18 7695 1704 90619030
Dizziness 64.04 18.52 149 7564 589135 90031599
Chest pain 61.71 18.52 103 7610 319542 90301192
Angina pectoris 55.47 18.52 37 7676 39123 90581611
Cardiac arrest 54.05 18.52 55 7658 104880 90515854
Pulseless electrical activity 49.48 18.52 21 7692 8911 90611823
Hyperkalaemia 48.78 18.52 42 7671 64922 90555812
Hypotension 40.51 18.52 87 7626 325310 90295424
Sinus bradycardia 39.41 18.52 22 7691 16930 90603804
Torsade de pointes 38.87 18.52 21 7692 15161 90605573
Syncope 38.82 18.52 52 7661 132611 90488123
Coronary artery disease 38.77 18.52 28 7685 33595 90587139
Stent placement 37.71 18.52 14 7699 4189 90616545
Serum serotonin increased 34.43 18.52 7 7706 215 90620519
Seizure 31.84 18.52 51 7662 152578 90468156
Chromaturia 31.76 18.52 20 7693 19167 90601567
Urinary straining 30.88 18.52 5 7708 40 90620694
Circumoral swelling 30.25 18.52 5 7708 46 90620688
Circulatory collapse 29.30 18.52 21 7692 24883 90595851
Catheterisation cardiac 28.61 18.52 12 7701 4944 90615790
Death 27.21 18.52 93 7620 456458 90164276
Product residue present 26.83 18.52 11 7702 4280 90616454
Pulmonary oedema 25.70 18.52 29 7684 62051 90558683
Hyponatraemia 25.65 18.52 43 7670 133495 90487239
Infusion related reaction 25.13 18.52 3 7710 416777 90203957
Ageusia 24.73 18.52 16 7697 16060 90604674
Myocardial infarction 24.30 18.52 37 7676 105935 90514799
Hypersensitivity pneumonitis 24.27 18.52 10 7703 3938 90616796
Dyspnoea 23.96 18.52 142 7571 880813 89739921
Wrong technique in product usage process 23.96 18.52 30 7683 71541 90549193
BRASH syndrome 23.46 18.52 8 7705 1871 90618863
Joint swelling 23.24 18.52 7 7706 503293 90117441
Hypoglycaemia 22.94 18.52 29 7684 69819 90550915
Fall 22.71 18.52 91 7622 481719 90139015
Therapeutic response unexpected 22.47 18.52 17 7696 21863 90598871
Sinus arrest 22.42 18.52 8 7705 2138 90618596
Myopathy 22.15 18.52 14 7699 13504 90607230
Autonomic nervous system imbalance 22.10 18.52 9 7704 3441 90617293
Intentional overdose 21.85 18.52 33 7680 93801 90526933
Coronary artery bypass 21.72 18.52 8 7705 2341 90618393
Gastrointestinal haemorrhage 21.38 18.52 32 7681 90216 90530518
Somnolence 20.57 18.52 51 7662 209033 90411701
Left ventricular hypertrophy 20.04 18.52 10 7703 6134 90614600
Nodal rhythm 19.84 18.52 7 7706 1811 90618923
Faeces pale 19.32 18.52 7 7706 1956 90618778
Labelled drug-drug interaction medication error 18.79 18.52 13 7700 14569 90606165
Rheumatoid arthritis 18.74 18.52 4 7709 362610 90258124

FDA Adverse Event Reporting System (Male)

MedDRA adverse event termLikelihood ratioLikelihood ratio thresholdPatients taking drug having adverse eventPatients taking drug not having adverse eventPatients not taking drug having adverse eventPatients not taking drug not having adverse event
Dizziness 183.85 17.46 264 10265 248990 42361816
Chest pain 161.41 17.46 185 10344 139345 42471461
Syncope 82.88 17.46 112 10417 99294 42511512
Angina pectoris 78.43 17.46 65 10464 32831 42577975
Drug interaction 71.40 17.46 184 10345 266815 42343991
Stent placement 61.87 17.46 29 10500 5331 42605475
Coronary artery disease 59.83 17.46 70 10459 53650 42557156
Hypotension 58.26 17.46 167 10362 257464 42353342
Dyspnoea 54.90 17.46 235 10294 442386 42168420
Bradycardia 43.88 17.46 77 10452 85407 42525399
Death 36.32 17.46 219 10310 470966 42139840
Rhabdomyolysis 32.18 17.46 64 10465 77955 42532851
Chromaturia 28.87 17.46 27 10502 15962 42594844
Myocardial infarction 28.51 17.46 81 10448 123928 42486878
Heart valve stenosis 28.39 17.46 6 10523 73 42610733
Electrocardiogram QT prolonged 28.31 17.46 46 10483 47899 42562907
Cardiac failure congestive 28.11 17.46 64 10465 85538 42525268
Parkinsonian rest tremor 24.23 17.46 7 10522 324 42610482
Therapeutic response unexpected 24.05 17.46 21 10508 11360 42599446
Loss of consciousness 23.88 17.46 63 10466 92291 42518515
Product residue present 22.78 17.46 12 10517 2829 42607977
Myopathy toxic 22.41 17.46 8 10521 733 42610073
Angina unstable 21.97 17.46 20 10509 11428 42599378
Keratolysis exfoliativa acquired 21.92 17.46 3 10526 0 42610806
Aortic bruit 21.76 17.46 6 10523 234 42610572
Myocardial necrosis 20.76 17.46 6 10523 278 42610528
Respiratory tract haemorrhage 20.63 17.46 9 10520 1400 42609406
Vertigo 20.34 17.46 33 10496 34314 42576492
Catheterisation cardiac 20.15 17.46 11 10518 2783 42608023
Cardiac failure 20.04 17.46 65 10464 106791 42504015
Presyncope 19.79 17.46 26 10503 22361 42588445
Brugada syndrome 19.67 17.46 8 10521 1045 42609761
Coronary artery bypass 19.30 17.46 13 10516 4797 42606009
Completed suicide 19.30 17.46 60 10469 96405 42514401
Ventricular tachycardia 19.26 17.46 30 10499 30130 42580676
Coronary arterial stent insertion 19.00 17.46 12 10517 3973 42606833
Asthenia 18.13 17.46 125 10404 280668 42330138
Haematemesis 17.86 17.46 29 10500 30170 42580636

FDA Adverse Event Reporting System (Geriatric)

MedDRA adverse event termLikelihood ratioLikelihood ratio thresholdPatients taking drug having adverse eventPatients taking drug not having adverse eventPatients not taking drug having adverse eventPatients not taking drug not having adverse event
Chest pain 185.67 16.96 247 15462 376128 110197462
Dizziness 174.97 16.96 336 15373 697857 109875733
Drug interaction 145.58 16.96 257 15452 499926 110073664
Bradycardia 144.76 16.96 142 15567 155375 110418215
Electrocardiogram QT prolonged 135.47 16.96 117 15592 108843 110464747
Syncope 125.28 16.96 149 15560 202387 110371203
Angina pectoris 123.19 16.96 88 15621 62207 110511383
Stent placement 103.89 16.96 39 15670 7195 110566395
Coronary artery disease 97.31 16.96 81 15628 71609 110501981
Hypotension 95.77 16.96 222 15487 523627 110049963
Death 82.78 16.96 252 15457 698617 109874973
Dyspnoea 62.62 16.96 316 15393 1106556 109467034
Myocardial infarction 57.34 16.96 100 15609 191983 110381607
Cardiac arrest 56.88 16.96 101 15608 196652 110376938
Rhabdomyolysis 56.07 16.96 77 15632 120324 110453266
Tonic clonic movements 53.89 16.96 19 15690 2933 110570657
Gastrointestinal haemorrhage 51.79 16.96 88 15621 165430 110408160
Chromaturia 45.80 16.96 36 15673 29324 110544266
Cardiac failure congestive 44.25 16.96 78 15631 150922 110422668
Angina unstable 43.92 16.96 28 15681 16404 110557186
Sinus bradycardia 43.53 16.96 35 15674 29448 110544142
Pulseless electrical activity 40.97 16.96 27 15682 16730 110556860
Coronary artery bypass 40.72 16.96 19 15690 6023 110567567
Catheterisation cardiac 40.28 16.96 19 15690 6172 110567418
Infusion related reaction 39.80 16.96 4 15705 381158 110192432
Hypoglycaemia 39.35 16.96 64 15645 116040 110457550
Acute myocardial infarction 38.12 16.96 53 15656 83724 110489866
Coronary arterial stent insertion 38.01 16.96 18 15691 5897 110567693
Hyperkalaemia 37.04 16.96 68 15641 135728 110437862
Fall 35.87 16.96 175 15534 603307 109970283
Intentional overdose 32.00 16.96 63 15646 132438 110441152
Hallucination, visual 29.28 16.96 32 15677 39573 110534017
Completed suicide 29.10 16.96 88 15621 242293 110331297
Febrile neutropenia 29.06 16.96 5 15704 316762 110256828
Treatment failure 28.70 16.96 3 15706 277231 110296359
Presyncope 28.58 16.96 35 15674 48852 110524738
Product residue present 28.45 16.96 13 15696 3928 110569662
Atrial fibrillation 28.16 16.96 84 15625 229558 110344032
Loss of consciousness 27.16 16.96 75 15634 196231 110377359
Urinary straining 27.14 16.96 5 15704 52 110573538
Serum serotonin increased 27.08 16.96 7 15702 375 110573215
Rheumatoid arthritis 26.90 16.96 5 15704 299608 110273982
Heart valve stenosis 26.61 16.96 6 15703 179 110573411
Musculoskeletal stiffness 26.60 16.96 4 15705 279818 110293772
Circumoral swelling 25.90 16.96 5 15704 68 110573522
Labelled drug-drug interaction medication error 25.81 16.96 26 15683 29276 110544314
Wrong technique in product usage process 25.42 16.96 45 15664 87303 110486287
Ventricular tachycardia 24.81 16.96 33 15676 49976 110523614
Aortic bruit 24.36 16.96 6 15703 264 110573326
Nasopharyngitis 24.09 16.96 13 15696 394348 110179242
Circulatory collapse 23.88 16.96 30 15679 42963 110530627
Coronary artery occlusion 23.87 16.96 19 15690 15753 110557837
Torsade de pointes 23.57 16.96 22 15687 22578 110551012
Myopathy 23.56 16.96 23 15686 24937 110548653
Melaena 23.42 16.96 38 15671 68719 110504871
Blood sodium decreased 23.32 16.96 28 15681 38291 110535299
Hallucination 23.01 16.96 47 15662 101385 110472205
Bundle branch block left 22.72 16.96 17 15692 12871 110560719
Cardiac pacemaker insertion 22.69 16.96 13 15696 6288 110567302
Cardiac failure 22.40 16.96 68 15641 187558 110386032
Respiratory tract haemorrhage 22.33 16.96 9 15700 2005 110571585
Myopathy toxic 22.19 16.96 8 15701 1317 110572273
Hepatic enzyme increased 22.02 16.96 9 15700 320883 110252707
Haematemesis 21.97 16.96 34 15675 59074 110514516
Asthenia 21.90 16.96 170 15539 688829 109884761
Chest discomfort 21.69 16.96 64 15645 173784 110399806
Coronary angioplasty 21.68 16.96 6 15703 417 110573173
Brugada syndrome 20.78 16.96 8 15701 1580 110572010
Pyrexia 20.27 16.96 63 15646 898202 109675388
Myocardial necrosis 20.07 16.96 6 15703 549 110573041
Therapeutic product effect decreased 20.05 16.96 5 15704 244311 110329279
Hyponatraemia 19.84 16.96 72 15637 217581 110356009
Anaemia 19.66 16.96 139 15570 546947 110026643
Alopecia 19.54 16.96 14 15695 364739 110208851
Hypotonic urinary bladder 19.47 16.96 4 15705 76 110573514
Gravitational oedema 19.39 16.96 8 15701 1890 110571700
Cardiac disorder 19.30 16.96 37 15672 76243 110497347
Dysarthria 19.11 16.96 39 15670 84082 110489508
Hyperhidrosis 18.83 16.96 64 15645 187234 110386356
Keratolysis exfoliativa acquired 18.56 16.96 3 15706 13 110573577
Vascular graft 18.52 16.96 8 15701 2117 110571473
Ventricular enlargement 18.50 16.96 6 15703 718 110572872
Product prescribing error 18.34 16.96 29 15680 51302 110522288
Vertigo 18.24 16.96 39 15670 86831 110486759
Confusional state 17.96 16.96 121 15588 468559 110105031
Joint swelling 17.85 16.96 22 15687 442823 110130767
Nodal rhythm 17.75 16.96 9 15700 3414 110570176
Dysuria 17.48 16.96 31 15678 60200 110513390

FDA Adverse Event Reporting System (Pediatric)

None

Pharmacologic Action:

SourceCodeDescription
ATC C01EB18 CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
CARDIAC THERAPY
OTHER CARDIAC PREPARATIONS
Other cardiac preparations
FDA EPC N0000175427 Anti-anginal
MeSH PA D002317 Cardiovascular Agents
MeSH PA D026941 Sodium Channel Blockers
MeSH PA D049990 Membrane Transport Modulators
FDA MoA N0000182137 Cytochrome P450 2D6 Inhibitors
FDA MoA N0000185503 P-Glycoprotein Inhibitors
FDA MoA N0000187061 Organic Cation Transporter 2 Inhibitors
FDA MoA N0000190114 Cytochrome P450 3A Inhibitors
CHEBI has role CHEBI:35526 hypoglycemic agent
CHEBI has role CHEBI:35554 cardiovascular drug
CHEBI has role CHEBI:35674 antihypertensive agent
CHEBI has role CHEBI:38070 anti-arrhythmia drug
CHEBI has role CHEBI:38633 sodium channel blocker
CHEBI has role CHEBI:53784 antispasmodic drug
CHEBI has role CHEBI:231911 renoprotective agent

Related Drugs by ATC class:

C01EB Other cardiac preparations 15 drugs

Drug Use | Suggest Off label Use Form| |View source of the data|

DiseaseRelationSNOMED_IDDOID
Angina pectoris indication 194828000
Cirrhosis of liver contraindication 19943007 DOID:5082
Torsades de pointes contraindication 31722008
Kidney disease contraindication 90708001 DOID:557
Prolonged QT interval contraindication 111975006
Congenital long QT syndrome contraindication 442917000




🐶 Veterinary Drug Use

None

🐶 Veterinary products

None

Acid dissociation constants calculated using MoKa v3.0.0

Dissociation levelDissociation constantType (acidic/basic)
pKa1 13.4 acidic
pKa2 6.91 Basic
pKa3 2.91 Basic

Orange Book patent data (new drug applications)

None

Orange Book exclusivity data (new drug applications)

None

Bioactivity Summary:

TargetClassPharosUniProtActionTypeActivity value
(-log[M])
Mechanism
action
Bioact sourceMoA source
Sodium channel protein type 5 subunit alpha Ion channel BLOCKER IC50 5.17 CHEMBL CHEMBL
Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 2 Ion channel IC50 4.92 WOMBAT-PK
Multidrug resistance protein 1 Transporter WOMBAT-PK
Voltage-gated sodium channel Nav1.5 cardiac isoform Ion channel IC50 5.16 CHEMBL

External reference:

IDSource
4025078 VUID
N0000175343 NUI
D05700 KEGG_DRUG
95635-56-6 SECONDARY_CAS_RN
4025078 VANDF
C0073633 UMLSCUI
CHEBI:87681 CHEBI
CHEMBL1404 ChEMBL_ID
CHEMBL1526084 ChEMBL_ID
D000069458 MESH_DESCRIPTOR_UI
DB00243 DRUGBANK_ID
56959 PUBCHEM_CID
7291 IUPHAR_LIGAND_ID
5946 INN_ID
A6IEZ5M406 UNII
356778 RXNORM
20936 MMSL
309260 MMSL
75657 MMSL
d05719 MMSL
011195 NDDF
420365007 SNOMEDCT_US
420624001 SNOMEDCT_US
A6IEZ5M406 INXIGHT DRUGS

Pharmaceutical products:

ProductCategoryIngredientsNDCFormQuantityRouteMarketingLabel
Ranolazine HUMAN PRESCRIPTION DRUG LABEL 1 0615-8569 TABLET, FILM COATED, EXTENDED RELEASE 500 mg ORAL ANDA 27 sections
Ranolazine HUMAN PRESCRIPTION DRUG LABEL 1 0615-8611 TABLET, EXTENDED RELEASE 500 mg ORAL ANDA 25 sections
Ranolazine HUMAN PRESCRIPTION DRUG LABEL 1 0904-7506 TABLET, FILM COATED, EXTENDED RELEASE 500 mg ORAL ANDA 25 sections
Ranolazine HUMAN PRESCRIPTION DRUG LABEL 1 13668-759 TABLET, FILM COATED, EXTENDED RELEASE 500 mg ORAL ANDA 23 sections
Ranolazine HUMAN PRESCRIPTION DRUG LABEL 1 13668-760 TABLET, FILM COATED, EXTENDED RELEASE 1000 mg ORAL ANDA 23 sections
Ranolazine Human Prescription Drug Label 1 27241-125 TABLET, EXTENDED RELEASE 500 mg ORAL ANDA 27 sections
Ranolazine Human Prescription Drug Label 1 27241-126 TABLET, EXTENDED RELEASE 1000 mg ORAL ANDA 27 sections
Ranolazine HUMAN PRESCRIPTION DRUG LABEL 1 29300-296 TABLET, FILM COATED, EXTENDED RELEASE 500 mg ORAL ANDA 25 sections
Ranolazine HUMAN PRESCRIPTION DRUG LABEL 1 29300-297 TABLET, FILM COATED, EXTENDED RELEASE 1000 mg ORAL ANDA 25 sections
Ranolazine HUMAN PRESCRIPTION DRUG LABEL 1 31722-668 TABLET, FILM COATED, EXTENDED RELEASE 500 mg ORAL ANDA 29 sections
Ranolazine HUMAN PRESCRIPTION DRUG LABEL 1 31722-669 TABLET, FILM COATED, EXTENDED RELEASE 1000 mg ORAL ANDA 29 sections
Ranolazine HUMAN PRESCRIPTION DRUG LABEL 1 42291-773 TABLET, FILM COATED, EXTENDED RELEASE 500 mg ORAL ANDA 22 sections
Ranolazine HUMAN PRESCRIPTION DRUG LABEL 1 42291-774 TABLET, FILM COATED, EXTENDED RELEASE 1000 mg ORAL ANDA 22 sections
Ranolazine HUMAN PRESCRIPTION DRUG LABEL 1 42571-324 TABLET, EXTENDED RELEASE 500 mg ORAL ANDA 26 sections
Ranolazine HUMAN PRESCRIPTION DRUG LABEL 1 42571-325 TABLET, EXTENDED RELEASE 1000 mg ORAL ANDA 26 sections
ASPRUZYO SPRINKLE HUMAN PRESCRIPTION DRUG LABEL 1 47335-624 GRANULE 500 mg ORAL NDA 26 sections
ASPRUZYO SPRINKLE HUMAN PRESCRIPTION DRUG LABEL 1 47335-625 GRANULE 1000 mg ORAL NDA 26 sections
RANOLAZINE HUMAN PRESCRIPTION DRUG LABEL 1 50228-423 TABLET, FILM COATED, EXTENDED RELEASE 500 mg ORAL ANDA 27 sections
RANOLAZINE HUMAN PRESCRIPTION DRUG LABEL 1 50228-424 TABLET, FILM COATED, EXTENDED RELEASE 1000 mg ORAL ANDA 27 sections
Ranolazine HUMAN PRESCRIPTION DRUG LABEL 1 50268-722 TABLET, FILM COATED, EXTENDED RELEASE 500 mg ORAL ANDA 25 sections
Ranolazine HUMAN PRESCRIPTION DRUG LABEL 1 50268-723 TABLET, FILM COATED, EXTENDED RELEASE 1000 mg ORAL ANDA 25 sections
Ranolazine Human Prescription Drug Label 1 59651-009 TABLET, FILM COATED, EXTENDED RELEASE 500 mg ORAL ANDA 27 sections
Ranolazine Human Prescription Drug Label 1 59651-010 TABLET, FILM COATED, EXTENDED RELEASE 1000 mg ORAL ANDA 27 sections
Ranolazine HUMAN PRESCRIPTION DRUG LABEL 1 60687-549 TABLET, EXTENDED RELEASE 500 mg ORAL ANDA 27 sections
Ranexa HUMAN PRESCRIPTION DRUG LABEL 1 61958-1001 TABLET, FILM COATED, EXTENDED RELEASE 500 mg ORAL NDA 29 sections
Ranexa HUMAN PRESCRIPTION DRUG LABEL 1 61958-1002 TABLET, FILM COATED, EXTENDED RELEASE 1000 mg ORAL NDA 29 sections
Ranolazine HUMAN PRESCRIPTION DRUG LABEL 1 63304-017 TABLET, EXTENDED RELEASE 500 mg ORAL ANDA 27 sections
Ranolazine HUMAN PRESCRIPTION DRUG LABEL 1 63304-018 TABLET, EXTENDED RELEASE 1000 mg ORAL ANDA 27 sections
Ranolazine HUMAN PRESCRIPTION DRUG LABEL 1 63629-4874 TABLET, EXTENDED RELEASE 500 mg ORAL ANDA 25 sections
Ranolazine Human Prescription Drug Label 1 67877-525 TABLET, FILM COATED, EXTENDED RELEASE 500 mg ORAL ANDA 25 sections