ADVERSE REACTIONS SECTION.

ADVERSE REACTIONS. Gastrointestinal. The most common adverse reactions are confined to the gastrointestinal tract. To achieve minimal GI disturbance with an optimal LDL-C lowering effect, gradual increase of dosage starting with grams, once or twice daily is recommended. Constipation is the major single complaint and at times is severe. Most instances of constipation are mild, transient, and controlled with standard treatment. Increased fluid intake and inclusion of additional dietary fiber should be the first step; stool softener may be added if needed. Some patients require decreased dosage or discontinuation of therapy. Hemorrhoids may be aggravated.Other, less frequent gastrointestinal complaints consist of abdominal discomfort (abdominal pain and cramping), intestinal gas (bloating and flatulence), indigestion and heartburn, diarrhea and loose stools, and nausea and vomiting. Bleeding hemorrhoids and blood in the stool have been infrequently reported. Peptic ulceration, cholecystitis, and cholelithiasis have been rarely reported in patients receiving colestipol hydrochloride granules, and are not necessarily drug related.Difficulty swallowing and transient esophageal obstruction have been rarely reported in patients taking micronized colestipol hydrochloride tablets.Transient and modest elevations of aspartate aminotransferase (AST, SGOT), alanine aminotransferase (ALT, SGPT) and alkaline phosphatase were observed on one or more occasions in various patients treated with colestipol hydrochloride.The following nongastrointestinal adverse reactions have been reported with generally equal frequency in patients receiving micronized colestipol hydrochloride tablets, colestipol granules, or placebo in clinical studies:. Cardiovascular. Chest pain, angina, and tachycardia have been infrequently reported.. Hypersensitivity. Rash has been infrequently reported. Urticaria and dermatitis have been rarely noted in patients receiving colestipol hydrochloride granules.. Musculoskeletal. Musculoskeletal pain, aches and pains in the extremities, joint pain and arthritis, and backache have been reported.. Neurologic. Headache, migraine headache, and sinus headache have been reported. Other infrequently reported complaints include dizziness, light-headedness, and insomnia.. Miscellaneous. Anorexia, fatigue, weakness, shortness of breath, and swelling of the hands or feet, have been infrequently reported.

CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY SECTION.

CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY. Cholesterol is the major, and probably the sole precursor of bile acids. During normal digestion, bile acids are secreted via the bile from the liver and gall bladder into the intestines. Bile acids emulsify the fat and lipid materials present in food, thus facilitating absorption. major portion of the bile acids secreted is reabsorbed from the intestines and returned via the portal circulation to the liver, thus completing the enterohepatic cycle. Only very small amounts of bile acids are found in normal serum.Colestipol hydrochloride binds bile acids in the intestine forming complex that is excreted in the feces. This nonsystemic action results in partial removal of the bile acids from the enterohepatic circulation, preventing their reabsorption. Since colestipol hydrochloride is an anion exchange resin, the chloride anions of the resin can be replaced by other anions, usually those with greater affinity for the resin than the chloride ion.Colestipol hydrochloride is hydrophilic, but it is virtually water insoluble (99.75%) and it is not hydrolyzed by digestive enzymes. The high molecular weight polymer in colestipol hydrochloride apparently is not absorbed. In humans, less than 0.17% of single 14C-labeled colestipol hydrochloride dose is excreted in the urine when given following 60 days of dosing of 20 grams of colestipol hydrochloride per day.The increased fecal loss of bile acids due to colestipol hydrochloride administration leads to an increased oxidation of cholesterol to bile acids. This results in an increase in the number of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptors, increased hepatic uptake of LDL and decrease in beta lipoprotein or LDL serum levels, and decrease in serum cholesterol levels. Although colestipol hydrochloride produces an increase in the hepatic synthesis of cholesterol in man, serum cholesterol levels fall.There is evidence to show that this fall in cholesterol is secondary to an increased rate of clearance of cholesterol-rich lipoproteins (beta or low-density lipoproteins) from the plasma. Serum triglyceride levels may increase or remain unchanged in colestipol hydrochloride treated patients.The decline in serum cholesterol levels with colestipol hydrochloride treatment is usually evident by one month. When colestipol hydrochloride is discontinued, serum cholesterol levels usually return to baseline levels within one month. Periodic determinations of serum cholesterol levels as outlined in the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) guidelines, should be done to confirm favorable initial and long-term response.1 In large, placebo-controlled, multiclinic study, the LRC-CPPT2, hypercholesterolemic subjects treated with cholestyramine, bile-acid sequestrant with mechanism of action and an effect on serum cholesterol similar to that of colestipol hydrochloride, had reductions in total and LDL-C. Over the 7-year study period the cholestyramine group experienced 19% reduction (relative to the incidence in the placebo group) in the combined rate of coronary heart disease (CHD) death plus nonfatal myocardial infarction (cumulative incidences of 7% cholestyramine and 8.6% placebo). The subjects included in the study were middle-aged men (aged 35-59) with serum cholesterol levels above 265 mg/dL, LDL-C above 175 mg/dL on moderate cholesterol-lowering diet, and no history of heart disease. It is not clear to what extent these findings can be extrapolated to other segments of the hypercholesterolemic population not studied.Treatment with colestipol results in significant increase in lipoprotein LpAI. Lipoprotein LpAI is one of the two major lipoprotein particles within the high-density lipoprotein (HDL) density range3, and has been shown in cell culture to promote cholesterol efflux or removal from cells4. Although the significance of this finding has not been established in clinical studies, the elevation of the lipoprotein LpAI particle within the HDL fraction is consistent with an antiatherogenic effect of colestipol hydrochloride, even though little change is observed in HDL cholesterol (HDL-C).In patients with heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia who have not obtained an optimal response to colestipol hydrochloride alone in maximal doses, the combination of colestipol hydrochloride and nicotinic acid has been shown to further lower serum cholesterol, triglyceride, and LDL-cholesterol (LDL-C) values. Simultaneously, HDL-C values increased significantly. In many such patients it is possible to normalize serum lipid values.5-7 Preliminary evidence suggests that the cholesterol-lowering effects of lovastatin and the bile acid sequestrant, colestipol hydrochloride, are additive.The effect of intensive lipid-lowering therapy on coronary atherosclerosis has been assessed by arteriography in hyperlipidemic patients. In these randomized, controlled clinical trials, patients were treated for two to four years by either conventional measures (diet, placebo, or in some cases low-dose resin), or with intensive combination therapy using diet and colestipol hydrochloride granules plus either nicotinic acid or lovastatin. When compared to conventional measures, intensive lipid-lowering combination therapy significantly reduced the frequency of progression and increased the frequency of regression of coronary atherosclerotic lesions in patients with or at risk for coronary artery disease.8-11.

DOSAGE & ADMINISTRATION SECTION.

DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION. For adults, micronized colestipol hydrochloride tablets are recommended in doses of to 16 grams/day given once or in divided doses. The starting dose should be grams once or twice daily. Dosage increases of grams, once or twice daily should occur at 1- or 2-month intervals. Appropriate use of lipid profiles as per NCEP guidelines including LDL-C and triglycerides, is advised so that optimal but not excessive doses are used to obtain the desired therapeutic effect on LDL-C level. If the desired therapeutic effect is not obtained at dose of to 16 grams/day with good compliance and acceptable side effects, combined therapy or alternate treatment should be considered.Micronized colestipol hydrochloride tablets must be taken one at time and be promptly swallowed whole, using plenty of water or other appropriate liquid. Do not cut, crush, or chew the tablets. Patients should take other drugs at least one hour before or four hours after micronized colestipol hydrochloride tablets to minimize possible interference with their absorption. (See DRUG INTERACTIONS.). Before Administration of Micronized Colestipol Hydrochloride Tablets. Define the type of hyperlipoproteinemia, as described in NCEP guidelines.Institute trial of diet and weight reduction.Establish baseline serum total and LDL-C and triglyceride levels.. Define the type of hyperlipoproteinemia, as described in NCEP guidelines.. Institute trial of diet and weight reduction.. Establish baseline serum total and LDL-C and triglyceride levels.. During Administration of Micronized Colestipol Hydrochloride Tablets. The patient should be carefully monitored clinically, including serum cholesterol and triglyceride levels. Periodic determinations of serum cholesterol levels as outlined in the NCEP guidelines should be done to confirm favorable initial and long-term response.Failure of total or LDL-C to fall within the desired range should lead one to first examine dietary and drug compliance. If these are deemed acceptable, combined therapy or alternate treatment should be considered.Significant rise in triglyceride level should be considered as indication for dose reduction, drug discontinuation, or combined or alternate therapy.. The patient should be carefully monitored clinically, including serum cholesterol and triglyceride levels. Periodic determinations of serum cholesterol levels as outlined in the NCEP guidelines should be done to confirm favorable initial and long-term response.. Failure of total or LDL-C to fall within the desired range should lead one to first examine dietary and drug compliance. If these are deemed acceptable, combined therapy or alternate treatment should be considered.. Significant rise in triglyceride level should be considered as indication for dose reduction, drug discontinuation, or combined or alternate therapy.

DRUG INTERACTIONS SECTION.

DRUG INTERACTIONS. Since colestipol hydrochloride is an anion exchange resin, it may have strong affinity for anions other than the bile acids. In vitro studies have indicated that colestipol hydrochloride binds number of drugs. Therefore, micronized colestipol hydrochloride tablets may delay or reduce the absorption of concomitant oral medication. The interval between the administration of micronized colestipol hydrochloride tablets and any other medication should be as long as possible. Patients should take other drugs at least one hour before or four hours after micronized colestipol hydrochloride tablets to avoid impeding their absorption.Repeated doses of colestipol hydrochloride given prior to single dose of propranolol in human trials have been reported to decrease propranolol absorption. However, in follow-up study in normal subjects, single-dose administration of colestipol hydrochloride and propranolol and twice-a-day administration for days of both agents did not affect the extent of propranolol absorption, but had small yet statistically significant effect on its rate of absorption; the time to reach maximum concentration was delayed approximately 30 minutes. Effects on the absorption of other beta-blockers have not been determined. Therefore, patients on propranolol should be observed when micronized colestipol hydrochloride tablets are either added or deleted from therapeutic regimen.Studies in humans show that the absorption of chlorothiazide as reflected in urinary excretion is markedly decreased even when administered one hour before colestipol hydrochloride. The absorption of tetracycline, furosemide, penicillin G, hydrochlorothiazide, and gemfibrozil was significantly decreased when given simultaneously with colestipol hydrochloride; these drugs were not tested to determine the effect of administration one hour before colestipol hydrochloride.No depressant effect on blood levels in humans was noted when colestipol hydrochloride was administered with any of the following drugs: aspirin, clindamycin, clofibrate, methyldopa, nicotinic acid (niacin), tolbutamide, phenytoin or warfarin. Particular caution should be observed with digitalis preparations since there are conflicting results for the effect of colestipol hydrochloride on the availability of digoxin and digitoxin. The potential for binding of these drugs if given concomitantly is present. Discontinuing colestipol hydrochloride could pose hazard to health if potentially toxic drug that is significantly bound to the resin has been titrated to maintenance level while the patient was taking colestipol hydrochloride.Bile acid binding resins may also interfere with the absorption of oral phosphate supplements and hydrocortisone.

INDICATIONS & USAGE SECTION.

INDICATIONS AND USAGE. Since no drug is innocuous, strict attention should be paid to the indications and contraindications, particularly when selecting drugs for chronic long-term use.Micronized colestipol hydrochloride tablets are indicated as adjunctive therapy to diet for the reduction of elevated serum total and LDL-C in patients with primary hypercholesterolemia (elevated LDL-C) who do not respond adequately to diet. Generally, micronized colestipol hydrochloride tablets have no clinically significant effect on serum triglycerides, but with their use, triglyceride levels may be raised in some patients.Therapy with lipid-altering agents should be component of multiple risk factor intervention in those individuals at significantly increased risk for atherosclerotic vascular disease due to hypercholesterolemia. Treatment should begin and continue with dietary therapy (see NCEP guidelines). minimum of six months of intensive dietary therapy and counseling should be carried out prior to initiation of drug therapy. Shorter periods may be considered in patients with severe elevations of LDL-C or with definite CHD.According to the NCEP guidelines, the goal of treatment is to lower LDL-C, and LDL-C is to be used to initiate and assess treatment response. Only if LDL-C levels are not available, should the Total-C be used to monitor therapy. The NCEP treatment guidelines are shown below.LDL-Cholesterolmg/dL (mmol/L)Definite Atherosclerotic DiseaseCoronary heart disease or peripheral vascular disease (including symptomatic carotid artery disease). Two or More Other Risk FactorsOther risk factors for coronary heart disease (CHD) include: age (males: >=45 years; female: >=55 years or premature menopause without estrogen replacement therapy); family history of premature CHD; current cigarette smoking; hypertension; confirmed HDL-C <35 mg/dL (0.91 mmol/L); and diabetes mellitus. Subtract one risk factor if HDL-C is >=60 mg/dL (1.6 mmol/L). Initiation LevelGoalNoNo>=190(>=4.9)<160(<4.1)NoYes>=160(>=4.1)<130(<3.4)YesYes or No>=130(>=3.4)<=100(<=2.6).

PRECAUTIONS SECTION.

PRECAUTIONS. Prior to initiating therapy with micronized colestipol hydrochloride tablets, secondary causes of hypercholesterolemia (e.g., poorly controlled diabetes mellitus, hypothyroidism, nephrotic syndrome, dysproteinemias, obstructive liver disease, other drug therapy, alcoholism), should be excluded, and lipid profile performed to assess total cholesterol, HDL-C, and triglycerides (TG). For individuals with TG less than 400 mg/dL (<4.5 mmol/L), LDL-C can be estimated using the following equation:LDL-C Total cholesterol [(Triglycerides/5) HDL-C]For TG levels >400 mg/dL, this equation is less accurate and LDL-C concentrations should be determined by ultracentrifugation. In hypertriglyceridemic patients, LDL-C may be low or normal despite elevated Total-C. In such cases micronized colestipol hydrochloride tablets may not be indicated.Because it sequesters bile acids, colestipol hydrochloride may interfere with normal fat absorption and, thus, may reduce absorption of folic acid and fat soluble vitamins such as A, D, and K.Chronic use of colestipol hydrochloride may be associated with an increased bleeding tendency due to hypoprothrombinemia from vitamin deficiency. This will usually respond promptly to parenteral vitamin K1 and recurrences can be prevented by oral administration of vitamin K1.Serum cholesterol and triglyceride levels should be determined periodically based on NCEP guidelines to confirm favorable initial and adequate long-term response.Micronized colestipol hydrochloride tablets may produce or severely worsen pre-existing constipation. The dosage should be increased gradually in patients to minimize the risk of developing fecal impaction. In patients with pre-existing constipation, the starting dose should be grams once or twice day. Increased fluid and fiber intake should be encouraged to alleviate constipation and stool softener may occasionally be indicated. If the initial dose is well tolerated, the dose may be increased as needed by further to grams/day (at monthly intervals) with periodic monitoring of serum lipoproteins. If constipation worsens or the desired therapeutic response is not achieved at to 16 grams/day, combination therapy or alternate therapy should be considered. Particular effort should be made to avoid constipation in patients with symptomatic coronary artery disease. Constipation associated with micronized colestipol hydrochloride tablets may aggravate hemorrhoids.While there have been no reports of hypothyroidism induced in individuals with normal thyroid function, the theoretical possibility exists, particularly in patients with limited thyroid reserve.Since colestipol hydrochloride is chloride form of an anion exchange resin, there is possibility that prolonged use may lead to the development of hyperchloremia acidosis.. Carcinogenesis, Mutagenesis and Impairment of Fertility. In studies conducted in rats in which cholestyramine resin (a bile acid sequestering agent similar to colestipol hydrochloride) was used as tool to investigate the role of various intestinal factors, such as fat, bile salts, and microbial flora, in the development of intestinal tumors induced by potent carcinogens, the incidence of such tumors was observed to be greater in cholestyramine resin treated rats than in control rats.The relevance of this laboratory observation from studies in rats with cholestyramine resin to the clinical use of colestipol hydrochloride is not known. In the LRC-CPPT study referred to above, the total incidence of fatal and nonfatal neoplasms was similar in both treatment groups. When the many different categories of tumors are examined, various alimentary system cancers were somewhat more prevalent in the cholestyramine group. The small numbers and the multiple categories prevent conclusions from being drawn. Further follow-up of the LRC-CPPT participants by the sponsors of that study is planned for cause-specific mortality and cancer morbidity. When colestipol hydrochloride was administered in the diet to rats for 18 months, there was no evidence of any drug related intestinal tumor formation. In the Ames assay, colestipol hydrochloride was not mutagenic.. Use in Pregnancy. Since colestipol hydrochloride is essentially not absorbed systemically (less than 0.17% of the dose), it is not expected to cause fetal harm when administered during pregnancy in recommended dosages. There are no adequate and well-controlled studies in pregnant women, and the known interference with absorption of fat-soluble vitamins may be detrimental even in the presence of supplementation.. Nursing Mothers. Caution should be exercised when micronized colestipol hydrochloride tablets are administered to nursing mother. The possible lack of proper vitamin absorption described in the Pregnancy section may have an effect on nursing infants.. Pediatric Use. Safety and effectiveness in the pediatric population have not been established.. Information for Patients. Micronized colestipol hydrochloride tablets may be larger than pills you have taken before. If you have had swallowing problems or choking with food, liquids or other tablets or capsules in the past, you should discuss this with your doctor before taking micronized colestipol hydrochloride tablets.It is important that you take micronized colestipol hydrochloride tablets correctly:Always take one tablet at time and swallow promptly.Swallow each tablet whole. Do not cut, crush, or chew the tablets.Micronized colestipol hydrochloride tablets must be taken with water or another liquid that you prefer. Swallowing the tablets will be easier if you drink plenty of liquid as you swallow each tablet.Difficulty swallowing and temporary obstruction of the esophagus (the tube between your mouth and stomach) have been rarely reported in patients taking micronized colestipol hydrochloride tablets. If tablet does get stuck after you swallow it, you may notice pressure or discomfort. If this happens to you, you should contact your doctor. Do not take micronized colestipol hydrochloride tablets again without your doctors advice.If you are taking other medications, you should take them at least one hour before or four hours after taking micronized colestipol hydrochloride tablets.. Always take one tablet at time and swallow promptly.. Swallow each tablet whole. Do not cut, crush, or chew the tablets.. Micronized colestipol hydrochloride tablets must be taken with water or another liquid that you prefer. Swallowing the tablets will be easier if you drink plenty of liquid as you swallow each tablet.. DRUG INTERACTIONS. Since colestipol hydrochloride is an anion exchange resin, it may have strong affinity for anions other than the bile acids. In vitro studies have indicated that colestipol hydrochloride binds number of drugs. Therefore, micronized colestipol hydrochloride tablets may delay or reduce the absorption of concomitant oral medication. The interval between the administration of micronized colestipol hydrochloride tablets and any other medication should be as long as possible. Patients should take other drugs at least one hour before or four hours after micronized colestipol hydrochloride tablets to avoid impeding their absorption.Repeated doses of colestipol hydrochloride given prior to single dose of propranolol in human trials have been reported to decrease propranolol absorption. However, in follow-up study in normal subjects, single-dose administration of colestipol hydrochloride and propranolol and twice-a-day administration for days of both agents did not affect the extent of propranolol absorption, but had small yet statistically significant effect on its rate of absorption; the time to reach maximum concentration was delayed approximately 30 minutes. Effects on the absorption of other beta-blockers have not been determined. Therefore, patients on propranolol should be observed when micronized colestipol hydrochloride tablets are either added or deleted from therapeutic regimen.Studies in humans show that the absorption of chlorothiazide as reflected in urinary excretion is markedly decreased even when administered one hour before colestipol hydrochloride. The absorption of tetracycline, furosemide, penicillin G, hydrochlorothiazide, and gemfibrozil was significantly decreased when given simultaneously with colestipol hydrochloride; these drugs were not tested to determine the effect of administration one hour before colestipol hydrochloride.No depressant effect on blood levels in humans was noted when colestipol hydrochloride was administered with any of the following drugs: aspirin, clindamycin, clofibrate, methyldopa, nicotinic acid (niacin), tolbutamide, phenytoin or warfarin. Particular caution should be observed with digitalis preparations since there are conflicting results for the effect of colestipol hydrochloride on the availability of digoxin and digitoxin. The potential for binding of these drugs if given concomitantly is present. Discontinuing colestipol hydrochloride could pose hazard to health if potentially toxic drug that is significantly bound to the resin has been titrated to maintenance level while the patient was taking colestipol hydrochloride.Bile acid binding resins may also interfere with the absorption of oral phosphate supplements and hydrocortisone.

REFERENCES SECTION.

REFERENCES. Summary of the Second Report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel II). JAMA 1993; 269(23):3015-3023.Lipid Metabolism-Atherogenesis Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD: The Lipid Research Clinics Coronary Primary Prevention Trial Results. I. Reduction in Incidence of Coronary Heart Disease. JAMA 1984; 251:351-364.Parra HJ, et al. Differential electroimmunoassay of human LpA-I lipoprotein particles on ready-to-use plates. Clin. Chem. 1990; 36(8):1431-1435.Barbaras R, et al. Cholesterol efflux from cultured adipose cells is mediated by LpAI particles but not by LpAI:AII particles. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm. 1987; 142(1):63-69.Kane JP, et al. Normalization of low-density-lipoprotein levels in heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia with combined drug regimen. Engl. J. Med. 1981; 304:251-258.Illingworth DR, et al. Colestipol plus nicotinic acid in treatment of heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia. Lancet 1981; 1:296-298.Kuo PT, et al. Familial type II hyperlipoproteinemia with coronary heart disease: Effect of diet-colestipol-nicotinic acid treatment. Chest 1981; 79:286-291.Blankenhorn DH, et al. Beneficial Effects of Combined Colestipol-Niacin Therapy on Coronary Atherosclerosis and Coronary Venous Bypass Grafts. JAMA 1987; 257(23):3233-3240.Cashin-Hemphill L, et al. Beneficial Effects of Colestipol-Niacin on Coronary Atherosclerosis: 4-Year Follow-up. JAMA 1990; 264:3013-3017.Brown G. et al. Regression of Coronary Artery Disease as Result of Intensive Lipid-Lowering Therapy in Men with High Levels of Apolipoprotein B. N. Engl. J. Med. 1990; 323:1289-1298.Kane JP, et al. Regression of Coronary Atherosclerosis During Treatment of Familial Hypercholesterolemia with Combined Drug Regimens. JAMA 1990; 264:3007-3012.. Summary of the Second Report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel II). JAMA 1993; 269(23):3015-3023.. Lipid Metabolism-Atherogenesis Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD: The Lipid Research Clinics Coronary Primary Prevention Trial Results. I. Reduction in Incidence of Coronary Heart Disease. JAMA 1984; 251:351-364.. Parra HJ, et al. Differential electroimmunoassay of human LpA-I lipoprotein particles on ready-to-use plates. Clin. Chem. 1990; 36(8):1431-1435.. Barbaras R, et al. Cholesterol efflux from cultured adipose cells is mediated by LpAI particles but not by LpAI:AII particles. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm. 1987; 142(1):63-69.. Kane JP, et al. Normalization of low-density-lipoprotein levels in heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia with combined drug regimen. Engl. J. Med. 1981; 304:251-258.. Illingworth DR, et al. Colestipol plus nicotinic acid in treatment of heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia. Lancet 1981; 1:296-298.. Kuo PT, et al. Familial type II hyperlipoproteinemia with coronary heart disease: Effect of diet-colestipol-nicotinic acid treatment. Chest 1981; 79:286-291.. Blankenhorn DH, et al. Beneficial Effects of Combined Colestipol-Niacin Therapy on Coronary Atherosclerosis and Coronary Venous Bypass Grafts. JAMA 1987; 257(23):3233-3240.. Cashin-Hemphill L, et al. Beneficial Effects of Colestipol-Niacin on Coronary Atherosclerosis: 4-Year Follow-up. JAMA 1990; 264:3013-3017.. Brown G. et al. Regression of Coronary Artery Disease as Result of Intensive Lipid-Lowering Therapy in Men with High Levels of Apolipoprotein B. N. Engl. J. Med. 1990; 323:1289-1298.. Kane JP, et al. Regression of Coronary Atherosclerosis During Treatment of Familial Hypercholesterolemia with Combined Drug Regimens. JAMA 1990; 264:3007-3012.