ADVERSE REACTIONS SECTION.

ADVERSE REACTIONS. Serious adverse reactions are uncommon when verapamil HCl therapy is initiated with upward dose titration within the recommended single and total daily dose. See WARNINGS for discussion of heart failure, hypotension, elevated liver enzymes, AV block, and rapid ventricular response. Reversible (upon discontinuation of verapamil) non-obstructive, paralytic ileus has been infrequently reported in association with the use of verapamil.In clinical trials involving 285 hypertensive patients on verapamil hydrochloride extended-release capsules for greater than week the following adverse reactions were reported in greater than 1.0% of the patients:Constipation7.4%Headache5.3%Dizziness4.2%Lethargy3.2%Dyspepsia2.5%Rash1.4%Ankle Edema1.4%Sleep Disturbance1.4%Myalgia1.1%In clinical trials of other formulations of verapamil HCl (N 4,954) the following reactions have occurred at rates greater than 1.0%:Constipation7.3%CHF/Pulmonary Edema1.8%Dizziness3.3%Fatigue1.7%Nausea2.7%Bradycardia (HR 50/min)1.4%Hypotension2.5%AV block-total 1o, 2o, 3o1.2% 2o and 3o0.8%Edema1.9%Headache2.2%Flushing0.6%Rash1.2%Elevated Liver Enzymes (see WARNINGS) In clinical trials related to the control of ventricular response in digitalized patients who had atrial fibrillation or atrial flutter, ventricular rate below 50/min at rest occurred in 15% of patients and asymptomatic hypotension occurred in 5% of patients.The following reactions, reported in 1.0% or less of patients, occurred under conditions (open trials, marketing experience) where causal relationship is uncertain; they are listed to alert the physician to possible relationship:Cardiovascular: angina pectoris, atrioventricular dissociation, chest pain, claudication, myocardial infarction, palpitations, purpura (vasculitis), syncope.Digestive System: diarrhea, dry mouth, gastrointestinal distress, gingival hyperplasia.Hemic and Lymphatic: ecchymosis or bruising.Nervous System: cerebrovascular accident, confusion, equilibrium disorders, extrapyramidal symptoms insomnia, muscle cramps, paresthesia, psychotic symptoms, shakiness, somnolence.Respiratory: dyspnea.Skin: arthralgia and rash, exanthema, hair loss, hyperkeratosis, maculae, sweating, urticaria, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, erythema multiforme.Special Senses: blurred vision, tinnitus.Urogenital: gynecomastia, impotence, increased urination, spotty menstruation.. Treatment of Acute Cardiovascular Adverse Reactions. The frequency of cardiovascular adverse reactions which require therapy is rare; hence, experience with their treatment is limited. Whenever severe hypotension or complete AV block occurs following oral administration of verapamil, the appropriate emergency measures should be applied immediately, e.g., intravenously administered isoproterenol HCl, levarterenol bitartrate, atropine (all in the usual doses), or calcium gluconate (10% solution). In patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (IHSS), alpha-adrenergic agents (phenylephrine, metaraminol bitartrate or methoxamine) should be used to maintain blood pressure, and isoproterenol and levarterenol should be avoided. If further support is necessary, inotropic agents (dopamine or dobutamine) may be administered. Actual treatment and dosage should depend on the severity and the clinical situation and the judgment and experience of the treating physician.

CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY SECTION.

CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY. Verapamil hydrochloride extended-release capsules are calcium ion influx inhibitor (slow channel blocker or calcium ion antagonist) which exert its pharmacologic effects by modulating the influx of ionic calcium across the cell membrane of the arterial smooth muscle as well as in conductile and contractile myocardial cells.Normal sinus rhythm is usually not affected by verapamil HCl. However in patients with sick sinus syndrome, verapamil HCl may interfere with sinus node impulse generation and may induce sinus arrest or sinoatrial block. Atrioventricular block can occur in patients without preexisting conduction defects. (See WARNINGS.) Verapamil HCl does not alter the normal atrial action potential or intraventricular conduction time, but depresses amplitude, velocity of depolarization and conduction in depressed atrial fibers. Verapamil HCl may shorten the antegrade effective refractory period of accessory bypass tracts. Acceleration of ventricular rate and/or ventricular fibrillation has been reported in patients with atrial flutter or atrial fibrillation and coexisting accessory AV pathway following administration of verapamil. (See WARNINGS.)Verapamil HCl has local anesthetic action that is 1.6 times that of procaine on an equimolar basis. It is not known whether this action is important at the doses used in man.. Mechanism of Action. Essential Hypertension. Verapamil HCl exerts antihypertensive effects by decreasing systemic vascular resistance, usually without orthostatic decreases in blood pressure or reflex tachycardia; bradycardia (rate less than 50 beats/minute is uncommon). Verapamil HCl regularly reduces arterial pressure at rest and at given level of exercise by dilating peripheral arterioles and reducing the total peripheral resistance (afterload) against which the heart works.. Pharmacokinetics and Metabolism. With the immediate release formulations, more than 90% of the orally administered dose is absorbed, and peak plasma concentrations of verapamil are observed to hours after dosing. Because of rapid biotransformation of verapamil during its first pass through the portal circulation, the absolute bioavailability ranges from 20% to 35%. Chronic oral administration of the highest recommended dose (120 mg every hours) resulted in plasma verapamil levels ranging from 125 to 400 ng/mL with higher values reported occasionally. nonlinear correlation between the verapamil HCl dose administered and verapamil plasma levels does exist.During initial dose titration with verapamil relationship exists between verapamil plasma concentrations and the prolongation of the PR interval. However, during chronic administration this relationship may disappear. The quantitative relationship between plasma verapamil concentrations and blood pressure reduction has not been fully characterized.In multiple dose pharmacokinetic study, peak concentrations for single daily dose of verapamil hydrochloride extended-release capsules 240 mg were approximately 65% of those obtained with an 80 mg t.i.d. dose of the conventional immediate-release tablets, and the 24 hour post-dose concentrations were approximately 30% higher. At total daily dose of 240 mg, verapamil hydrochloride extended-release capsules were shown to have similar extent of verapamil bioavailability based on the AUC-24 as that obtained with the conventional immediate-release tablets. In this same study verapamil hydrochloride extended-release capsules doses of 120 mg, 240 mg and 360 mg once daily were compared after multiple doses. The ratios of the verapamil and norverapamil AUCs for the verapamil hydrochloride extended-release capsules 120 mg, 240 mg and 360 mg once daily doses are (565 ngohr/mL):3 (1660 ngohr/mL):5 (2729 ngohr/mL) and (621 ngohr/mL):3 (1614 ngohr/mL):4 (2535 ngohr/mL) respectively, indicating that the AUC increased non-proportionately with increasing doses.Food does not affect the extent or rate of the absorption of verapamil from the controlled release verapamil hydrochloride extended-release capsule. The verapamil hydrochloride extended-release 240 mg capsule when administered with food had Cmax of 77 ng/mL which occurred 9.0 hours after dosing, and an AUC(0-inf) of 1387 ngohr/mL. Verapamil hydrochloride extended-release capsules 240 mg under fasting conditions had Cmax of 77 ng/mL which occurred 9.8 hours after dosing, and an AUC(0-inf) of 1541 ngohr/mL.The bioequivalence of verapamil hydrochloride extended-release capsules 240 mg, administered as the beads sprinkled on applesauce and as the intact capsule, was demonstrated in single-dose, cross-over study in 32 healthy adults. Comparative ratios (sprinkled/intact) of verapamil were 0.95, 1.02, and 1.01 for Cmax, Tmax, and AUC(0-inf) respectively. When the contents of the verapamil hydrochloride extended-release capsule were administered by sprinkling onto one tablespoonful of applesauce, the rate and extent of verapamil absorption were found to be bioequivalent to the same dose when administered as an intact capsule. Similar results were observed with norverapamil.The time to reach maximum verapamil concentrations (Tmax) with verapamil hydrochloride extended-release capsules have been found to be approximately 7-9 hours in each of the single dose (fasting), single dose (fed), the multiple dose (steady state) studies and dose proportionality pharmacokinetic studies. Similarly the apparent half-life (t1/2) has been found to be approximately 12 hours independent of dose. Aging may affect the pharmacokinetics of verapamil. Elimination half-life may be prolonged in the elderly.In healthy man, orally administered verapamil HCl undergoes extensive metabolism in the liver. Twelve metabolites have been identified in plasma; all except norverapamil are present in trace amounts only. Norverapamil can reach steady-state plasma concentrations approximately equal to those of verapamil itself. The biologic activity of norverapamil appears to be approximately 20% that of verapamil.Approximately 70% of an administered dose of verapamil HCl is excreted as metabolites in the urine and 16% or more in the feces within days. About 3% to 4% is excreted in the urine as unchanged drug. Approximately 90% is bound to plasma proteins. In patients with hepatic insufficiency, metabolism is delayed and elimination half-life prolonged up to 14 to 16 hours (see PRECAUTIONS), the volume of distribution is increased and plasma clearance reduced to about 30% of normal. Verapamil clearance values suggest that patients with liver dysfunction may attain therapeutic verapamil plasma concentrations with one-third of the oral daily dose required for patients with normal liver function.After four weeks of oral dosing (120 mg q.i.d.), verapamil and norverapamil levels were noted in the cerebrospinal fluid with estimated partition coefficient of 0.06 for verapamil and 0.04 for norverapamil.In 10 healthy males, administration of oral verapamil (80 mg every hours for days) and single oral dose of ethanol (0.8 g/kg), resulted in 17% increase in mean peak ethanol concentrations (106.45 +- 21.40 to 124.23 +- 24.74 mg/dL) compared with placebo. (See PRECAUTIONS: Drug Interactions.)The area under the blood ethanol concentration versus time curve (AUC over 12 hours) increased by 30% (365.67 +- 93.52 to 475.07 +- 97.24 mgohr/dL). Verapamil AUCs were positively correlated (r 0.71) to increased ethanol blood AUC values.. Geriatric Use. The pharmacokinetics of verapamil GITS were studied after consecutive nights of dosing 180 mg in 30 healthy young (19-43 years) versus 30 healthy elderly (65-80 years) male and female subjects. Older subjects had significantly higher mean verapamil Cmax, Cmin and AUC(0-24h) compared to younger subjects. Older subjects had mean AUCs that were approximately 1.7-2.0 times higher than those of younger subjects as well as longer average verapamil t1/2 (approximately 20 hr vs 13 hr).. Hemodynamics and Myocardial Metabolism. Verapamil HCl reduces afterload and myocardial contractility. Improved left ventricular diastolic function in patients with IHSS and those with coronary heart disease has also been observed with verapamil HCl therapy. In most patients, including those with organic cardiac disease, the negative inotropic action of verapamil HCl is countered by reduction of afterload and cardiac index is usually not reduced. In patients with severe left ventricular dysfunction however, (e.g., pulmonary wedge pressure above 20 mmHg or ejection fraction lower than 30%), or in patients on beta-adrenergic blocking agents or other cardio-depressant drugs, deterioration of ventricular function may occur. (See PRECAUTIONS: Drug Interactions.). Pulmonary Function. Verapamil HCl does not induce broncho-constriction and hence, does not impair ventilatory function.

CONTRAINDICATIONS SECTION.

CONTRAINDICATIONS. Verapamil HCl is contraindicated in:1.Severe left ventricular dysfunction. (See WARNINGS.) 2.Hypotension (less than 90 mmHg systolic pressure) or cardiogenic shock. 3.Sick sinus syndrome (except in patients with functioning artificial ventricular pacemaker). 4.Second- or third-degree AV block (except in patients with functioning artificial ventricular pacemaker). 5.Patients with atrial flutter or atrial fibrillation and an accessory bypass tract (e.g., Wolff-Parkinson-White, Lown-Ganong-Levine syndromes). (See WARNINGS.) 6.Patients with known hypersensitivity to verapamil hydrochloride. 1.Severe left ventricular dysfunction. (See WARNINGS.) 2.Hypotension (less than 90 mmHg systolic pressure) or cardiogenic shock. 3.Sick sinus syndrome (except in patients with functioning artificial ventricular pacemaker). 4.Second- or third-degree AV block (except in patients with functioning artificial ventricular pacemaker). 5.Patients with atrial flutter or atrial fibrillation and an accessory bypass tract (e.g., Wolff-Parkinson-White, Lown-Ganong-Levine syndromes). (See WARNINGS.) 6.Patients with known hypersensitivity to verapamil hydrochloride.

INDICATIONS & USAGE SECTION.

INDICATIONS AND USAGE. Verapamil hydrochloride extended-release capsules are indicated for the treatment of hypertension, to lower blood pressure. Lowering blood pressure reduces the risk of fatal and nonfatal cardiovascular events, primarily strokes and myocardial infarctions. These benefits have been seen in controlled trials of antihypertensive drugs from wide variety of pharmacologic classes including this drug. Control of high blood pressure should be part of comprehensive cardiovascular risk management, including, as appropriate, lipid control, diabetes management, antithrombotic therapy, smoking cessation, exercise, and limited sodium intake. Many patients will require more than one drug to achieve blood pressure goals. For specific advice on goals and management, see published guidelines, such as those of the National High Blood Pressure Education Programs Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure (JNC). Numerous antihypertensive drugs, from variety of pharmacologic classes and with different mechanisms of action, have been shown in randomized controlled trials to reduce cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, and it can be concluded that it is blood pressure reduction, and not some other pharmacologic property of the drugs, that is largely responsible for those benefits. The largest and most consistent cardiovascular outcome benefit has been reduction in the risk of stroke, but reductions in myocardial infarction and cardiovascular mortality also have been seen regularly. Elevated systolic or diastolic pressure causes increased cardiovascular risk, and the absolute risk increase per mmHg is greater at higher blood pressures, so that even modest reductions of severe hypertension can provide substantial benefit. Relative risk reduction from blood pressure reduction is similar across populations with varying absolute risk, so the absolute benefit is greater in patients who are at higher risk independent of their hypertension (for example, patients with diabetes or hyperlipidemia), and such patients would be expected to benefit from more aggressive treatment to lower blood pressure goal. Some antihypertensive drugs have smaller blood pressure effects (as monotherapy) in black patients, and many antihypertensive drugs have additional approved indications and effects (e.g., on angina, heart failure, or diabetic kidney disease). These considerations may guide selection of therapy.

DESCRIPTION SECTION.

DESCRIPTION. Verapamil hydrochloride extended-release capsules, USP are calcium ion influx inhibitor (slow channel blocker or calcium ion antagonist). Verapamil hydrochloride extended-release capsules are available for oral administration as 120 mg hard gelatin capsule (bluish green opaque cap and white opaque body), 180 mg hard gelatin capsule (bluish green opaque cap and light green opaque body) and 240 mg hard gelatin capsule (bluish green opaque cap and bluish green opaque body). These bead filled capsules provide an extended-release of the drug in the gastrointestinal tract. The structural formula of verapamil HCl is given below:C27H38N2O4 HCl M.W. 491.07 Chemical name: (+-)-5-[(3,4-Dimethoxyphenethyl)methylamino]-2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-2-isopropylvaleronitrile monohydrochloride.Verapamil HCl, USP is white or almost white, crystalline powder, practically free of odor, with bitter taste. It is soluble in water, chloroform and methanol. Verapamil HCl is not structurally related to other cardioactive drugs.In addition to verapamil HCl the verapamil hydrochloride extended-release capsules contain the following inactive ingredients: ammonium hydroxide, dibutyl sebacate, diethyl phthalate, ethylcellulose, FD&C Green No. 3, gelatin, hypromellose, maltodextrin, methacrylic acid copolymer Type and B, oleic acid, polyethylene glycol, povidone, silicon dioxide, sodium lauryl sulfate, sugar spheres (which contain cornstarch and sucrose), talc and titanium dioxide, the 180 mg capsules also contain D&C Yellow No. 10.In addition, the black imprinting ink contains black iron oxide, D&C Yellow No. 10 Aluminum Lake, FD&C Blue No. Aluminum Lake, FD&C Blue No. Aluminum Lake, FD&C Red No. 40 Aluminum Lake, propylene glycol and shellac glaze.. Verapamil Hydrochloride Structural Formula.

DOSAGE & ADMINISTRATION SECTION.

DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION. Essential Hypertension. The dose of verapamil hydrochloride extended-release capsules should be individualized by titration. The usual daily dose of extended-release, verapamil hydrochloride capsules, in clinical trials has been 240 mg given by mouth once daily in the morning. However, initial doses of 120 mg day may be warranted in patients who may have an increased response to verapamil (e.g., elderly, small people, etc.). Upward titration should be based on therapeutic efficacy and safety evaluated approximately 24 hours after dosing. The antihypertensive effects of verapamil hydrochloride extended-release capsules are evident within the first week of therapy.If adequate response is not obtained with 120 mg of verapamil hydrochloride extended-release capsules, the dose may be titrated upward in the following manner:(a)180 mg in the morning.(b)240 mg in the morning.(c)360 mg in the morning.(d)480 mg in the morning.Verapamil extended-release capsules are for once-a-day administration. When switching from immediate-release verapamil to verapamil hydrochloride extended-release capsules, the same total daily dose of verapamil hydrochloride extended-release capsules can be used.As with immediate-release verapamil, dosages of verapamil hydrochloride extended-release capsules should be individualized and titration may be needed in some patients.. (a)180 mg in the morning.. (b)240 mg in the morning.. (c)360 mg in the morning.. (d)480 mg in the morning.. Sprinkling the Capsule Contents on Food. Verapamil hydrochloride extended-release bead filled capsules may also be administered by carefully opening the capsule and sprinkling the beads on spoonful of applesauce. The applesauce should be swallowed immediately without chewing and followed with glass of cool water to ensure complete swallowing of the beads. The applesauce used should not be hot, and it should be soft enough to be swallowed without chewing. Any bead/applesauce mixture should be used immediately and not stored for future use. Subdividing the contents of verapamil hydrochloride extended-release capsule is not recommended.

GENERAL PRECAUTIONS SECTION.

General. Use in Patients with Impaired Hepatic Function. Since verapamil is highly metabolized by the liver, it should be administered cautiously to patients with impaired hepatic function. Severe liver dysfunction prolongs the elimination half-life of immediate-release verapamil to about 14 to 16 hours; hence, approximately 30% of the dose given to patients with normal liver function should be administered to these patients. Careful monitoring for abnormal prolongation of the PR interval or other signs of excessive pharmacologic effects (see OVERDOSAGE) should be carried out.. Use in Patients with Attenuated (Decreased) Neuromuscular Transmission. It has been reported that verapamil decreases neuromuscular transmission in patients with Duchennes muscular dystrophy, and that verapamil prolongs recovery from the neuromuscular blocking agent vecuronium and causes worsening of myasthenia gravis. It may be necessary to decrease the dosage of verapamil when it is administered to patients with attenuated neuromuscular transmission.. Use in Patients with Impaired Renal Function. About 70% of an administered dose of verapamil is excreted as metabolites in the urine. Until further data are available, verapamil should be administered cautiously to patients with impaired renal function. These patients should be carefully monitored for abnormal prolongation of the PR interval or other signs of overdosage. (See OVERDOSAGE.). Information for Patients. When the sprinkle method of administration is prescribed, details of the proper technique should be explained to the patient. (See DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION.).

GERIATRIC USE SECTION.

Geriatric Use. The pharmacokinetics of verapamil GITS were studied after consecutive nights of dosing 180 mg in 30 healthy young (19-43 years) versus 30 healthy elderly (65-80 years) male and female subjects. Older subjects had significantly higher mean verapamil Cmax, Cmin and AUC(0-24h) compared to younger subjects. Older subjects had mean AUCs that were approximately 1.7-2.0 times higher than those of younger subjects as well as longer average verapamil t1/2 (approximately 20 hr vs 13 hr).

HOW SUPPLIED SECTION.

HOW SUPPLIED. Verapamil Hydrochloride Extended-Release Capsules, USP are available containing 120 mg, 180 mg or 240 mg of verapamil hydrochloride, USP.The 120 mg capsules are hard-shell gelatin capsules with bluish green opaque cap and white opaque body filled with white to off-white beads. The capsules are radially printed with MYLAN over 6320 in black ink on both the cap and the body. They are available as follows:NDC 0378-6320-01bottles of 100 capsulesThe 180 mg capsules are hard-shell gelatin capsules with bluish green opaque cap and light green opaque body filled with white to off-white beads. The capsules are radially printed with MYLAN over 6380 in black ink on both the cap and the body. They are available as follows:NDC 0378-6380-01bottles of 100 capsulesThe 240 mg capsules are hard-shell gelatin capsules with bluish green opaque cap and bluish green opaque body filled with white to off-white beads. The capsules are radially printed with MYLAN over 6440 in black ink on both the cap and the body. They are available as follows:NDC 0378-6440-01bottles of 100 capsulesStore at 20 to 25C (68 to 77F). [See USP Controlled Room Temperature.]Brief digressions above 25C while not detrimental, should be avoided.Avoid excessive heat.Protect from moisture.Dispense in tight, light-resistant container as defined in the USP using child-resistant closure.Call your doctor for medical advice about side effects. You may report side effects to Mylan at 1-877-446-3679 (1-877-4-INFO-RX) or FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088 or www.fda.gov/medwatch.Mylan Pharmaceuticals Inc.Morgantown, WV 26505 U.S.A.Revised: 6/2021CVERER:RX.

MECHANISM OF ACTION SECTION.

Mechanism of Action. Essential Hypertension. Verapamil HCl exerts antihypertensive effects by decreasing systemic vascular resistance, usually without orthostatic decreases in blood pressure or reflex tachycardia; bradycardia (rate less than 50 beats/minute is uncommon). Verapamil HCl regularly reduces arterial pressure at rest and at given level of exercise by dilating peripheral arterioles and reducing the total peripheral resistance (afterload) against which the heart works.

OVERDOSAGE SECTION.

OVERDOSAGE. There is no specific antidote for verapamil overdosage; treatment should be supportive. Delayed pharmacodynamic consequences may occur with extended-release formulations, and patients should be observed for at least 48 hours, preferably under continuous hospital care. Reported effects include hypotension, bradycardia, cardiac conduction defects, arrhythmias, hyperglycemia, and decreased mental status. In addition, there have been literature reports of non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema in patients taking large overdoses of verapamil (up to approximately g).In acute overdosage, gastrointestinal decontamination with cathartics and whole bowel irrigation should be considered. Calcium, inotropes (i.e., isoproterenol, dopamine, and glucagon), atropine, vasopressors (i.e., norepinephrine, and epinephrine), and cardiac pacing have been used with variable results to reverse hypotension and myocardial depression. In few reported cases, overdose with calcium channel blockers that was initially refractory to atropine became more responsive to this treatment when the patients received large doses (close to g/hour for more than 24 hours) of calcium chloride. Calcium chloride is preferred to calcium gluconate since it provides times more calcium per volume. Asystole should be handled by the usual measures including cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Verapamil cannot be removed by hemodialysis.

PACKAGE LABEL.PRINCIPAL DISPLAY PANEL.

PRINCIPAL DISPLAY PANEL 120 mgNDC 0378-6320-01Verapamil HClExtended-ReleaseCapsules, USP120 mgRx only 100 CapsulesEach capsule contains:Verapamilhydrochloride, USP 120 mgDispense in tight, light-resistantcontainer as defined in the USPusing child-resistant closure.Keep container tightly closed.Keep this and all medicationout of the reach of children.Store at 20 to 25C (68 to 77F).[See USP Controlled RoomTemperature.]Brief digressions above 25Cwhile not detrimental, shouldbe avoided.Avoid excessive heat.Protect from moisture.Usual Dosage: See accompanying prescribing information.Mylan Pharmaceuticals Inc.Morgantown, WV 26505 U.S.A.RM6320A7. Verapamil Hydrochloride Extended-Release Capsules, USP 120 mg Bottle Label.

PHARMACOKINETICS SECTION.

Pharmacokinetics and Metabolism. With the immediate release formulations, more than 90% of the orally administered dose is absorbed, and peak plasma concentrations of verapamil are observed to hours after dosing. Because of rapid biotransformation of verapamil during its first pass through the portal circulation, the absolute bioavailability ranges from 20% to 35%. Chronic oral administration of the highest recommended dose (120 mg every hours) resulted in plasma verapamil levels ranging from 125 to 400 ng/mL with higher values reported occasionally. nonlinear correlation between the verapamil HCl dose administered and verapamil plasma levels does exist.During initial dose titration with verapamil relationship exists between verapamil plasma concentrations and the prolongation of the PR interval. However, during chronic administration this relationship may disappear. The quantitative relationship between plasma verapamil concentrations and blood pressure reduction has not been fully characterized.In multiple dose pharmacokinetic study, peak concentrations for single daily dose of verapamil hydrochloride extended-release capsules 240 mg were approximately 65% of those obtained with an 80 mg t.i.d. dose of the conventional immediate-release tablets, and the 24 hour post-dose concentrations were approximately 30% higher. At total daily dose of 240 mg, verapamil hydrochloride extended-release capsules were shown to have similar extent of verapamil bioavailability based on the AUC-24 as that obtained with the conventional immediate-release tablets. In this same study verapamil hydrochloride extended-release capsules doses of 120 mg, 240 mg and 360 mg once daily were compared after multiple doses. The ratios of the verapamil and norverapamil AUCs for the verapamil hydrochloride extended-release capsules 120 mg, 240 mg and 360 mg once daily doses are (565 ngohr/mL):3 (1660 ngohr/mL):5 (2729 ngohr/mL) and (621 ngohr/mL):3 (1614 ngohr/mL):4 (2535 ngohr/mL) respectively, indicating that the AUC increased non-proportionately with increasing doses.Food does not affect the extent or rate of the absorption of verapamil from the controlled release verapamil hydrochloride extended-release capsule. The verapamil hydrochloride extended-release 240 mg capsule when administered with food had Cmax of 77 ng/mL which occurred 9.0 hours after dosing, and an AUC(0-inf) of 1387 ngohr/mL. Verapamil hydrochloride extended-release capsules 240 mg under fasting conditions had Cmax of 77 ng/mL which occurred 9.8 hours after dosing, and an AUC(0-inf) of 1541 ngohr/mL.The bioequivalence of verapamil hydrochloride extended-release capsules 240 mg, administered as the beads sprinkled on applesauce and as the intact capsule, was demonstrated in single-dose, cross-over study in 32 healthy adults. Comparative ratios (sprinkled/intact) of verapamil were 0.95, 1.02, and 1.01 for Cmax, Tmax, and AUC(0-inf) respectively. When the contents of the verapamil hydrochloride extended-release capsule were administered by sprinkling onto one tablespoonful of applesauce, the rate and extent of verapamil absorption were found to be bioequivalent to the same dose when administered as an intact capsule. Similar results were observed with norverapamil.The time to reach maximum verapamil concentrations (Tmax) with verapamil hydrochloride extended-release capsules have been found to be approximately 7-9 hours in each of the single dose (fasting), single dose (fed), the multiple dose (steady state) studies and dose proportionality pharmacokinetic studies. Similarly the apparent half-life (t1/2) has been found to be approximately 12 hours independent of dose. Aging may affect the pharmacokinetics of verapamil. Elimination half-life may be prolonged in the elderly.In healthy man, orally administered verapamil HCl undergoes extensive metabolism in the liver. Twelve metabolites have been identified in plasma; all except norverapamil are present in trace amounts only. Norverapamil can reach steady-state plasma concentrations approximately equal to those of verapamil itself. The biologic activity of norverapamil appears to be approximately 20% that of verapamil.Approximately 70% of an administered dose of verapamil HCl is excreted as metabolites in the urine and 16% or more in the feces within days. About 3% to 4% is excreted in the urine as unchanged drug. Approximately 90% is bound to plasma proteins. In patients with hepatic insufficiency, metabolism is delayed and elimination half-life prolonged up to 14 to 16 hours (see PRECAUTIONS), the volume of distribution is increased and plasma clearance reduced to about 30% of normal. Verapamil clearance values suggest that patients with liver dysfunction may attain therapeutic verapamil plasma concentrations with one-third of the oral daily dose required for patients with normal liver function.After four weeks of oral dosing (120 mg q.i.d.), verapamil and norverapamil levels were noted in the cerebrospinal fluid with estimated partition coefficient of 0.06 for verapamil and 0.04 for norverapamil.In 10 healthy males, administration of oral verapamil (80 mg every hours for days) and single oral dose of ethanol (0.8 g/kg), resulted in 17% increase in mean peak ethanol concentrations (106.45 +- 21.40 to 124.23 +- 24.74 mg/dL) compared with placebo. (See PRECAUTIONS: Drug Interactions.)The area under the blood ethanol concentration versus time curve (AUC over 12 hours) increased by 30% (365.67 +- 93.52 to 475.07 +- 97.24 mgohr/dL). Verapamil AUCs were positively correlated (r 0.71) to increased ethanol blood AUC values.

PRECAUTIONS SECTION.

PRECAUTIONS. THE CONTENTS OF THE VERAPAMIL HYDROCHLORIDE EXTENDED-RELEASE CAPSULE SHOULD NOT BE CRUSHED OR CHEWED. VERAPAMIL HYDROCHLORIDE EXTENDED-RELEASE CAPSULES ARE TO BE SWALLOWED WHOLE OR THE ENTIRE CONTENTS OF THE CAPSULE SPRINKLED ONTO APPLESAUCE (see DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION).. General. Use in Patients with Impaired Hepatic Function. Since verapamil is highly metabolized by the liver, it should be administered cautiously to patients with impaired hepatic function. Severe liver dysfunction prolongs the elimination half-life of immediate-release verapamil to about 14 to 16 hours; hence, approximately 30% of the dose given to patients with normal liver function should be administered to these patients. Careful monitoring for abnormal prolongation of the PR interval or other signs of excessive pharmacologic effects (see OVERDOSAGE) should be carried out.. Use in Patients with Attenuated (Decreased) Neuromuscular Transmission. It has been reported that verapamil decreases neuromuscular transmission in patients with Duchennes muscular dystrophy, and that verapamil prolongs recovery from the neuromuscular blocking agent vecuronium and causes worsening of myasthenia gravis. It may be necessary to decrease the dosage of verapamil when it is administered to patients with attenuated neuromuscular transmission.. Use in Patients with Impaired Renal Function. About 70% of an administered dose of verapamil is excreted as metabolites in the urine. Until further data are available, verapamil should be administered cautiously to patients with impaired renal function. These patients should be carefully monitored for abnormal prolongation of the PR interval or other signs of overdosage. (See OVERDOSAGE.). Information for Patients. When the sprinkle method of administration is prescribed, details of the proper technique should be explained to the patient. (See DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION.). Drug-Drug Interactions. Drug Interactions. Effects of other drugs on verapamil pharmacokinetics. In vitro metabolic studies indicate that verapamil is metabolized by cytochrome P450, CYP3A4, CYP1A2, and CYP2C. Clinically significant interactions have been reported with inhibitors of CYP3A4 (e.g., erythromycin, ritonavir) causing elevation of plasma levels of verapamil while inducers of CYP3A4 (e.g., rifampin) have caused lowering of plasma levels of verapamil. Hypotension, bradyarrhythmias, and lactic acidosis have been observed in patients receiving concurrent telithromycin, and antibiotic in the ketolide class of antibiotics.. Ivabradine Concurrent use of verapamil increases exposure to ivabradine and may exacerbate bradycardia and conductions disturbances. Avoid concomitant use of ivabradine and verapamil. HMG-CoA Reductase Inhibitors. The use of HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors that are CYP3A4 substrates in combination with verapamil has been associated with reports of myopathy/rhabdomyolysis. Co-administration of multiple doses of 10 mg of verapamil with 80 mg simvastatin resulted in exposure to simvastatin 2.5-fold that following simvastatin alone. Limit the dose of simvastatin in patients on verapamil to 10 mg daily. Limit the daily dose of lovastatin to 40 mg. Lower starting and maintenance doses of other CYP3A4 substrates (e.g., atorvastatin) may be required as verapamil may increase the plasma concentration of these drugs.. Beta-Blockers. Concomitant therapy with beta-adrenergic blockers and verapamil may result in additive negative effects on heart rate, atrioventricular conduction, and/or cardiac contractility. The combination of extended-release verapamil and beta-adrenergic blocking agents has not been studied. However, there have been reports of excess bradycardia and AV block, including complete heart block, when the combination has been used for the treatment of hypertension.For hypertensive patients, the risk of combined therapy may outweigh the potential benefits. The combination should be used only with caution and close monitoring.Asymptomatic bradycardia (36 beats/min) with wandering atrial pacemaker has been observed in patient receiving concomitant timolol (a beta-adrenergic blocker) eyedrops and oral verapamil.A decrease in metoprolol clearance has been reported when verapamil and metoprolol were administered together. similar effect has not been observed when verapamil and atenolol are given together.. Clonidine. Sinus bradycardia resulting in hospitalization and pacemaker insertion has been reported in association with the use of clonidine concurrently with verapamil. Monitor heart rate in patients receiving concomitant verapamil and clonidine.. Digitalis. Consider reducing digoxin dose when verapamil and digoxin are to be given together. Monitor digoxin level periodically during therapy. Chronic verapamil treatment can increase serum digoxin levels by 50% to 75% during the first week of therapy, and this can result in digitalis toxicity. In patients with hepatic cirrhosis the influence of verapamil on digoxin pharmacokinetics is magnified. Verapamil may reduce total body clearance and extrarenal clearance of digoxin by 27% and 29%, respectively. If digoxin toxicity is suspected, suspend or discontinue digoxin therapy. In previous clinical trials with other verapamil formulations related to the control of ventricular response in patients taking digoxin who had atrial fibrillation or atrial flutter, ventricular rates below 50/min at rest occurred in 15% of patients, and asymptomatic hypotension occurred in 5% of patients.. Antihypertensive Agents. Verapamil administered concomitantly with oral antihypertensive agents (e.g., vasodilators, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, diuretics, beta blockers) will usually have an additive effect on lowering blood pressure. Patients receiving these combinations should be appropriately monitored. Concomitant use of agents that attenuate alpha-adrenergic function with verapamil may result in reduction in blood pressure that is excessive in some patients. Such an effect was observed in one study following the concomitant administration of verapamil and prazosin.. Antiarrhythmic Agents. Disopyramide. Until data on possible interactions between verapamil and disopyramide phosphate are obtained, disopyramide should not be administered within 48 hours before or 24 hours after verapamil administration.. Flecainide. study in healthy volunteers showed that the concomitant administration of flecainide and verapamil may have additive effects on myocardial contractility, AV conduction, and repolarization. Concomitant therapy with flecainide and verapamil may result in additive negative inotropic effect and prolongation of atrioventricular conduction.. Quinidine. In small number of patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (IHSS), concomitant use of verapamil and quinidine resulted in significant hypotension. Until further data are obtained, combined therapy of verapamil and quinidine in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy should probably be avoided.The electrophysiological effects of quinidine and verapamil on AV conduction were studied in patients. Verapamil significantly counteracted the effects of quinidine on AV conduction. There has been report of increased quinidine levels during verapamil therapy.. Nitrates. Verapamil has been given concomitantly with short- and long-acting nitrates without any undesirable drug interactions. The pharmacologic profile of both drugs and the clinical experience suggest beneficial interactions.. Alcohol. Verapamil has been found to significantly inhibit ethanol elimination resulting in elevated blood ethanol concentrations that may prolong the intoxicating effects of alcohol. (See CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY: Pharmacokinetics and Metabolism.). Other. Aspirin. In few reported cases, coadministration of verapamil with aspirin has led to increased bleeding times greater than observed with aspirin alone.. Cimetidine. The interaction between cimetidine and chronically administered verapamil has not been studied. Variable results on clearance have been obtained in acute studies of healthy volunteers; clearance of verapamil was either reduced or unchanged.. Grapefruit Juice. Grapefruit juice may significantly increase concentrations of verapamil. Grapefruit juice given to nine healthy volunteers increased S- and R-verapamil AUC(0-12) by 36% and 28%, respectively. Steady state Cmax and Cmin of S-verapamil increased by 57% and 16.7%, respectively with grapefruit juice compared to control. Similarly, Cmax and Cmin of R-verapamil increased by 40% and 13%, respectively. Grapefruit juice did not affect half-life, nor was there significant change in AUC(0-12) ratio R/S compared to control. Grapefruit juice did not cause significant difference in the PK of norverapamil. This increase in verapamil plasma concentration is not expected to have any clinical consequences.. Lithium. Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic interactions between oral verapamil and lithium have been reported. The former may result in lowering of serum lithium levels in patients receiving chronic stable oral lithium therapy. The latter may result in an increased sensitivity to the effects of lithium. Patients receiving both drugs must be monitored carefully.. Carbamazepine. Verapamil therapy may increase carbamazepine concentrations during combined therapy. This may produce carbamazepine side effects such as diplopia, headache, ataxia, or dizziness.. Rifampin. Therapy with rifampin may markedly reduce oral verapamil bioavailability.. Phenobarbital. Phenobarbital therapy may increase verapamil clearance.. Cyclosporine. Verapamil therapy may increase serum levels of cyclosporine.. Theophylline. Verapamil may inhibit the clearance and increase the plasma levels of theophylline.. Inhalation Anesthetics. Animal experiments have shown that inhalation anesthetics depress cardiovascular activity by decreasing the inward movement of calcium ions. When used concomitantly, inhalation anesthetics and calcium antagonists, such as verapamil, should be titrated carefully to avoid excessive cardiovascular depression.. Neuromuscular Blocking Agents. Clinical data and animal studies suggest that verapamil may potentiate the activity of neuromuscular blocking agents (curare-like and depolarizing). It may be necessary to decrease the dose of verapamil and/or the dose of the neuromuscular blocking agent when the drugs are used concomitantly.. Mammalian Target of Rapamycin (mTOR) Inhibitors. In study of 25 healthy volunteers with co-administration of verapamil with sirolimus, whole blood sirolimus Cmax and AUC were increased 130% and 120%, respectively. Plasma (-) verapamil Cmax and AUC were both increased 50%. Co-administration of verapamil with everolimus in 16 healthy volunteers increased the Cmax and AUC of everolimus by 130% and 250%, respectively. With concomitant use of mTOR inhibitors (e.g., sirolimus, temsirolimus, and everolimus) and verapamil, consider appropriate dose reductions of both medications.. Carcinogenesis, Mutagenesis, Impairment of Fertility. An 18-month toxicity study in rats, at low multiple (6 fold) of the maximum recommended human dose, and not the maximum tolerated dose, did not suggest tumorigenic potential. There was no evidence of carcinogenic potential of verapamil administered in the diet of rats for two years at doses of 10, 35 and 120 mg/kg per day or approximately x, 3.5 and 12 x, respectively, the maximum recommended human daily dose (480 mg per day or 9.6 mg/kg/day).Verapamil was not mutagenic in the Ames test in test strains at mg per plate, with or without metabolic activation.Studies in female rats at daily dietary doses up to 5.5 times (55 mg/kg/day) the maximum recommended human dose did not show impaired fertility. Effects on male fertility have not been determined.. Pregnancy. Reproduction studies have been performed in rabbits and rats at oral doses up to 1.5 (15 mg/kg/day) and (60 mg/kg/day) times the maximum recommended human daily dose, respectively, and have revealed no evidence of teratogenicity. In the rat, however, this multiple of the human dose was embryocidal and retarded fetal growth and development, probably because of adverse maternal effects reflected in reduced weight gains of the dams. This oral dose has also been shown to cause hypotension in rats. There are no adequate and well-controlled studies in pregnant women. Because animal reproduction studies are not always predictive of human response, this drug should be used during pregnancy only if clearly needed. Verapamil crosses the placental barrier and can be detected in umbilical vein blood at delivery.. Labor and Delivery. It is not known whether the use of verapamil during labor or delivery has immediate or delayed adverse effects on the fetus, or whether it prolongs the duration of labor or increases the need for forceps delivery or other obstetric intervention. Such adverse experiences have not been reported in the literature, despite long history of use of verapamil HCl in Europe in the treatment of cardiac side effects of beta-adrenergic agonist agents used to treat premature labor.. Nursing Mothers. Verapamil is excreted in human milk. Because of the potential for adverse reactions in nursing infants from verapamil, nursing should be discontinued while verapamil is administered.. Pediatric Use. Safety and efficacy of verapamil in children below the age of 18 years have not been established.. Geriatric Use. Clinical studies of verapamil did not include sufficient numbers of subjects aged 65 and over to determine whether they respond differently from younger subjects. Other reported clinical experience has not identified differences in responses between the elderly and younger patients. In general, dose selection for an elderly patient should be cautious, usually starting at the low end of the dosing range, reflecting the greater frequency of decreased hepatic, renal, or cardiac function, and of concomitant disease or other drug therapy.Aging may affect the pharmacokinetics of verapamil. Elimination half-life may be prolonged in the elderly (see CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY: Pharmacokinetics and Metabolism).Verapamil is highly metabolized by the liver, and about 70% of the administered dose is excreted as metabolites in the urine. Clinical circumstances, some of which may be more common in the elderly, such as hepatic or renal impairment, should be considered (see PRECAUTIONS: General). In general, lower initial doses of verapamil hydrochloride extended-release capsules may be warranted in the elderly (see DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION).. Animal Pharmacology and/or Animal Toxicology. In chronic animal toxicology studies verapamil caused lenticular and/or suture line changes at 30 mg/kg/day or greater and frank cataracts at 62.5 mg/kg/day or greater in the beagle dog but not the rat. Development of cataracts due to verapamil has not been reported in man.

SPL UNCLASSIFIED SECTION.

Essential Hypertension. Verapamil HCl exerts antihypertensive effects by decreasing systemic vascular resistance, usually without orthostatic decreases in blood pressure or reflex tachycardia; bradycardia (rate less than 50 beats/minute is uncommon). Verapamil HCl regularly reduces arterial pressure at rest and at given level of exercise by dilating peripheral arterioles and reducing the total peripheral resistance (afterload) against which the heart works.

WARNINGS SECTION.

WARNINGS. Heart Failure. Verapamil has negative inotropic effect which, in most patients, is compensated by its afterload reduction (decreased systemic vascular resistance) properties without net impairment of ventricular performance. In clinical experience with 4,954 patients, 87 (1.8%) developed congestive heart failure or pulmonary edema. Verapamil should be avoided in patients with severe left ventricular dysfunction (e.g., ejection fraction less than 30% or moderate to severe symptoms of cardiac failure) and in patients with any degree of ventricular dysfunction if they are receiving beta-adrenergic blocker. (See PRECAUTIONS: Drug Interactions.) Patients with milder ventricular dysfunction should, if possible, be controlled with optimum doses of digitalis and/or diuretics before verapamil treatment (note interactions with digoxin under: PRECAUTIONS).. Hypotension. Occasionally, the pharmacologic action of verapamil may produce decrease in blood pressure below normal levels which may result in dizziness or symptomatic hypotension. The incidence of hypotension observed in 4,954 patients enrolled in clinical trials was 2.5%. In hypertensive patients, decreases in blood pressure below normal are unusual. Tilt table testing (60 degrees) was not able to induce orthostatic hypotension.. Elevated Liver Enzymes. Elevations of transaminases with and without concomitant elevations in alkaline phosphatase and bilirubin have been reported. Such elevations have sometimes been transient and may disappear even in the face of continued verapamil treatment. Several cases of hepatocellular injury related to verapamil have been proven by rechallenge; half of these had clinical symptoms (malaise, fever, and/or right upper quadrant pain) in addition to elevations of SGOT, SGPT and alkaline phosphatase. Periodic monitoring of liver function in patients receiving verapamil is therefore prudent.. Accessory Bypass Tract (Wolff-Parkinson-White or Lown-Ganong-Levine). Some patients with paroxysmal and/or chronic atrial flutter or atrial fibrillation and coexisting accessory AV pathway have developed increased antegrade conduction across the accessory pathway bypassing the AV node, producing very rapid ventricular response or ventricular fibrillation after receiving intravenous verapamil (or digitalis). Although risk of this occurring with oral verapamil has not been established, such patients receiving oral verapamil may be at risk and its use in these patients is contraindicated. (See CONTRAINDICATIONS.)Treatment is usually DC-cardioversion. Cardioversion has been used safely and effectively after oral verapamil.. Atrioventricular Block. The effect of verapamil on AV conduction and the SA node may lead to asymptomatic first-degree AV block and transient bradycardia, sometimes accompanied by nodal escape rhythms. PR interval prolongation is correlated with verapamil plasma concentrations, especially during the early titration phase of therapy. Higher degrees of AV block, however, were infrequently (0.8%) observed.Marked first-degree block or progressive development to second- or third-degree AV block requires reduction in dosage or, in rare instances, discontinuation of verapamil HCl and institution of appropriate therapy depending upon the clinical situation.. Patients with Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy (IHSS). In 120 patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (most of them refractory or intolerant to propranolol) who received therapy with verapamil at doses up to 720 mg/day, variety of serious adverse effects were seen. Three patients died in pulmonary edema; all had severe left ventricular outflow obstruction and past history of left ventricular dysfunction. Eight other patients had pulmonary edema and/or severe hypotension; abnormally high (over 20 mmHg) capillary wedge pressure and marked left ventricular outflow obstruction were present in most of these patients. Concomitant administration of quinidine (see PRECAUTIONS: Drug Interactions) preceded the severe hypotension in of the patients (2 of whom developed pulmonary edema). Sinus bradycardia occurred in 11% of the patients, second-degree AV block in 4% and sinus arrest in 2%. It must be appreciated that this group of patients had serious disease with high mortality rate. Most adverse effects responded well to dose reduction and only rarely did verapamil have to be discontinued.