ADVERSE REACTIONS SECTION.

6 ADVERSE REACTIONS. The most common adverse reactions (>10%) in patients receiving BYFAVO for procedural sedation are hypotension, hypertension, diastolic hypertension, systolic hypertension, hypoxia, and diastolic hypotension. (6)To report SUSPECTED ADVERSE REACTIONS, contact Acacia Pharma at 1-877-357-9237 or FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088 or www.fda.gov/medwatch. 6.1 Clinical Trials Experience. Because clinical trials are conducted under widely varying conditions, adverse reaction rates observed in the clinical trials of drug cannot be directly compared to rates in the clinical trials of another drug and may not reflect the rates observed in practice.The safety of BYFAVO was evaluated in three prospective, randomized, double-blind, multicenter, parallel group clinical studies in 630 patients undergoing colonoscopy (two studies) or bronchoscopy (one study). Colonoscopy Study and the bronchoscopy study evaluated American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) physical status to III patients, and Colonoscopy Study evaluated ASA III and IV patients.All three studies evaluated the safety of BYFAVO compared to placebo with midazolam rescue and an open-label midazolam treatment arm. Patients were administered total dose ranging from to 30 mg of BYFAVO. In these studies, the most common adverse reactions (incidence greater than 10%) following BYFAVO administration were hypotension, hypertension, diastolic hypertension, systolic hypertension, hypoxia, and diastolic hypotension. There were two patients who experienced an adverse reaction that led to discontinuation of study drug. One patient in the BYFAVO arm in the bronchoscopy study discontinued treatment due to bradycardia, hypertension, hypotension, hypoxia, and respiratory rate increase. One patient in the open-label midazolam arm in Colonoscopy Study discontinued due to respiratory acidosis. No deaths were reported during the studies.Tables 1-3 provide summary of the common adverse reactions observed in each of the three Phase studies with BYFAVO.Table 1:Common Adverse Reactions in Colonoscopy Study (Incidence >2%), ASA to IIIAdverse ReactionBYFAVO = 296Placebo (with Midazolam Rescue57/60 (95%) patients received midazolam rescue.) = 60Midazolam = 102n (%)n (%)n (%)HypotensionHypotension defined as fall in systolic BP to <=80 mmHg or in diastolic BP to <=40 mmHg, or fall in systolic or diastolic BP of 20% or more below baseline or necessitating medical intervention. 115 (39%)25 (42%)63 (62%)HypertensionHypertension defined as an increase in systolic BP to >=180 mmHg or in diastolic BP to >=100 mmHg, or an increase of systolic or diastolic BP of 20% or more over baseline or necessitating medical intervention. 59 (20%)17 (28%)18 (18%)Bradycardia33 (11%)7 (12%)16 (16%)Diastolic hypertension 29 (10%)6 (10%)9 (9%)Tachycardia23 (8%)7 (12%)13 (13%)Diastolic hypotension 23 (8%)4 (7%)9 (9%)Systolic hypertension 16 (5%)5 (8%)6 (6%)Table 2:Common Adverse Reactions in Bronchoscopy Study (Incidence >2%)Adverse ReactionBYFAVO = 303Placebo (with Midazolam Rescue57/59 (97%) patients received midazolam rescue.) = 59Midazolam = 69n (%)n (%)n (%)HypotensionHypotension defined as fall in systolic BP to <=80 mmHg or in diastolic BP to <=40 mmHg, or fall in systolic or diastolic BP of 20% or more below baseline or necessitating medical intervention. 99 (33%)28 (47%)23 (33%)HypertensionHypertension defined as an increase in systolic BP to >=180 mmHg or in diastolic BP to >=100 mmHg, or an increase of systolic or diastolic BP of 20% or more over baseline or necessitating medical intervention. 85 (28%)9 (15%)19 (28%)Diastolic hypertension 77 (25%)15 (25%)16 (23%)Systolic hypertension 67 (22%)13 (22%)17 (25%)Hypoxia66 (22%)12 (20%)13 (19%)Respiratory rate increased43 (14%)6 (10%)10 (14%)Diastolic hypotension 41 (14%)17 (29%)16 (23%)Nausea12 (4%)2 (3%)2 (3%)Bradycardia11 (4%)4 (7%)4 (6%)Pyrexia11 (4%)1 (2%)1 (1%)Headache8 (3%)0 (0%)3 (4%)Table 3:Common Adverse Reactions in Colonoscopy Study (Incidence >2%), ASA III and IVAdverse ReactionBYFAVO = 31Placebo (with Midazolam Rescue16/16 (100%) patients received midazolam rescue.) = 16Midazolam = 30n (%)n (%)n (%)HypotensionHypotension defined as fall in systolic BP to <=80 mmHg or in diastolic BP to <=40 mmHg, or fall in systolic or diastolic BP of 20% or more below baseline or necessitating medical intervention. 18 (58%)11 (69%)17 (57%)HypertensionHypertension defined as an increase in systolic BP to >=180 mmHg or in diastolic BP to >=100 mmHg, or an increase of systolic or diastolic BP of 20% or more over baseline or necessitating medical intervention. 13 (42%)6 (38%)13 (43%)Respiratory acidosis6 (19%)2 (13%)8 (27%)Diastolic hypertension (10%)0 (0%)0 (0%)Systolic hypertension (6%)0 (0%)0 (0%)Bradycardia1 (3%)1 (6%)4 (13%)Respiratory rate decreased1 (3%)1 (6%)2 (7%)Diastolic hypotension (3%)1 (6%)0 (0%)Blood pressure diastolic increased1 (3%)0 (0%)0 (0%)Blood pressure increased1 (3%)0 (0%)0 (0%)Blood pressure systolic increased1 (3%)0 (0%)0 (0%)Upper respiratory tract infection1 (3%)0 (0%)0 (0%)Adverse reaction data from Colonoscopy Study and the bronchoscopy study analyzed according to the cumulative dose of concomitant fentanyl (<100 mcg, 100-150 mcg and >150 mcg) suggest an increase in some adverse reactions with increasing fentanyl dose, such as hypotension, hypertension, bradycardia, hypoxia, and increased respiratory rate (see Table and Table 5). There were too few patients in each fentanyl stratum in Colonoscopy Study to perform this analysis.Table 4:Common Adverse ReactionsIncidence >2% of patients. in Colonoscopy Study by Cumulative Fentanyl DoseBYFAVOPlacebo (with Midazolam Rescue57/60 (95%) patients received midazolam rescue.)MidazolamFentanyl dose (mcg)<100100-150>150<100100-150>150<100100-150>150N 148N 146N 2N 9N 43N 8N 31N 62N 9Adverse Reactionn (%)n (%)n (%)n (%)n (%)n (%)n (%)n (%)n (%)HypotensionHypotension defined as fall in systolic BP to <=80 mmHg or in diastolic BP to <=40 mmHg, or fall in systolic or diastolic BP of 20% or more below baseline or necessitating medical intervention. 49 (33%)64 (44%)2 (100%)5 (56%)17 (40%)3 (38%)18 (58%)36 (58%)9 (100%)HypertensionHypertension defined as an increase in systolic BP to >=180 mmHg or in diastolic BP to >=100 mmHg, or an increase of systolic or diastolic BP of 20% or more over baseline or necessitating medical intervention. 24 (16%)35 (24%)0 (0%)1 (11%)14 (33%)2 (25%)3 (10%)12 (19%)3 (33%)Bradycardia12 (8%)20 (14%)1 (50%)0 (0%)5 (12%)2 (25%)1 (3%)13 (21%)2 (22%)Diastolic hypertension (6%)20 (14%)0 (0%)0 (0%)3 (7%)3 (38%)2 (6%)7 (11%)0 (0%)Tachycardia10 (7%)12 (8%)1 (50%)0 (0%)6 (14%)1 (13%)2 (6%)8 (13%)3 (33%)Diastolic hypotension 10 (7%)13 (9%)0 (0%)0 (0%)3 (7%)1 (13%)3 (10%)4 (6%)2 (22%)Systolic hypertension (3%)11 (8%)0 (0%)0 (0%)3 (7%)2 (25%)4 (13%)2 (3%)0 (0%)Table 5:Common Adverse ReactionsIncidence >2% of patients. in Bronchoscopy Study by Cumulative Fentanyl DoseBYFAVOPlacebo (with Midazolam Rescue57/59 (97%) patients received midazolam rescue.)MidazolamFentanyl dose (mcg)<100100-150>150<100100-150>150<100100-150>150N 215N 63N 25N 26N 18N 15N 29N 27N 13Adverse Reactionn (%)n (%)n (%)n (%)n (%)n (%)n (%)n (%)n (%)HypotensionHypotension defined as fall in systolic BP to <= 80 mmHg or in diastolic BP to <=40 mmHg, or fall in systolic or diastolic BP of 20% or more below baseline or necessitating medical intervention. 52 (24%)32 (51%)16 (64%)7 (27%)9 (50%)12 (80%)7 (24%)7 (26%)9 (69%)HypertensionHypertension defined as an increase in systolic BP to >=180 mmHg or in diastolic BP to >=100 mmHg, or an increase of systolic or diastolic BP of 20% or more over baseline or necessitating medical intervention. 43 (20%)25 (40%)18 (72%)2 (8%)2 (11%)5 (33%)3 (10%)8 (30%)8 (62%)Diastolic hypertension 65 (30%)12 (19%)0 (0%)11 (42%)3 (17%)1 (7%)10 (34%)6 (22%)0 (0%)Systolic hypertension 55 (26%)11 (17%)1 (4%)10 (38%)3 (17%)0 (0%)9 (31%)6 (22%)2 (15%)Hypoxia35 (16%)22 (35%)9 (36%)6 (23%)2 (11%)4 (27%)2 (7%)5 (19%)6 (46%)Respiratory rate increased22 (10%)12 (19%)9 (36%)1 (4%)2 (11%)3 (20%)2 (7%)5 (19%)3 (23%)Diastolic hypotension 28 (13%)13 (21%)0 (0%)8 (31%)7 (39%)2 (13%)7 (24%)6 (22%)3 (23%)Nausea9 (4%)1 (2%)2 (8%)0 (0%)0 (0%)2 (13%)1 (3%)1 (4%)0 (0%)Bradycardia3 (1%)4 (6%)4 (16%)2 (8%)1 (6%)1 (7%)0 (0%)2 (7%)2 (15%)Pyrexia7 (3%)2 (3%)2 (8%)0 (0%)0 (0%)1 (7%)1 (3%)0 (0%)0 (0%)Headache5 (2%)2 (3%)1 (4%)0 (0%)0 (0%)0 (0%)0 (0%)3 (11%)0 (0)%.

BOXED WARNING SECTION.

WARNING: PERSONNEL AND EQUIPMENT FOR MONITORING AND RESUSCITATION AND RISKS FROM CONCOMITANT USE WITH OPIOID ANALGESICS. WARNING: PERSONNEL AND EQUIPMENT FOR MONITORING AND RESUSCITATION, AND RISKS FROM CONCOMITANT USE WITH OPIOID ANALGESICS AND OTHER SEDATIVE-HYPNOTICSSee full prescribing information for complete boxed warningOnly personnel trained in the administration of procedural sedation, and not involved in the conduct of the diagnostic or therapeutic procedure, should administer BYFAVO. (2.1 5.1)Administering personnel must be trained in the detection and management of airway obstruction, hypoventilation, and apnea, including the maintenance of patent airway, supportive ventilation, and cardiovascular resuscitation. (2.1 5.1)BYFAVO has been associated with hypoxia, bradycardia, and hypotension. Continuously monitor vital signs during sedation and through the recovery period. (2.1 5.1)Resuscitative drugs, and age- and size-appropriate equipment for bag/valve/mask assisted ventilation must be immediately available during administration of BYFAVO. (2.1 5.1)Concomitant use of benzodiazepines with opioid analgesics may result in profound sedation, respiratory depression, coma, and death. The sedative effect of intravenous BYFAVO can be accentuated by concomitantly administered CNS depressant medications, including other benzodiazepines and propofol. Continuously monitor patients for respiratory depression and depth of sedation. (5.2 7.1). Only personnel trained in the administration of procedural sedation, and not involved in the conduct of the diagnostic or therapeutic procedure, should administer BYFAVO. (2.1 5.1). Administering personnel must be trained in the detection and management of airway obstruction, hypoventilation, and apnea, including the maintenance of patent airway, supportive ventilation, and cardiovascular resuscitation. (2.1 5.1). BYFAVO has been associated with hypoxia, bradycardia, and hypotension. Continuously monitor vital signs during sedation and through the recovery period. (2.1 5.1). Resuscitative drugs, and age- and size-appropriate equipment for bag/valve/mask assisted ventilation must be immediately available during administration of BYFAVO. (2.1 5.1). Concomitant use of benzodiazepines with opioid analgesics may result in profound sedation, respiratory depression, coma, and death. The sedative effect of intravenous BYFAVO can be accentuated by concomitantly administered CNS depressant medications, including other benzodiazepines and propofol. Continuously monitor patients for respiratory depression and depth of sedation. (5.2 7.1). Personnel and Equipment for Monitoring and ResuscitationOnly personnel trained in the administration of procedural sedation, and not involved in the conduct of the diagnostic or therapeutic procedure, should administer BYFAVO [see Dosage and Administration (2.1) Warnings and Precautions (5.1)].Administering personnel must be trained in the detection and management of airway obstruction, hypoventilation, and apnea, including the maintenance of patent airway, supportive ventilation, and cardiovascular resuscitation [see Dosage and Administration (2.1) Warnings and Precautions (5.1)].BYFAVO has been associated with hypoxia, bradycardia, and hypotension. Continuously monitor vital signs during sedation and during the recovery period [see Dosage and Administration (2.1) Warnings and Precautions (5.1)].Resuscitative drugs, and age- and size-appropriate equipment for bag/valve/mask assisted ventilation must be immediately available during administration of BYFAVO [see Dosage and Administration (2.1) Warnings and Precautions (5.1)].. Only personnel trained in the administration of procedural sedation, and not involved in the conduct of the diagnostic or therapeutic procedure, should administer BYFAVO [see Dosage and Administration (2.1) Warnings and Precautions (5.1)].. Administering personnel must be trained in the detection and management of airway obstruction, hypoventilation, and apnea, including the maintenance of patent airway, supportive ventilation, and cardiovascular resuscitation [see Dosage and Administration (2.1) Warnings and Precautions (5.1)].. BYFAVO has been associated with hypoxia, bradycardia, and hypotension. Continuously monitor vital signs during sedation and during the recovery period [see Dosage and Administration (2.1) Warnings and Precautions (5.1)].. Resuscitative drugs, and age- and size-appropriate equipment for bag/valve/mask assisted ventilation must be immediately available during administration of BYFAVO [see Dosage and Administration (2.1) Warnings and Precautions (5.1)].. Risks From Concomitant Use With Opioid Analgesics and Other Sedative-HypnoticsConcomitant use of benzodiazepines, including BYFAVO, and opioid analgesics may result in profound sedation, respiratory depression, coma, and death. The sedative effect of intravenous BYFAVO can be accentuated by concomitantly administered CNS depressant medications, including other benzodiazepines and propofol. Continuously monitor patients for respiratory depression and depth of sedation [see Warnings and Precautions (5.2) Drug Interactions (7.1)].

CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY SECTION.

12 CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY. 12.1 Mechanism of Action. BYFAVO is benzodiazepine. BYFAVO binds to brain benzodiazepine sites (gamma amino butyric acid type [GABAA] receptors), while its carboxylic acid metabolite (CNS7054) has 300 times lower affinity for the receptor. BYFAVO, like other benzodiazepines, did not show clear selectivity between subtypes of the GABAA receptor.. 12.2 Pharmacodynamics. Dose finding studies determined the IV dosing recommendation of the initial mg bolus, followed by 2.5 mg top-up doses. Median time to peak sedation, defined as the lowest Modified Observers Assessment of Alertness/Sedation (MOAA/S) score after the initial dose, in the Phase trials was to 3.5 minutes and median time to fully alert, defined as time to the first of three consecutive MOAA/S scores of five, following the last dose of BYFAVO was 11 to 14 minutes.. Cardiac ElectrophysiologyIn thorough QT study, 57 healthy volunteers were given an IV push of 10 mg or 20 mg BYFAVO, intravenous midazolam (2.5 mg or 7.5 mg) or placebo, or single tablet of moxifloxacin 400 mg given orally. The largest mean placebo-adjusted change-from-baseline QTc (upper bound of 2-sided 90% confidence interval) was 6.7 (9.5) ms, 10.7 (13.4) ms, 4.5 (7.3) ms, and 8.1 (10.8) ms, respectively, after treatment with 10 mg or 20 mg BYFAVO, or 2.5 mg or 7.5 mg midazolam.BYFAVO treatment is associated with increases in heart rate. The largest mean placebo-adjusted change-from-baseline HR (upper bound of 2-sided 90% confidence interval) was 12.3 (14.2) bpm and 15.2 (17.1) bpm, respectively, after treatment with 10 mg and 20 mg BYFAVO.. 12.3 Pharmacokinetics. BYFAVO has terminal elimination half-life from plasma of 37 to 53 minutes.Mean distribution half-life (t1/2) is between 0.5 and minutes.Half-life (t1/2) is prolonged with increasing severity of hepatic impairment leading to need for careful dose titration in patients with severe hepatic impairment.Clearance (54 to 75 L/h) is not related to body weight.In healthy subjects at least 80% and in colonoscopy patients 50% to 60% of dose is excreted in urine as inactive metabolite.. BYFAVO has terminal elimination half-life from plasma of 37 to 53 minutes.. Mean distribution half-life (t1/2) is between 0.5 and minutes.. Half-life (t1/2) is prolonged with increasing severity of hepatic impairment leading to need for careful dose titration in patients with severe hepatic impairment.. Clearance (54 to 75 L/h) is not related to body weight.. In healthy subjects at least 80% and in colonoscopy patients 50% to 60% of dose is excreted in urine as inactive metabolite.. AbsorptionBYFAVO is administered intravenously. BYFAVO overall maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) after IV administration of 0.01 to 0.5 mg/kg was 189 to 6,960 ng/mL, and overall area under the concentration versus time curve from time to infinity (AUC0-) was 12.1 to 452 ngh/mL; BYFAVO cumulative dose versus BYFAVO total exposure (AUC0-) suggested close to dose-proportional relationship. Metabolite Cmax was achieved approximately 20-30 minutes post dose. Metabolite AUC0- was 231 to 7,090 ngh/mL.. DistributionBYFAVO volume of distribution (Vz) was 0.76 to 0.98 L/kg. Plasma protein binding of BYFAVO was >91%, primarily to human serum albumin.. EliminationBYFAVO has terminal elimination half-life from plasma of 37 to 53 minutes and mean distribution half-life (t1/2) is between 0.5 and minutes.. MetabolismThe main route of metabolism of BYFAVO is via conversion to primary inactive metabolite CNS7054, which is then subject to hydroxylation and glucuronidation. Conversion to CNS7054 is mediated by tissue carboxylesterases (primarily type 1A), with no meaningful contribution by cytochrome P450 enzymes. The t1/2 of the metabolite was 2.4 to 3.8 hours.. ExcretionIn colonoscopy patients, approximately 0.003% BYFAVO is excreted unchanged in urine, and 50% to 60% is excreted in urine as the metabolite CNS7054.. Specific Populations. Pediatric PatientsThere were no pediatric patients who received BYFAVO.. Patients with Renal ImpairmentThe pharmacokinetics of BYFAVO were not altered in patients with mild to end stage renal disease not requiring dialysis. In renal impairment study, BYFAVO PK parameters (e.g., AUC and Cmax) were not statistically different in subjects with varying degrees of renal function (from normal to severely impaired). Increased exposure to inactive metabolite CNS7054 was observed with increasing degree of renal impairment.. Patients with Hepatic ImpairmentA Phase open-label, single-dose trial evaluated the PK and safety of BYFAVO given as an IV bolus of 0.1 mg/kg over minute in subjects with hepatic impairment (8 moderately hepatically impaired subjects and severely hepatically impaired subjects) and matched healthy subjects.The Cmax values of total BYFAVO were 10% to 20% lower in subjects with hepatic impairment than in healthy subjects. Larger Vz (33% increase in moderately impaired and 41% increase in severely impaired) and Vss (50% increase in moderately impaired and 115% increase in severely impaired), and prolonged t1/2 (60 minutes in moderately impaired and 105 minutes in severely impaired as compared to 42 minutes in healthy subjects), of BYFAVO were observed with increasing severity of hepatic impairment. Sedation lasted longer and recovery took longer for subjects with hepatic impairment compared to healthy subjects. The average duration of loss of consciousness and recovery time was 3.2 minutes and 12.1 minutes, respectively for subjects in the moderately hepatically impaired group. These times were 2.0 minutes and 16.7 minutes, respectively, for the subjects in the severely hepatically impaired group. Healthy control subjects had loss of consciousness of 1.6 minutes and recovery time of 8.0 minutes.In patients with severe hepatic impairment, the dose of BYFAVO should be carefully titrated to effect. Depending on the overall status of the patient, less frequency of supplemental doses may be needed to achieve the level of sedation required for the procedure. All patients should be monitored for sedation-related cardiorespiratory complications.. Other Specific PopulationsAge, sex, race, and weight had no clinically relevant effect on BYFAVO pharmacokinetics.. Drug InteractionsBYFAVO and the metabolite CNS7054 caused no relevant inhibition of cytochrome P450 isoenzymes 1A2, 2B6, 2C8, 2C9, 2C19, 2D6, or 3A4. There were no inducing effects on CYP1A2, 2B6, and 3A4. BYFAVO was not relevant substrate of panel of human drug transporters (OATP1B1, OATP1B3, BCRP).No relevant inhibition of human drug transporters (OAT3, OCT2, OATP1B1, OATP1B3, OAT1, BCRP) was seen with BYFAVO or CNS7054. Remifentanil did not influence the hydrolysis of BYFAVO by human liver S9 fractions, reducing the possibility of an interaction by competition for liver carboxylesterases.These results together show very low potential of BYFAVO for pharmacokinetic drug interactions.

CLINICAL STUDIES SECTION.

14 CLINICAL STUDIES. The safety and efficacy of BYFAVO compared to saline placebo with midazolam rescue treatment group and an open-label midazolam treatment group was evaluated in three randomized, double-blind, multicenter Phase studies conducted in 969 adult patients receiving procedural sedation.. 14.1Colonoscopy Study (NCT 02290873). This Phase study was conducted in 461 ASA to III patients undergoing colonoscopy. BYFAVO mg (2 mL) IV was administered as an initial bolus, followed by 2.5 mg (1 mL) top-up doses versus placebo mL administered as an initial bolus, followed by mL top-up doses. Midazolam rescue was dosed per investigator discretion in both treatment groups. Fentanyl was administered as an analgesic pre-treatment at an initial dose of 50 to 75 mcg IV (or reduced dose for ASA III patients) immediately prior to administration of the initial dose of study medication. Top-up doses of fentanyl 25 mcg every to 10 minutes were allowed until analgesia was adequate or maximum dose of 200 mcg had been administered. Supplemental oxygen was administered prior to the start of the procedure and continued at rate of to L/minute until the patient was fully alert after procedure completion. Colonoscopy started when adequate sedation was achieved, defined as an MOAA/S score <=3. The primary efficacy endpoint for BYFAVO versus placebo was success of the colonoscopy procedure, defined as composite of the following:Completion of the colonoscopy procedure, ANDNo requirement for rescue sedative medication, ANDNo requirement for more than doses of study medication within any 15-minute window.There were 63 patients (13.8%) who were aged 65 years or older, 218 patients (47.6%) who were male, 339 (74.0%) who were white, 80 (17.5%) who were Black or African American, 31 (6.8%) who were Asian, and 73 (15.9%) who were Hispanic or Latino. There were 143 patients in ASA I, 285 in ASA II, and 30 in ASA III. As shown in Table 6, the colonoscopy sedation success rate was statistically significantly higher in the BYFAVO group than in the placebo group.Table 6.Colonoscopy Sedation Success Rate Colonoscopy Study 1CohortSedation Success Rate n/N (%)n/N number of successes/number of subjects in group.Remimazolam272/298 (91.3%)Placebo1/60 (1.7%)The reasons for procedural sedation failure are shown in Table 7.Table 7.Reasons for Procedural Sedation Failure Colonoscopy Study 1ReasonRemimazolam = 298 (%)Placebo = 60 (%)Rescue sedative medication taken10 (3.4%)57 (95%)Too many doses within the predefined time window18 (6.0%)44 (73.3%)Procedure not completed7 (2.3%)1 (1.7%)Table shows the number of top-up doses required, and the total doses of study medication, fentanyl, and rescue medication administered.Table 8.Number of Top-up Doses and Total Doses of Study Medication, Fentanyl, and Rescue Medication Colonoscopy Study 1Number of Top-up Doses of Study Drug (Mean +- SD)Total Amount of Study Drug (mg) (Mean +- SD)Total Amount of Fentanyl (mcg) (Mean +- SD)Total Amount of Midazolam Rescue Medication (mg) (Mean +- SD)Remimazolam2.2 +- 1.610.5 +- 4.088.9 +- 21.70.3 +- 2.1Placebo5.1 +- 0.50121.3 +- 34.46.8 +- 4.2Summaries of the time to start procedure, duration of procedure, time to fully alert, and time to ready for discharge are shown in Table 9.Table 9.Time to Start Procedure, Duration of Procedure, Time to Fully Alert, and Time to Ready for Discharge for the Remimazolam Cohort Colonoscopy Study 1Time to start procedure (minutes)Patients who were unable to start the procedure were excluded. Median (95% confidence interval)4.0 (4.0, 4.0) Min, Max0, 26Duration of procedure (minutes)Patients who did not successfully complete the procedure were excluded. Median (95% confidence interval)12.0 (11.0, 13.0) Min, Max3, 33Number (proportion) of procedures lasting longer than 30 minutes1/291 (0.3%)Time to fully alert after end of colonoscopy (minutes) Median (95% confidence interval)6.0 (5.0, 7.0) Min, Max0, 44Time to ready to discharge after end of colonoscopy (minutes) Median (95% confidence interval)44.0 (42.0, 46.0) Min, Max3, 79. Completion of the colonoscopy procedure, AND. No requirement for rescue sedative medication, AND. No requirement for more than doses of study medication within any 15-minute window.. 14.2Bronchoscopy Study (NCT 02296892). This Phase study was conducted in 431 ASA to III patients undergoing bronchoscopy. BYFAVO mg (2 mL) IV was administered as an initial bolus, followed by 2.5 mg (1 mL) top-up doses versus placebo mL administered as an initial bolus, followed by mL top-up doses. Midazolam rescue was dosed per investigator discretion in both treatment groups. Fentanyl was administered as an analgesic pre-treatment at an initial dose of 25 to 50 mcg IV immediately prior to administration of the initial dose of study medication. Top-up doses of fentanyl 25 mcg every to 10 minutes were allowed until analgesia was adequate. maximum dose of fentanyl 200 mcg was recommended. Supplemental oxygen was administered prior to the start of the procedure and continued at rate of to 15 L/minute until the patient was fully alert after procedure completion. Bronchoscopy started when adequate sedation was achieved, defined as an MOAA/S score <=3. The primary efficacy endpoint for BYFAVO versus placebo was successful sedation for the bronchoscopy procedure, defined as composite of the following:Completion of the bronchoscopy procedure, ANDNo requirement for rescue sedative medication, ANDNo requirement for more than doses of study medication within any 15-minute window.There were 209 patients (48.5%) who were 65 years or older, 198 patients (45.9%) who were male, 358 (83.1%) who were white, 62 (14.4%) who were Black or African American, (1.2%) who were Asian, and (1.9%) who were Hispanic or Latino. There were 15 patients in ASA I, 254 in ASA II, and 162 in ASA III. As shown in Table 10, the bronchoscopy sedation success rate was statistically significantly higher for the BYFAVO group than for the placebo group.Table 10.Bronchoscopy Success RatesCohortTotal Success Rate n/N (%)n/N number of successes/number of subjects in group.Remimazolam250/310 (80.6%)Placebo3/63 (4.8%)The reasons for procedural sedation failure are shown in Table 11.Table 11.Reasons for Procedural Sedation Failure Bronchoscopy StudyReasonRemimazolam = 310 (%)Placebo = 63 (%)Rescue sedative medication taken49 (15.8%)57 (90.5%)Too many doses within the predefined time window14 (4.5%)10 (15.9%)Procedure not completed9 (2.9%)3 (4.8%)Table 12 shows the number of top-up doses required, and the total doses of study medication, fentanyl, and rescue medication administered.Table 12.Number of Top-up Doses and Total Doses of Study Medication, Fentanyl, and Rescue Medication Bronchoscopy StudyNumber of Top-up Doses of Study Drug (Mean +- SD)Total Amount of Study Drug (mg) (Mean +- SD)Total Amount of Fentanyl (mcg) (Mean +- SD)Total Amount of Midazolam Rescue Medication (mg) (Mean +- SD)Remimazolam2.6 +- 2.011.5 +- 5.181.8 +- 54.31.3 +- 3.5Placebo4.1 +- 0.80118.8 +- 79.15.9 +- 3.7Summaries of the time to start procedure, duration of procedure, time to fully alert, and time to ready for discharge are shown in Table 13.Table 13.Time to Start Procedure, Duration of Procedure, Time to Fully Alert and Time to Ready for Discharge for the Remimazolam Cohort Bronchoscopy StudyTime to start procedure (minutes)Patients who were unable to start the procedure were excluded. Median (95% confidence interval)4.1 (4.0, 4.8) Min, Max1,41Duration of procedure (minutes)Patients who did not successfully complete the procedure were excluded. Median (95% confidence interval)10.0 (8.0, 11.0) Min, Max1, 68Number (proportion) of procedures lasting longer than 30 minutes 28/299 (9.4%)Time to fully alert after end of bronchoscopy (minutes) Median (95% confidence interval)6.0 (5.2, 7.1) Min, Max1.1, 107Time to ready to discharge after end of bronchoscopy (minutes) Median (95% confidence interval)60.0 (57.0, 63.0) Min, Max6.6, 284. Completion of the bronchoscopy procedure, AND. No requirement for rescue sedative medication, AND. No requirement for more than doses of study medication within any 15-minute window.. 14.3Colonoscopy Study (NCT 02532647). This Phase study was conducted in 77 ASA III and IV patients undergoing colonoscopy. BYFAVO 2.5 mg (1 mL) to mg (2 mL) IV was administered as an initial bolus, followed by 1.25 mg (0.5 mL) to 2.5 mg (1 mL) top-up doses versus placebo to mL administered with midazolam rescue, dosed per investigator discretion. Fentanyl was administered as an analgesic pre-treatment at an initial maximum dose of 50 mcg (with dose reduction for debilitated patients), immediately prior to administration of the initial dose of study medication. Top-up doses of fentanyl 25 mcg every to 10 minutes were allowed until analgesia was adequate or maximum dose of 200 mcg had been administered. Supplemental oxygen was administered prior to the start of the procedure and continued at rate of up to L/minute until the patient was fully alert after procedure completion. Colonoscopy started when adequate sedation was achieved, defined as an MOAA/S score <=3.The primary objective of the study was to assess the safety of multiple doses of BYFAVO compared to placebo and midazolam. Procedure success was secondary objective and was defined as follows:Completion of the colonoscopy procedure, ANDNo requirement for rescue sedative medication, ANDNo requirement for more than doses of study medication within any 15-minute window.The total patient population, including all randomized patients who received any amount of study medication, comprised 31 patients in the remimazolam group, 16 patients in the placebo group, and 30 patients in the midazolam group. There were two patients, one each in the remimazolam and midazolam treatment groups, who were randomized, but did not receive dose of study medication.There were 31 patients (40.2%) who were aged 65 years or older, 43 patients (55.8%) who were male, 57 (74.0%) who were white, 19 (24.7%) who were Black or African American, (1.30%) who was Asian, and none who were Hispanic or Latino. There were 40 patients in ASA III and 37 patients in ASA IV.Patients in the remimazolam group received mean (+- SD) of 9.0 (+- 3.7) mg of remimazolam and mean (+- SD) of 2.5 (+- 10.2) mg of midazolam compared to 7.2 (+- 2.5) mg in the placebo group. The mean total dose of fentanyl was lower in the remimazolam group (mean +- SD: 59.7 +- 15.4 mcg) than in the placebo group (mean +- SD: 67.2 +- 21.8 mcg).In the remimazolam group, 90.3% of patients did not receive any rescue sedative medication, compared to 0.0% in the placebo group.There were no serious adverse reactions and no discontinuations due to adverse reactions observed in the remimazolam group. The incidence of hypotension (SMQ) was 61.3% in the remimazolam group and 75% in the placebo group.No inferential statistical tests were performed in this trial. Patients who received BYFAVO for sedation during scheduled colonoscopy responded at numerically greater rate than patients who received placebo (randomized analysis population remimazolam: 27/32 [84.4%]; placebo: 0/16 [0%]).. Completion of the colonoscopy procedure, AND. No requirement for rescue sedative medication, AND. No requirement for more than doses of study medication within any 15-minute window.

CLINICAL TRIALS EXPERIENCE SECTION.

6.1 Clinical Trials Experience. Because clinical trials are conducted under widely varying conditions, adverse reaction rates observed in the clinical trials of drug cannot be directly compared to rates in the clinical trials of another drug and may not reflect the rates observed in practice.The safety of BYFAVO was evaluated in three prospective, randomized, double-blind, multicenter, parallel group clinical studies in 630 patients undergoing colonoscopy (two studies) or bronchoscopy (one study). Colonoscopy Study and the bronchoscopy study evaluated American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) physical status to III patients, and Colonoscopy Study evaluated ASA III and IV patients.All three studies evaluated the safety of BYFAVO compared to placebo with midazolam rescue and an open-label midazolam treatment arm. Patients were administered total dose ranging from to 30 mg of BYFAVO. In these studies, the most common adverse reactions (incidence greater than 10%) following BYFAVO administration were hypotension, hypertension, diastolic hypertension, systolic hypertension, hypoxia, and diastolic hypotension. There were two patients who experienced an adverse reaction that led to discontinuation of study drug. One patient in the BYFAVO arm in the bronchoscopy study discontinued treatment due to bradycardia, hypertension, hypotension, hypoxia, and respiratory rate increase. One patient in the open-label midazolam arm in Colonoscopy Study discontinued due to respiratory acidosis. No deaths were reported during the studies.Tables 1-3 provide summary of the common adverse reactions observed in each of the three Phase studies with BYFAVO.Table 1:Common Adverse Reactions in Colonoscopy Study (Incidence >2%), ASA to IIIAdverse ReactionBYFAVO = 296Placebo (with Midazolam Rescue57/60 (95%) patients received midazolam rescue.) = 60Midazolam = 102n (%)n (%)n (%)HypotensionHypotension defined as fall in systolic BP to <=80 mmHg or in diastolic BP to <=40 mmHg, or fall in systolic or diastolic BP of 20% or more below baseline or necessitating medical intervention. 115 (39%)25 (42%)63 (62%)HypertensionHypertension defined as an increase in systolic BP to >=180 mmHg or in diastolic BP to >=100 mmHg, or an increase of systolic or diastolic BP of 20% or more over baseline or necessitating medical intervention. 59 (20%)17 (28%)18 (18%)Bradycardia33 (11%)7 (12%)16 (16%)Diastolic hypertension 29 (10%)6 (10%)9 (9%)Tachycardia23 (8%)7 (12%)13 (13%)Diastolic hypotension 23 (8%)4 (7%)9 (9%)Systolic hypertension 16 (5%)5 (8%)6 (6%)Table 2:Common Adverse Reactions in Bronchoscopy Study (Incidence >2%)Adverse ReactionBYFAVO = 303Placebo (with Midazolam Rescue57/59 (97%) patients received midazolam rescue.) = 59Midazolam = 69n (%)n (%)n (%)HypotensionHypotension defined as fall in systolic BP to <=80 mmHg or in diastolic BP to <=40 mmHg, or fall in systolic or diastolic BP of 20% or more below baseline or necessitating medical intervention. 99 (33%)28 (47%)23 (33%)HypertensionHypertension defined as an increase in systolic BP to >=180 mmHg or in diastolic BP to >=100 mmHg, or an increase of systolic or diastolic BP of 20% or more over baseline or necessitating medical intervention. 85 (28%)9 (15%)19 (28%)Diastolic hypertension 77 (25%)15 (25%)16 (23%)Systolic hypertension 67 (22%)13 (22%)17 (25%)Hypoxia66 (22%)12 (20%)13 (19%)Respiratory rate increased43 (14%)6 (10%)10 (14%)Diastolic hypotension 41 (14%)17 (29%)16 (23%)Nausea12 (4%)2 (3%)2 (3%)Bradycardia11 (4%)4 (7%)4 (6%)Pyrexia11 (4%)1 (2%)1 (1%)Headache8 (3%)0 (0%)3 (4%)Table 3:Common Adverse Reactions in Colonoscopy Study (Incidence >2%), ASA III and IVAdverse ReactionBYFAVO = 31Placebo (with Midazolam Rescue16/16 (100%) patients received midazolam rescue.) = 16Midazolam = 30n (%)n (%)n (%)HypotensionHypotension defined as fall in systolic BP to <=80 mmHg or in diastolic BP to <=40 mmHg, or fall in systolic or diastolic BP of 20% or more below baseline or necessitating medical intervention. 18 (58%)11 (69%)17 (57%)HypertensionHypertension defined as an increase in systolic BP to >=180 mmHg or in diastolic BP to >=100 mmHg, or an increase of systolic or diastolic BP of 20% or more over baseline or necessitating medical intervention. 13 (42%)6 (38%)13 (43%)Respiratory acidosis6 (19%)2 (13%)8 (27%)Diastolic hypertension (10%)0 (0%)0 (0%)Systolic hypertension (6%)0 (0%)0 (0%)Bradycardia1 (3%)1 (6%)4 (13%)Respiratory rate decreased1 (3%)1 (6%)2 (7%)Diastolic hypotension (3%)1 (6%)0 (0%)Blood pressure diastolic increased1 (3%)0 (0%)0 (0%)Blood pressure increased1 (3%)0 (0%)0 (0%)Blood pressure systolic increased1 (3%)0 (0%)0 (0%)Upper respiratory tract infection1 (3%)0 (0%)0 (0%)Adverse reaction data from Colonoscopy Study and the bronchoscopy study analyzed according to the cumulative dose of concomitant fentanyl (<100 mcg, 100-150 mcg and >150 mcg) suggest an increase in some adverse reactions with increasing fentanyl dose, such as hypotension, hypertension, bradycardia, hypoxia, and increased respiratory rate (see Table and Table 5). There were too few patients in each fentanyl stratum in Colonoscopy Study to perform this analysis.Table 4:Common Adverse ReactionsIncidence >2% of patients. in Colonoscopy Study by Cumulative Fentanyl DoseBYFAVOPlacebo (with Midazolam Rescue57/60 (95%) patients received midazolam rescue.)MidazolamFentanyl dose (mcg)<100100-150>150<100100-150>150<100100-150>150N 148N 146N 2N 9N 43N 8N 31N 62N 9Adverse Reactionn (%)n (%)n (%)n (%)n (%)n (%)n (%)n (%)n (%)HypotensionHypotension defined as fall in systolic BP to <=80 mmHg or in diastolic BP to <=40 mmHg, or fall in systolic or diastolic BP of 20% or more below baseline or necessitating medical intervention. 49 (33%)64 (44%)2 (100%)5 (56%)17 (40%)3 (38%)18 (58%)36 (58%)9 (100%)HypertensionHypertension defined as an increase in systolic BP to >=180 mmHg or in diastolic BP to >=100 mmHg, or an increase of systolic or diastolic BP of 20% or more over baseline or necessitating medical intervention. 24 (16%)35 (24%)0 (0%)1 (11%)14 (33%)2 (25%)3 (10%)12 (19%)3 (33%)Bradycardia12 (8%)20 (14%)1 (50%)0 (0%)5 (12%)2 (25%)1 (3%)13 (21%)2 (22%)Diastolic hypertension (6%)20 (14%)0 (0%)0 (0%)3 (7%)3 (38%)2 (6%)7 (11%)0 (0%)Tachycardia10 (7%)12 (8%)1 (50%)0 (0%)6 (14%)1 (13%)2 (6%)8 (13%)3 (33%)Diastolic hypotension 10 (7%)13 (9%)0 (0%)0 (0%)3 (7%)1 (13%)3 (10%)4 (6%)2 (22%)Systolic hypertension (3%)11 (8%)0 (0%)0 (0%)3 (7%)2 (25%)4 (13%)2 (3%)0 (0%)Table 5:Common Adverse ReactionsIncidence >2% of patients. in Bronchoscopy Study by Cumulative Fentanyl DoseBYFAVOPlacebo (with Midazolam Rescue57/59 (97%) patients received midazolam rescue.)MidazolamFentanyl dose (mcg)<100100-150>150<100100-150>150<100100-150>150N 215N 63N 25N 26N 18N 15N 29N 27N 13Adverse Reactionn (%)n (%)n (%)n (%)n (%)n (%)n (%)n (%)n (%)HypotensionHypotension defined as fall in systolic BP to <= 80 mmHg or in diastolic BP to <=40 mmHg, or fall in systolic or diastolic BP of 20% or more below baseline or necessitating medical intervention. 52 (24%)32 (51%)16 (64%)7 (27%)9 (50%)12 (80%)7 (24%)7 (26%)9 (69%)HypertensionHypertension defined as an increase in systolic BP to >=180 mmHg or in diastolic BP to >=100 mmHg, or an increase of systolic or diastolic BP of 20% or more over baseline or necessitating medical intervention. 43 (20%)25 (40%)18 (72%)2 (8%)2 (11%)5 (33%)3 (10%)8 (30%)8 (62%)Diastolic hypertension 65 (30%)12 (19%)0 (0%)11 (42%)3 (17%)1 (7%)10 (34%)6 (22%)0 (0%)Systolic hypertension 55 (26%)11 (17%)1 (4%)10 (38%)3 (17%)0 (0%)9 (31%)6 (22%)2 (15%)Hypoxia35 (16%)22 (35%)9 (36%)6 (23%)2 (11%)4 (27%)2 (7%)5 (19%)6 (46%)Respiratory rate increased22 (10%)12 (19%)9 (36%)1 (4%)2 (11%)3 (20%)2 (7%)5 (19%)3 (23%)Diastolic hypotension 28 (13%)13 (21%)0 (0%)8 (31%)7 (39%)2 (13%)7 (24%)6 (22%)3 (23%)Nausea9 (4%)1 (2%)2 (8%)0 (0%)0 (0%)2 (13%)1 (3%)1 (4%)0 (0%)Bradycardia3 (1%)4 (6%)4 (16%)2 (8%)1 (6%)1 (7%)0 (0%)2 (7%)2 (15%)Pyrexia7 (3%)2 (3%)2 (8%)0 (0%)0 (0%)1 (7%)1 (3%)0 (0%)0 (0%)Headache5 (2%)2 (3%)1 (4%)0 (0%)0 (0%)0 (0%)0 (0%)3 (11%)0 (0)%.

DOSAGE & ADMINISTRATION SECTION.

2 DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION. Individualize and titrate BYFAVO dosing to desired clinical effect. (2.2)Adult Patients:Administer an initial dose intravenously as 5 mg push injection over 1-minute time period. (2.2)If necessary, administer supplemental doses of 2.5 mg intravenously over 15-second time period. At least minutes must elapse prior to the administration of any supplemental dose. (2.2)ASA III-IV Patients (at the discretion of the physician):Based on the general condition of the patient, administer 2.5 mg to mg over 1-minute time period. (2.2)If necessary, administer supplemental doses of 1.25 mg to 2.5 mg intravenously over 15-second time period. At least minutes must elapse prior to the administration of any supplemental dose. (2.2). Administer an initial dose intravenously as 5 mg push injection over 1-minute time period. (2.2). If necessary, administer supplemental doses of 2.5 mg intravenously over 15-second time period. At least minutes must elapse prior to the administration of any supplemental dose. (2.2). Based on the general condition of the patient, administer 2.5 mg to mg over 1-minute time period. (2.2). If necessary, administer supplemental doses of 1.25 mg to 2.5 mg intravenously over 15-second time period. At least minutes must elapse prior to the administration of any supplemental dose. (2.2). 2.1Important Dosage and Administration Instructions. BYFAVO can depress respiration. Continuously monitor patients for early signs of hypoventilation, airway obstruction, and apnea using capnography, pulse oximetry, and clinical assessment.Only personnel trained in the administration of procedural sedation, and not involved in the conduct of the diagnostic or therapeutic procedure, should administer BYFAVO.Administering personnel must be trained in the detection and management of airway obstruction, hypoventilation, and apnea, including the maintenance of patent airway, supportive ventilation, and cardiovascular resuscitation.Supplemental oxygen, resuscitative drugs, and age- and size-appropriate equipment for bag/valve/mask assisted ventilation must be immediately available during administration of BYFAVO. benzodiazepine reversal agent should be immediately available.Continuously monitor vital signs during sedation and through the recovery period [see Warnings and Precautions (5.1)].Peak sedation occurs approximately to 3.5 minutes after an initial mg intravenous injection of BYFAVO given over 1-minute period [see Clinical Pharmacology (12.2)]. Titrate subsequent doses of BYFAVO on the basis of clinical judgment and assessment of the depth of sedation. If maintenance of procedural sedation is inadequate, consider alternative medications [see Clinical Studies (14)].. 2.2Basic Dosing Information. Individualize BYFAVO dosing and titrate to desired clinical response.In clinical studies, fentanyl 25 to 75 mcg was administered for analgesia prior to the first dose of BYFAVO. Supplemental doses of fentanyl were administered as needed for analgesia [see Clinical Studies (14)].Recommended dosing guidelines:Induction of Procedural SedationFor adult patients: Administer mg intravenously over 1-minute time period.For ASAASA American Society of Anesthesiologists Physical Status Classification System III and IV patients: Administer 2.5 mg to mg intravenously over minute based on the general condition of the patient.Maintenance of Procedural Sedation (as needed)For adult patients: Administer 2.5 mg intravenously over 15 seconds. At least minutes must elapse prior to administration of any supplemental dose.For ASA III and IV patients: Administer 1.25 mg to 2.5 mg intravenously over 15 seconds. At least minutes must elapse prior to administration of any supplemental dose.. Individualize BYFAVO dosing and titrate to desired clinical response.. In clinical studies, fentanyl 25 to 75 mcg was administered for analgesia prior to the first dose of BYFAVO. Supplemental doses of fentanyl were administered as needed for analgesia [see Clinical Studies (14)].. Recommended dosing guidelines:. 2.3Preparation. Reconstitution of BYFAVO (remimazolam) for injectionStrict aseptic technique must be maintained during handling of BYFAVO.This product does not contain preservative.Once removed from packaging, protect vials from light.Each single-patient-use vial contains 20 mg BYFAVO lyophilized powder for reconstitution. The product must be prepared immediately before use.To reconstitute, add 8.2 mL sterile 0.9% Sodium Chloride Injection, USP, to the vial, directing the stream of solution toward the wall of the vial. Gently swirl the vial (do not shake) until the contents are fully dissolved. The reconstituted product will deliver final concentration of 2.5 mg/mL solution of BYFAVO.Parenteral drug products should be inspected visually for particulate matter and discoloration prior to administration. Upon reconstitution, the solution should be clear, colorless to pale yellow solution. Discard if particulate matter or discoloration is observed.If not used immediately, reconstituted BYFAVO may be stored in the vial for up to hours under controlled room temperature at 20C to 25C (68F to 77F). After hours, any unused portion must be discarded.. Strict aseptic technique must be maintained during handling of BYFAVO.. This product does not contain preservative.. Once removed from packaging, protect vials from light.. Each single-patient-use vial contains 20 mg BYFAVO lyophilized powder for reconstitution. The product must be prepared immediately before use.. To reconstitute, add 8.2 mL sterile 0.9% Sodium Chloride Injection, USP, to the vial, directing the stream of solution toward the wall of the vial. Gently swirl the vial (do not shake) until the contents are fully dissolved. The reconstituted product will deliver final concentration of 2.5 mg/mL solution of BYFAVO.. Parenteral drug products should be inspected visually for particulate matter and discoloration prior to administration. Upon reconstitution, the solution should be clear, colorless to pale yellow solution. Discard if particulate matter or discoloration is observed.. If not used immediately, reconstituted BYFAVO may be stored in the vial for up to hours under controlled room temperature at 20C to 25C (68F to 77F). After hours, any unused portion must be discarded.. 2.4Administration with Other Fluids. BYFAVO has been shown to be compatible with the following intravenous fluids:0.9% Sodium Chloride Injection, USP5% Dextrose Injection, USP20% Dextrose Injection, USP5% Dextrose and 0.45% Sodium Chloride Injection, USP.BYFAVO has also been shown to be compatible with Ringers Solution, solution containing Sodium Chloride, Potassium Chloride and Calcium Chloride Dihydrate.BYFAVO has been shown to be incompatible with the following intravenous fluids:Lactated Ringers Solution, solution containing Sodium Chloride, Sodium Lactate, Potassium Chloride, and Calcium Chloride Dihydrate. Lactated Ringers Solution is also known as Ringers Lactate Solution, Compound Sodium Lactate Solution, and Hartmanns Solution.Acetated Ringers Solution, solution containing Sodium Chloride, Sodium Acetate, Potassium Chloride, and Calcium Chloride Dihydrate.BYFAVO compatibility with other agents has not been adequately evaluated.Do not mix BYFAVO with other drugs or fluids prior to administration.. BYFAVO has been shown to be compatible with the following intravenous fluids:0.9% Sodium Chloride Injection, USP5% Dextrose Injection, USP20% Dextrose Injection, USP5% Dextrose and 0.45% Sodium Chloride Injection, USP.. 0.9% Sodium Chloride Injection, USP. 5% Dextrose Injection, USP. 20% Dextrose Injection, USP. 5% Dextrose and 0.45% Sodium Chloride Injection, USP.. BYFAVO has also been shown to be compatible with Ringers Solution, solution containing Sodium Chloride, Potassium Chloride and Calcium Chloride Dihydrate.. BYFAVO has been shown to be incompatible with the following intravenous fluids:Lactated Ringers Solution, solution containing Sodium Chloride, Sodium Lactate, Potassium Chloride, and Calcium Chloride Dihydrate. Lactated Ringers Solution is also known as Ringers Lactate Solution, Compound Sodium Lactate Solution, and Hartmanns Solution.Acetated Ringers Solution, solution containing Sodium Chloride, Sodium Acetate, Potassium Chloride, and Calcium Chloride Dihydrate.. Lactated Ringers Solution, solution containing Sodium Chloride, Sodium Lactate, Potassium Chloride, and Calcium Chloride Dihydrate. Lactated Ringers Solution is also known as Ringers Lactate Solution, Compound Sodium Lactate Solution, and Hartmanns Solution.. Acetated Ringers Solution, solution containing Sodium Chloride, Sodium Acetate, Potassium Chloride, and Calcium Chloride Dihydrate.. BYFAVO compatibility with other agents has not been adequately evaluated.. Do not mix BYFAVO with other drugs or fluids prior to administration.

NONCLINICAL TOXICOLOGY SECTION.

13 NONCLINICAL TOXICOLOGY. 13.1 Carcinogenesis, Mutagenesis, Impairment of Fertility. CarcinogenesisLong-term animal studies have not been performed to evaluate the carcinogenic potential of remimazolam.. MutagenesisRemimazolam was not mutagenic or clastogenic when evaluated in an in vitro bacterial reverse mutation assay (Ames test), an in vivo rat micronucleus assay, mouse lymphoma cells, in vivo rat bone marrow micronucleus assay, or comet assay.. Impairment of FertilityIn study that did not test exposures comparable to the MRHD of 30 mg/day, there were no adverse effects on male or female fertility when male rats were treated for 28 days prior to mating and female rats were treated for 14 days prior to mating with up to 30 mg/kg remimazolam via intravenous bolus (approximately 0.03 times the MRHD based on AUC).There was no impact on female fertility when female rabbits were administered remimazolam by intravenous infusion (up to hours/day) up to 20 mg/kg/day (approximately 17 times the MRHD of 30 mg/day based on AUC) from 14 days prior to mating.No adverse effects on histology of the testes and epididymides or evaluation of spermatid count, sperm motility, and sperm morphology were reported in repeat-dose toxicity study in which male minipigs were administered remimazolam by intravenous infusion (6 hours) up to 120 mg/kg/day (approximately 400 times the MRHD based on AUC) for 28 days followed by 14-day recovery period.. 13.2 Animal Toxicology and/or Pharmacology. Published studies in animals demonstrate that the use of anesthetic agents during the period of rapid brain growth or synaptogenesis results in widespread neuronal and oligodendrocyte cell loss in the developing brain and alterations in synaptic morphology and neurogenesis. Based on comparisons across species, the window of vulnerability to these changes is believed to correlate with exposures in the third trimester through the first several months of life but may extend out to approximately years of age in humans.In primates, exposure to hours of an anesthetic regimen that produced light surgical plane of anesthesia did not increase neuronal cell loss; however, treatment regimens of hours or longer increased neuronal cell loss. Data in rodents and in primates suggest that the neuronal and oligodendrocyte cell losses are associated with subtle but prolonged cognitive deficits in learning and memory. The clinical significance of these nonclinical findings is not known, and healthcare providers should balance the benefits of appropriate anesthesia in neonates and young children who require procedures against the potential risks suggested by the nonclinical data [See Warnings and Precautions (5.4), Use in Specific Populations (8.1, 8.4)].

PHARMACOKINETICS SECTION.

12.3 Pharmacokinetics. BYFAVO has terminal elimination half-life from plasma of 37 to 53 minutes.Mean distribution half-life (t1/2) is between 0.5 and minutes.Half-life (t1/2) is prolonged with increasing severity of hepatic impairment leading to need for careful dose titration in patients with severe hepatic impairment.Clearance (54 to 75 L/h) is not related to body weight.In healthy subjects at least 80% and in colonoscopy patients 50% to 60% of dose is excreted in urine as inactive metabolite.. BYFAVO has terminal elimination half-life from plasma of 37 to 53 minutes.. Mean distribution half-life (t1/2) is between 0.5 and minutes.. Half-life (t1/2) is prolonged with increasing severity of hepatic impairment leading to need for careful dose titration in patients with severe hepatic impairment.. Clearance (54 to 75 L/h) is not related to body weight.. In healthy subjects at least 80% and in colonoscopy patients 50% to 60% of dose is excreted in urine as inactive metabolite.. AbsorptionBYFAVO is administered intravenously. BYFAVO overall maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) after IV administration of 0.01 to 0.5 mg/kg was 189 to 6,960 ng/mL, and overall area under the concentration versus time curve from time to infinity (AUC0-) was 12.1 to 452 ngh/mL; BYFAVO cumulative dose versus BYFAVO total exposure (AUC0-) suggested close to dose-proportional relationship. Metabolite Cmax was achieved approximately 20-30 minutes post dose. Metabolite AUC0- was 231 to 7,090 ngh/mL.. DistributionBYFAVO volume of distribution (Vz) was 0.76 to 0.98 L/kg. Plasma protein binding of BYFAVO was >91%, primarily to human serum albumin.. EliminationBYFAVO has terminal elimination half-life from plasma of 37 to 53 minutes and mean distribution half-life (t1/2) is between 0.5 and minutes.. MetabolismThe main route of metabolism of BYFAVO is via conversion to primary inactive metabolite CNS7054, which is then subject to hydroxylation and glucuronidation. Conversion to CNS7054 is mediated by tissue carboxylesterases (primarily type 1A), with no meaningful contribution by cytochrome P450 enzymes. The t1/2 of the metabolite was 2.4 to 3.8 hours.. ExcretionIn colonoscopy patients, approximately 0.003% BYFAVO is excreted unchanged in urine, and 50% to 60% is excreted in urine as the metabolite CNS7054.. Specific Populations. Pediatric PatientsThere were no pediatric patients who received BYFAVO.. Patients with Renal ImpairmentThe pharmacokinetics of BYFAVO were not altered in patients with mild to end stage renal disease not requiring dialysis. In renal impairment study, BYFAVO PK parameters (e.g., AUC and Cmax) were not statistically different in subjects with varying degrees of renal function (from normal to severely impaired). Increased exposure to inactive metabolite CNS7054 was observed with increasing degree of renal impairment.. Patients with Hepatic ImpairmentA Phase open-label, single-dose trial evaluated the PK and safety of BYFAVO given as an IV bolus of 0.1 mg/kg over minute in subjects with hepatic impairment (8 moderately hepatically impaired subjects and severely hepatically impaired subjects) and matched healthy subjects.The Cmax values of total BYFAVO were 10% to 20% lower in subjects with hepatic impairment than in healthy subjects. Larger Vz (33% increase in moderately impaired and 41% increase in severely impaired) and Vss (50% increase in moderately impaired and 115% increase in severely impaired), and prolonged t1/2 (60 minutes in moderately impaired and 105 minutes in severely impaired as compared to 42 minutes in healthy subjects), of BYFAVO were observed with increasing severity of hepatic impairment. Sedation lasted longer and recovery took longer for subjects with hepatic impairment compared to healthy subjects. The average duration of loss of consciousness and recovery time was 3.2 minutes and 12.1 minutes, respectively for subjects in the moderately hepatically impaired group. These times were 2.0 minutes and 16.7 minutes, respectively, for the subjects in the severely hepatically impaired group. Healthy control subjects had loss of consciousness of 1.6 minutes and recovery time of 8.0 minutes.In patients with severe hepatic impairment, the dose of BYFAVO should be carefully titrated to effect. Depending on the overall status of the patient, less frequency of supplemental doses may be needed to achieve the level of sedation required for the procedure. All patients should be monitored for sedation-related cardiorespiratory complications.. Other Specific PopulationsAge, sex, race, and weight had no clinically relevant effect on BYFAVO pharmacokinetics.. Drug InteractionsBYFAVO and the metabolite CNS7054 caused no relevant inhibition of cytochrome P450 isoenzymes 1A2, 2B6, 2C8, 2C9, 2C19, 2D6, or 3A4. There were no inducing effects on CYP1A2, 2B6, and 3A4. BYFAVO was not relevant substrate of panel of human drug transporters (OATP1B1, OATP1B3, BCRP).No relevant inhibition of human drug transporters (OAT3, OCT2, OATP1B1, OATP1B3, OAT1, BCRP) was seen with BYFAVO or CNS7054. Remifentanil did not influence the hydrolysis of BYFAVO by human liver S9 fractions, reducing the possibility of an interaction by competition for liver carboxylesterases.These results together show very low potential of BYFAVO for pharmacokinetic drug interactions.

PREGNANCY SECTION.

8.1 Pregnancy. Risk SummaryInfants born to mothers using benzodiazepines during the later stages of pregnancy have been reported to experience symptoms of sedation [see Warnings and Precautions (5.4), Clinical Considerations]. Although there are no data on the effects of BYFAVO use in pregnant women, available data from published observational studies of pregnant women exposed to other benzodiazepines have not established drug-associated risk of major birth defects, miscarriage, or adverse maternal or fetal outcomes (see Data). In animal studies, reduced fetal weights but no evidence of malformations or embryofetal lethality were noted in study in which pregnant rabbits were treated intravenously with times the maximum recommended human dose (MRHD) of 30 mg during organogenesis. Adequate rodent reproductive and developmental toxicology studies have not been completed to fully evaluate the effects of BYFAVO.Published studies in pregnant primates demonstrate that the administration of anesthetic and sedation drugs that block NMDA receptors and/or potentiate GABA activity during the period of peak brain development increases neuronal apoptosis in the developing brain of the offspring when used for longer than hours. There are no data on pregnancy exposures in primates corresponding to periods prior to the third trimester in humans (see Data).The estimated background risk of major birth defects and miscarriage for the indicated population is unknown. All pregnancies have background risk of birth defect, loss, or other adverse outcomes. In the U.S. general population, the estimated background risk of major birth defects and miscarriage in clinically recognized pregnancies is 2% to 4% and 15% to 20%, respectively.. Clinical Considerations. Fetal/Neonatal Adverse ReactionsBenzodiazepines cross the placenta and may produce respiratory depression and sedation in neonates. Monitor neonates exposed to benzodiazepines during pregnancy and labor for signs of sedation and respiratory depression and manage accordingly [see Warnings and Precautions (5.4)]. Data. Human DataPublished data from observational studies on the use of benzodiazepines during pregnancy do not report clear association with benzodiazepines and major birth defects. Although early studies reported an increased risk of congenital malformations with diazepam and chlordiazepoxide, there was no consistent pattern noted. In addition, the majority of more recent case-control and cohort studies of benzodiazepine use during pregnancy, which were adjusted for confounding exposures to alcohol, tobacco, and other medications, have not confirmed these findings. There are no data on the specific effects of remimazolam on pregnancy. Infants exposed to benzodiazepines during the late third trimester of pregnancy or during labor have been reported to exhibit sedation and neonatal withdrawal symptoms.. Animal DataReduced fetal weights but no evidence of malformation or embryofetal lethality were noted in study in which pregnant rabbits were treated intravenously with mg/kg remimazolam (approximately times the MRHD of 30 mg/day based on AUC) from Gestation Day to 20 in the presence of maternal toxicity (reduced food intake and body weights).In study that did not test exposures comparable to the MRHD of 30 mg/day over the full period of organogenesis, there was an increase in early resorptions (embryolethality) but no evidence of malformations when female rats were treated from Gestation Day through 17 with up to 30 mg/kg remimazolam via intravenous bolus (approximately 0.3 times the MRHD based on AUC by the end of the dosing interval) in the presence of maternal toxicity (convulsion in one mid dose and one high dose dam).In pre- and postnatal development study that did not test exposures comparable to the MRHD of 30 mg/day over the full treatment period, there were no adverse effects on survival or development of offspring when pregnant rats were treated with up to 30 mg/kg remimazolam (<0.3 times the MRHD by the end of the gestational period) by intravenous bolus injection from Gestation Day through Lactation Day 20 with minimal evidence of maternal toxicity (sedation).No evidence of adverse effects on physical development, functional observational battery of behavioral assessments, or fertility were noted in pups born to pregnant rabbits that were treated by intravenous infusion of up to 20 mg/kg/day remimazolam (approximately 19 times the MRHD based on AUC) from 14 days prior to mating until Lactation Day 30 despite the presence of maternal toxicity (sedation, convulsions, and mortality). Learning and memory of the first-generation offspring was not evaluated in this study.In published study in primates, administration of an anesthetic dose of ketamine for 24 hours on Gestation Day 122 increased neuronal apoptosis in the developing brain of the fetus. In other published studies, administration of either isoflurane or propofol for hours on Gestation Day 120 resulted in increased neuronal and oligodendrocyte apoptosis in the developing brain of the offspring. With respect to brain development, this time period corresponds to the third trimester of gestation in the human. The clinical significance of these findings is not clear; however, studies in juvenile animals suggest neuroapoptosis correlates with long-term cognitive deficits [see Warnings and Precautions (5.4), Use in Specific Populations (8.4), Nonclinical Toxicology (13.2)].

USE IN SPECIFIC POPULATIONS SECTION.

8 USE IN SPECIFIC POPULATIONS. Lactation: lactating woman may pump and discard breast milk for hours after treatment with BYFAVO. (8.2)Pediatric Use: BYFAVO should not be used in patients less than 18 years of age. (8.4)Geriatric Use: Sedating drugs, such as BYFAVO, may cause confusion and over-sedation in the elderly; elderly patients generally should be observed closely. (8.5)Severe Hepatic Impairment: In patients with severe hepatic impairment the dose of BYFAVO should be carefully titrated to effect. Depending on the overall status of the patient, reduced doses might be indicated. (8.6, 12.3). 8.1 Pregnancy. Risk SummaryInfants born to mothers using benzodiazepines during the later stages of pregnancy have been reported to experience symptoms of sedation [see Warnings and Precautions (5.4), Clinical Considerations]. Although there are no data on the effects of BYFAVO use in pregnant women, available data from published observational studies of pregnant women exposed to other benzodiazepines have not established drug-associated risk of major birth defects, miscarriage, or adverse maternal or fetal outcomes (see Data). In animal studies, reduced fetal weights but no evidence of malformations or embryofetal lethality were noted in study in which pregnant rabbits were treated intravenously with times the maximum recommended human dose (MRHD) of 30 mg during organogenesis. Adequate rodent reproductive and developmental toxicology studies have not been completed to fully evaluate the effects of BYFAVO.Published studies in pregnant primates demonstrate that the administration of anesthetic and sedation drugs that block NMDA receptors and/or potentiate GABA activity during the period of peak brain development increases neuronal apoptosis in the developing brain of the offspring when used for longer than hours. There are no data on pregnancy exposures in primates corresponding to periods prior to the third trimester in humans (see Data).The estimated background risk of major birth defects and miscarriage for the indicated population is unknown. All pregnancies have background risk of birth defect, loss, or other adverse outcomes. In the U.S. general population, the estimated background risk of major birth defects and miscarriage in clinically recognized pregnancies is 2% to 4% and 15% to 20%, respectively.. Clinical Considerations. Fetal/Neonatal Adverse ReactionsBenzodiazepines cross the placenta and may produce respiratory depression and sedation in neonates. Monitor neonates exposed to benzodiazepines during pregnancy and labor for signs of sedation and respiratory depression and manage accordingly [see Warnings and Precautions (5.4)]. Data. Human DataPublished data from observational studies on the use of benzodiazepines during pregnancy do not report clear association with benzodiazepines and major birth defects. Although early studies reported an increased risk of congenital malformations with diazepam and chlordiazepoxide, there was no consistent pattern noted. In addition, the majority of more recent case-control and cohort studies of benzodiazepine use during pregnancy, which were adjusted for confounding exposures to alcohol, tobacco, and other medications, have not confirmed these findings. There are no data on the specific effects of remimazolam on pregnancy. Infants exposed to benzodiazepines during the late third trimester of pregnancy or during labor have been reported to exhibit sedation and neonatal withdrawal symptoms.. Animal DataReduced fetal weights but no evidence of malformation or embryofetal lethality were noted in study in which pregnant rabbits were treated intravenously with mg/kg remimazolam (approximately times the MRHD of 30 mg/day based on AUC) from Gestation Day to 20 in the presence of maternal toxicity (reduced food intake and body weights).In study that did not test exposures comparable to the MRHD of 30 mg/day over the full period of organogenesis, there was an increase in early resorptions (embryolethality) but no evidence of malformations when female rats were treated from Gestation Day through 17 with up to 30 mg/kg remimazolam via intravenous bolus (approximately 0.3 times the MRHD based on AUC by the end of the dosing interval) in the presence of maternal toxicity (convulsion in one mid dose and one high dose dam).In pre- and postnatal development study that did not test exposures comparable to the MRHD of 30 mg/day over the full treatment period, there were no adverse effects on survival or development of offspring when pregnant rats were treated with up to 30 mg/kg remimazolam (<0.3 times the MRHD by the end of the gestational period) by intravenous bolus injection from Gestation Day through Lactation Day 20 with minimal evidence of maternal toxicity (sedation).No evidence of adverse effects on physical development, functional observational battery of behavioral assessments, or fertility were noted in pups born to pregnant rabbits that were treated by intravenous infusion of up to 20 mg/kg/day remimazolam (approximately 19 times the MRHD based on AUC) from 14 days prior to mating until Lactation Day 30 despite the presence of maternal toxicity (sedation, convulsions, and mortality). Learning and memory of the first-generation offspring was not evaluated in this study.In published study in primates, administration of an anesthetic dose of ketamine for 24 hours on Gestation Day 122 increased neuronal apoptosis in the developing brain of the fetus. In other published studies, administration of either isoflurane or propofol for hours on Gestation Day 120 resulted in increased neuronal and oligodendrocyte apoptosis in the developing brain of the offspring. With respect to brain development, this time period corresponds to the third trimester of gestation in the human. The clinical significance of these findings is not clear; however, studies in juvenile animals suggest neuroapoptosis correlates with long-term cognitive deficits [see Warnings and Precautions (5.4), Use in Specific Populations (8.4), Nonclinical Toxicology (13.2)]. 8.2 Lactation. Risk SummaryThere are no data on the effects of remimazolam in human milk, the effects on the breastfed infant or the effects on milk production. Remimazolam is present in animal milk (see Data). When drug is present in animal milk, it is likely that it will be present in human milk. There are reports of sedation in infants exposed to benzodiazepines through breast milk. Monitor infants exposed to BYFAVO through breast milk for sedation, respiratory depression, and feeding problems. lactating woman may consider interrupting breastfeeding and pumping and discarding breast milk during treatment and for hours (approximately elimination half-lives) after BYFAVO administration in order to minimize drug exposure to breastfed infant. The developmental and health benefits of breastfeeding should be considered along with the mothers clinical need for BYFAVO and any potential adverse effects on the breastfed child from BYFAVO or from the underlying maternal condition.. DataIn rabbits administered daily intravenous infusions of remimazolam at 12.5 and 20 mg/kg/day from 14 days before mating until Lactation Day 30, remimazolam and the metabolite CNS7054 were present in milk samples obtained after the end of an infusion on Day 10 or 11 of lactation. Remimazolam was not quantifiable in plasma samples obtained from rabbit kits taken in the morning on Day 10 or 11 of lactation. However, metabolite CNS7054 was present at low levels in of the kits sampled.. 8.4 Pediatric Use. Safety and effectiveness in pediatric patients have not been established. No studies are available in any pediatric population and extrapolation of adult effectiveness data to the pediatric population is not possible.Published juvenile animal studies demonstrate that the administration of anesthetic and sedation drugs, such as BYFAVO, that either block NMDA receptors or potentiate the activity of GABA during the period of rapid brain growth or synaptogenesis, results in widespread neuronal and oligodendrocyte cell loss in the developing brain and alterations in synaptic morphology and neurogenesis. Based on comparisons across species, the window of vulnerability to these changes is believed to correlate with exposures in the third trimester of gestation through the first several months of life but may extend out to approximately years of age in humans.In primates, exposure to hours of ketamine that produced light surgical plane of anesthesia did not increase neuronal cell loss; however, treatment regimens of hours or longer of isoflurane increased neuronal cell loss. Data from isoflurane-treated rodents and ketamine-treated primates suggest that the neuronal and oligodendrocyte cell losses are associated with prolonged cognitive deficits in learning and memory. The clinical significance of these nonclinical findings is not known, and healthcare providers should balance the benefits of appropriate anesthesia in pregnant women, neonates, and young children who require procedures with the potential risks suggested by the nonclinical data [see Warnings and Precautions (5.4), Use in Specific Populations (8.1), Nonclinical Toxicology (13.2)]. 8.5 Geriatric Use. Of the total number of subjects treated with BYFAVO in clinical studies for procedural sedation, there were 649 subjects <65 years of age, 221 subjects >65 years of age, 171 subjects between 65-74 years of age, and 50 subjects >75 years of age.No overall differences in safety or effectiveness were observed between these subjects and younger subjects, and other reported clinical experience has not identified differences in responses between the elderly and younger patients. Some data suggest potential of greater sensitivity (a faster onset of loss of consciousness and longer duration of sedation) of some older individuals.Administer supplemental doses of BYFAVO slowly to achieve the level of sedation required for the procedure, and monitor all patients for cardiorespiratory complications.. 8.6 Hepatic Impairment. In patients with severe hepatic impairment, the dose of BYFAVO should be carefully titrated to effect. Depending on the overall status of the patient, lower frequency of supplemental doses may be needed to achieve the level of sedation required for the procedure. All patients should be monitored for sedation-related cardiorespiratory complications [see Clinical Pharmacology (12.3)].

WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS SECTION.

5 WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS. Hypersensitivity Reactions: Hypersensitivity reactions including anaphylaxis may occur. (5.3)Neonatal Sedation: Benzodiazepine use during pregnancy can result in neonatal sedation. Observe newborns for signs of sedation and manage accordingly. (5.4)Pediatric Neurotoxicity: In developing animals, exposures greater than hours cause neurotoxicity. Weigh benefits against potential risks when considering elective procedures in children under years old. (5.5). 5.1Personnel and Equipment for Monitoring and Resuscitation. Clinically notable hypoxia, bradycardia, and hypotension were observed in Phase studies of BYFAVO. Continuously monitor vital signs during sedation and through the recovery period.Only personnel trained in the administration of procedural sedation, and not involved in the conduct of the diagnostic or therapeutic procedure, should administer BYFAVO.Administering personnel must be trained in the detection and management of airway obstruction, hypoventilation, and apnea, including the maintenance of patent airway, supportive ventilation, and cardiovascular resuscitation.Resuscitative drugs, and age- and size-appropriate equipment for bag/valve/mask assisted ventilation must be immediately available during administration of BYFAVO [see Dosage and Administration (2.1)].Consider the potential for worsened cardiorespiratory depression prior to using BYFAVO concomitantly with other drugs that have the same potential (e.g., opioid analgesics or other sedative-hypnotics) [see Drug Interactions (7.1)]. Administer supplemental oxygen to sedated patients through the recovery period.A benzodiazepine reversal agent (flumazenil) should be immediately available during administration of BYFAVO [see Overdosage (10)]. 5.2Risks from Concomitant Use with Opioid Analgesics and Other Sedative-Hypnotics. Concomitant use of benzodiazepines, including BYFAVO, and opioid analgesics may result in profound sedation, respiratory depression, coma, and death [see Drug Interactions (7.1)]. The sedative effect of intravenous BYFAVO can be accentuated by concomitantly administered CNS depressant medications, including other benzodiazepines and propofol.Titrate the dose of BYFAVO when administered with opioid analgesics and sedative-hypnotics to the desired clinical response.Continuously monitor sedated patients for hypotension, airway obstruction, hypoventilation, apnea, and oxygen desaturation. These cardiorespiratory effects may be more likely to occur in patients with obstructive sleep apnea, the elderly, and ASA III or IV patients.. 5.3Hypersensitivity Reactions. BYFAVO contains dextran 40, which can cause hypersensitivity reactions, including rash, urticaria, pruritus, and anaphylaxis. BYFAVO is contraindicated in patients with history of severe hypersensitivity reaction to dextran 40 or products containing dextran 40 [see Contraindications (4), Adverse Reactions (6)]. 5.4Neonatal Sedation. Use of benzodiazepines during the later stages of pregnancy can result in sedation (respiratory depression, lethargy, hypotonia) in the neonate. Observe newborns for signs of sedation and manage accordingly [see Use in Specific Populations (8.1, 8.4)]. 5.5Pediatric Neurotoxicity. Published animal studies demonstrate that the administration of anesthetic and sedation drugs that block NMDA receptors and/or potentiate GABA activity increase neuronal apoptosis in the developing brain and result in long-term cognitive deficits when used for longer than hours.The clinical significance of these findings is not clear. However, based on the available data, the window of vulnerability to these changes is believed to correlate with exposures in the third trimester of gestation through the first several months of life, but may extend out to approximately three years of age in humans [see Use in Specific Populations (8.1, 8.4), Nonclinical Pharmacology (13.2)].Some published studies in children suggest that similar deficits may occur after repeated or prolonged exposures to anesthetic agents early in life and may result in adverse cognitive or behavioral effects. These studies have substantial limitations, and it is not clear if the observed effects are due to the anesthetic/sedation drug administration or other factors such as the surgery or underlying illness.Anesthetic and sedation drugs are necessary part of the care of children needing surgery, other procedures, or tests that cannot be delayed, and no specific medications have been shown to be safer than any other. Decisions regarding the timing of any elective procedures requiring anesthesia should take into consideration the benefits of the procedure weighed against the potential risks.